La Guerra Civil Española
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WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936 -
Casanova, Julían, the Spanish Republic and Civil
This page intentionally left blank The Spanish Republic and Civil War The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the over- throw of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here, Julián Casanova, one of Spain’s leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this crit- ical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and hard- line anticlericalists, bosses and workers, Church and State, order and revolution. In 1936, these conflicts tipped over into the sacas, paseos and mass killings that are still passionately debated today. The book also explores the decisive role of the international instability of the 1930s in the duration and outcome of the conflict. Franco’s victory was in the end a victory for Hitler and Mussolini, and for dictatorship over democracy. julián casanova is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. He is one of the leading experts on the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War and has published widely in Spanish and in English. The Spanish Republic and Civil War Julián Casanova Translated by Martin Douch CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521493888 © Julián Casanova 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
Ruling Elites.Indb
António Costa Pinto is a professor Dictators do not rule alone, and a governing elite stratum is always ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO After the so-called ‘third wave’ of de- of politics and contemporary Euro- formed below them. This book explores an underdeveloped area in the study ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO mocratisation at the end of the 20th pean history at the Institute of Social of fascism: the structure of power. The old and rich tradition of elite studies Edited by century had significantly increased the Sciences, University of Lisbon. He has can tell us much about the structure and operation of political power in the number of democracies in the world, been a visiting professor at Stanford dictatorships associated with fascism, whether through the characterisation of the survival of many dictatorships has University (1993) Georgetown Uni- had an important impact. Taking as the modes of political elite recruitment, or by the type of leadership, and the versity (2004), a senior associate mem- starting point the dictatorships that ber at St Antony’s College, Oxford relative power of the political institutions in the new dictatorial system. emerged since the beginning of the University (1995) and a senior visiting Analyzing four dictatorships associated with fascism (Fascist Italy, Nazi 20th century, but mainly those that fellow at Princeton University (1996) Germany, Salazar’s Portugal and Franco’s Spain), the book investigates the were institutionalised after 1945, the and at the University of California, dictator-cabinet-single party triad from -
Conspiracy, Coup D'état and Civil War in Seville
The London School of Economics and Political Science Conspiracy, coup d’état and civil war in Seville (1936-1939): History and myth in Francoist Spain Rúben Emanuel Leitão Prazeres Serém A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, November 2012 1 Declaration I, Ruben Emanuel Leitão Prazeres Serém, hereby declare that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I declare that my thesis consists of 105,340 words. 2 Abstract This thesis deconstructs the bases of enduring Francoist myth that General Queipo de Llano heroically conquered Seville with a handful of soldiers. Having established the full ramifications of that conquest, it goes on to assess the political, social, economic and cultural implications of the Spanish Civil War in Seville, the largest urban centre to fall to the military rebels at the beginning of the conflict. Chapter I examines the nature and infrastructure of the military conspiracy against the democratic Republic developed in response to the Popular Front electoral victory of February 1936. Chapter II scrutinises the career of General Queipo, in particular his metamorphosis from a marginal figure in the conspiracy into a rebel secular saint. -
UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Honor Bound: The Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931-1936 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zq5b591 Author Chamberlin, Foster Pease Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Honor Bound: The Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931-1936 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Foster Pease Chamberlin Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Radcliff, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Frank Biess Professor Judith Hughes Professor Jeremy Prestholdt 2017 Copyright Foster Pease Chamberlin, 2017 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Foster Pease Chamberlin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...…… -
La Aplicación De La Memoria Historica En Leganes
LA APLICACIÓN DE LA MEMORIA HISTORICA EN LEGANES Tras la aprobación de la Ley de Memoria Histórica, la ASOCIACIÓN “CIUDADANOS Y CIUDADANAS POR EL CAMBIO” reclama al Alcalde de Leganés y por ende al Pleno Municipal que retire los símbolos vinculados a la extinta dictadura franquista como son los nombres de tres calles de la ciudad y el cambio de denominación del edificio “Ramiro de Maeztu”, donde se encuentra la Junta Municipal de Distrito de Zarzaquemada y otros servicios municipales. Además proponemos la retirada de las placas existentes en múltiples edificios de viviendas de la ciudad construidas por la extinguida “Delegación Nacional de Sindicatos” o del franquista Ministerio de la Vivienda, por incluir, en ambos casos, el símbolo del yugo y las flechas, un símbolo que representa la división de los españoles, según recoge la Ley de Memoria Histórica. Conscientes de que nuestros gobernantes actuales no tienen intención de aplicar la Ley de Memoria Histórica en nuestra ciudad, la ASOCIACIÓN “CIUDADANAS Y CIUDADANOS POR EL CAMBIO” hacemos público que en Leganés existen cuatro vestigios del franquismo que han sido obviados por las diferentes Corporaciones Municipales habidas desde las primeras elecciones municipales democráticas de 1979. Aunque es verdad que los Plenos Municipales de 26 de julio y 14 de agosto de 1979, a los pocos meses de constituirse los Ayuntamientos democráticos y favorecido por la primera Corporación Municipal compuesta por concejales del PSOE y del PCE, aprobaron el cambio de denominación de bastantes calles con alegorías -
De Quesada, Alejandro, the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39, 1
Men-at-Arms The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) NationalistNationalil s t Forces Forces "MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTI"MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTIEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUEC4UI 8MI Men-at-Arms . 495 The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) Nationalist Forces Alejandro de Quesada . Illustrated by Stephen Walsh Series editor Martin Windrow THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936–39 (1) NATIONALIST FORCES INTRODUCTION he Spanish Civil War was the curtain-raiser to World War II, and the major focus of international attention in Europe in the late T1930s. It was fought between the rebel Nationalist army led by Gen Francisco Franco (‘right wing’, and aided by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and some foreign volunteers from conservative countries), and the army of the Spanish Republican government (‘left wing’, and aided by the Communist Soviet Union and many volunteers from liberal democracies). The war involved the most modern weapons then available – particularly aircraft, both operating in direct support of ground forces and bombing enemy-held towns. Like all civil wars, it was fought ferociously by both sides and caused immense suffering to civilians. From a Spanish population of about 24 million, at least General Francisco Franco y 500,000 people died in this Bahamonde (see Plate A1). A bitter war of attrition and former officer of Regulares in Morocco, in 1920 Franco was the in the repression that original second-in-command of followed it. When the the Spanish Foreign Legion under Nationalists secured victory LtCol José Millán Astray, and they installed a dictatorship during the Rif War (1921–26) his that lasted from April 1939 personal courage, leadership and application to duty saw him rise until November 1975 – from major to brigadier-general. -
Desertion, Control and Collective Action in Civil Wars Theodore
Desertion, Control and Collective Action in Civil Wars Theodore McLauchlin Department of Political Science McGill University, Montreal June 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Theodore McLauchlin, 2012 Abstract This dissertation develops and tests a new theoretical synthesis for understanding how armed groups keep their combatants fighting rather than deserting or defecting. It examines two basic methods of limiting desertion: keeping coercive control over combatants, and fostering norms of mutual cooperation among them. It argues that the effectiveness of each approach is conditioned by the degree to which combatants value the common aim of the success of the armed group. Norms of cooperation require a commitment to this common aim to be effective. Control can be effective even when combatants are uncommitted, but loses effectiveness with severe disagreements among combatants. This approach provides an advance on past work on the requirements for armed groups in civil wars. Some assume, unrealistically, that common aims drive individual behaviour directly. Others focus exclusively either on individual rewards and punishments or on norms of cooperation. This dissertation, in contrast, sees each as important and as contingent upon the prior consideration of whether combatants share a common aim. A qualitative analysis of armed groups in the Spanish Civil War examines micro-level evidence about common aims, the provision of control, and the emergence of norms of cooperation. The dissertation then tests its major hypotheses statistically using two original datasets of soldiers from that war, based on the author’s archival research. It conducts further statistical tests against a new dataset of defection from government armies in 28 civil wars during the 1990s. -
Freemasonry in Spain and Portugal
Extract from World of Freemasonry (2 vols) Bob Nairn FREEMASONRY IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL Introduction Although occupied by Roman, Visigoth and Muslim-Arab armies until the end of the 15th century, Spain rapidly grew to be the most powerful empire in the world with colonies throughout the Americas and the Pacific. The arts in Spain flourished under El Greco, Miguel de Cervantes, the author of ―Don Quixote de la Mancha‖ and Spain's most prolific playwright, Lope de Vega. Spain’s decline under the Habsburgs and due to its ruinous ventures into Europe was as dramatic. The Napoleonic wars and problems with royal succession continued this decline and resulted in the Spanish Civil War and a dictatorship until recent times, when Royalty was re-established. Spain’s constant and brutal suppression of Muslims might be understood from its history of warfare with the Moors. It’s intermittent and equally brutal suppression of Jews and Freemasons is less understandable except in terms of its fervent relationship with the Church in Rome and the way in which its long-lived feudal system developed. History of Spain Humans entered the Iberian Peninsula about 32,000 years ago. Different regimes occupied the area, including the Roman Empire, the Visigoths and the Arabs. The Roman Empire controlled much of Spain between 181 BC and 415 AD. The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania supplied Rome with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca and the poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were born in Spain. Rome also brought the kernel of today’s Spanish legal system. -
Contraataque and Réquiem Por Un Campesino Español
CONTRAATAQUE AND RÉQUIEM POR UN CAMPESINO ESPAÑOL: TWO SPANISH CIVIL WAR NOVELS BY RAMÓN J. SENDER by DOROTHY KELLY WHEATLEY (Under the Direction of Stacey Dolgin Casado) ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of two Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) novels, Contraataque (1938) and Réquiem por un campesino español (1960), written by Ramón Sender in two distinct periods of his life. Although both novels share the objective of awakening the reader’s social awareness to the injustices committed by the conservative political Right prior to, and during civil conflict, Sender employs a distinct narrative style in each. While Contraataque is written in an unmistakably journalistic style, in Réquiem por un campesino español Sender makes use of aesthetic techniques belonging to the literary practices of objectivistic, socio-critical realism characteristic of the Spanish social novels of the Generation of 1954. The unique narrative style of the novel is described and contextualized within the literary history of the Spanish novel. The study also analyzes the effectiveness of each narrative style as the instrument of social awareness and change that the author intended each to be. INDEX WORDS: Contraataque, Réquiem por un campesino español, Spanish Civil War, Ramon Sender, Sender, Social novel, Sender’s novelistic style, Sender’s autobiography, Sender’s narrative CONTRAATAQUE AND RÉQUIEM POR UN CAMPESINO ESPAÑOL: TWO SPANISH CIVIL WAR NOVELS BY RAMÓN J. SENDER by DOROTHY KELLY WHEATLEY B.A., Spanish, University of Georgia, 1999 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Dorothy Kelly Wheatley All Rights Reserved CONTRAATAQUE AND RÉQUIEM POR UN CAMPESINO ESPAÑOL: TWO SPANISH CIVIL WAR NOVELS BY RAMÓN J. -
Revista Internacional De La Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 10
Revista Internacional de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 10 Any 2020 2 Editorial Francesc Xavier Hernàndez Cardona Revista Internacional de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 4 Editorial Francesc Xavier Hernàndez Cardona Revista Internacional de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 5 Número 10, any 2020 Revista Internacional de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) Número 10, any 2020 ISSN: 1696-2672 / ISSN-e: 1885-2580 6 Editorial Francesc Xavier Hernàndez Cardona Proyecto: EDU 2016-76589-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) Direcció: Pelai Pagès i Blanch (UB) / Francesc Xavier Hernàndez Cardona (UB) Editor: Rafel Sospedra Roca (UB) Consell de Redacció: Alejandro Acosta Lopez (UB), Montserrat Caminal Badia (UB), Maria Feliu Torroella (UB), Ann Elisabeth Wilson (UB), David Gonzalez (UB), Jordi Ibarz Gelabert (UB), David Iñíguez Gràcia (UB), M. Pilar Molina Javierre (IES Montjuïc), Lourdes Prades (CRAI-Pavelló de la República UB), Ramon Naya Ortega (SIDBRINT-UB), Oriol Riart Armalot (Arxiu Històric de les Valls d’Aneu), Xavier Rubio Campillo (University of Edimburgh), Oriol Miró (Recreació DIDPATRI) Comitè assessor: Victor Alba (1916-2003), Xurxo Ayán (Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de História Contemporânea), Dolores Cabra i Loredo (Archivo de Guerra y Exilio), David Ginard i Ferón (Universitat de les Illes Balears), Gabriel Jackson (University of California), Adelina Kondratieva (1917-2017), Josep Massot i Muntaner (Institut d’Estudis Catalans), Eduard Pons Prades (1920-2007), Svetlana Pozharskaya (Российская Академия Наук / Acadèmia de Ciències de Rusia) (1928-2010), Paul Preston (London School of Economics and Political Science), Alfredo González Ruibal (INCIPIT-CSIC), Francesc Torres i Iturrioz (Artista Visual), Reiner Tosstorff (Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz) Secretaria: Grup de Recerca DIDPATRI. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Honor Bound: the Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spani
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Honor Bound: The Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931-1936 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Foster Pease Chamberlin Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Radcliff, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Frank Biess Professor Judith Hughes Professor Jeremy Prestholdt 2017 Copyright Foster Pease Chamberlin, 2017 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Foster Pease Chamberlin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...…… iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………... iv List of Abbreviations and Spanish Words……………………..……………………….. vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………… xii List of Images………………………………………………………………………….... xi List of Maps……………………………………………………………………………. xii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………. xiii Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….... xv Abstract of the Dissertation……………………………………………………………