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UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Honor Bound: The Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931-1936 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zq5b591 Author Chamberlin, Foster Pease Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Honor Bound: The Military Culture of the Civil Guard and the Political Violence of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931-1936 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Foster Pease Chamberlin Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Radcliff, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Frank Biess Professor Judith Hughes Professor Jeremy Prestholdt 2017 Copyright Foster Pease Chamberlin, 2017 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Foster Pease Chamberlin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...…… iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………... iv List of Abbreviations and Spanish Words……………………..……………………….. vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………… xii List of Images………………………………………………………………………….... xi List of Maps……………………………………………………………………………. xii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………. xiii Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….... xv Abstract of the Dissertation…………………………………………………………… xvi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….… 1 Part I- The Military Culture of the Civil Guard………………………………………… 26 Chapter 1- The Origins and Evolution of the Civil Guard’s Military Culture, 1844- 1923……………………………………………………………………………………... 28 1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………… 28 1.2. The Civil Guard on Paper………………………………………………….. 30 1.2.1. Tensions Emerge from a Contested Foundation………………... 30 1.2.2. Ahumada and Honor……………………………………………. 39 1.3. The Civil Guard in Practice: The Unofficial Aspects of its Culture……….. 45 1.3.1. Internal Structures………………………………………………. 46 1.3.1.1.Housing and Family…………………………………….. 46 1.3.1.2.Discipline……………………………………………….. 52 1.3.2. Relationships with the Pueblo………………………………….. 56 1.3.3. Duties…………………………………………………………… 59 1.3.3.1.Patrols…………………………………………………... 60 1.3.3.2.Crime Fighting………………………………………….. 63 1.3.3.3.Humanitarian Services………………………………….. 66 1.4. The Civil Guard’s Culture in the Era of the Emergence of Mass Politics…. 68 1.4.1. The Early Years………………………………………………… 68 1.4.2. The Restoration…………………………………………………. 72 1.5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 82 Chapter 2- Creating a Class Apart: The Acculturation of a Civil Guard……………….. 86 iv 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..... 86 2.2. The Making of an Enlisted Man…………………………………………… 88 2.3. The Making of an Officer………………………………………………….. 99 2.3.1. Social Origins and Entering the Infantry Academy…………….... 99 2.3.2. Discipline and Daily Life at the Infantry Academy…………….. 103 2.3.3. Moral Training and Nationalist Indoctrination at the Infantry Academy………………………………………………………………. 109 2.3.4. Prior Experiences in the Army and Morocco…………………... 122 2.3.5. Civil Guard Officer Admissions and Training…………………. 126 2.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 127 Chapter 3- Confronting the Mass Politics of the Second Republic………………….... 129 3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 129 3.2. The Coming of the Republic……………………………………………… 131 3.3. Republicans: The New Leadership……………………………………….. 137 3.4. Working Class Organizations: Old and New Enemies…………………… 143 3.5. Supporters of the Civil Guard…………………………………………….. 158 3.6. The Civil Guard Responds: An Old Repertoire in a New Context……….. 164 3.7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 173 Part II- The Case Studies……………………………………………………………… 176 Chapter 4- Castilblanco: The Ultimate Disrespect……………………………………. 179 4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 179 4.2. The Local Incident: Mobilization, Military Culture, and Contingency in Castilblanco......................................................................................................... 182 4.2.1. The Origins of the Conflict: A Context of Regional Tension…... 182 4.2.2. Local Tensions and Violence…………………………………… 186 4.3. The National Aftermath…………………………………………………... 194 4.3.1. Sanjurjo, Supporters, and the Seeds of Rebellion………………. 194 4.3.2. The Socialists Take Back the Narrative………………………… 209 4.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 225 Chapter 5- Arnedo: Adding Death to Injury…………………………………………... 228 5.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 228 5.2. The Local Incident: Mobilization, Military Culture, and Contingency in Arnedo…………………………………………………………………………. 231 5.2.1. The Origins of the Conflict: A Cast of Actors………………….. 231 5.2.2. Choosing Violence……………………………………………… 238 5.3. The National Aftermath…………………………………………………... 243 5.3.1. The Socialist Response...……………………………………….. 243 5.3.2. The Government Response...…………………………………… 249 5.3.3. The Seeds of Rebellion Germinate……………………………... 254 5.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 262 v Chapter 6- Asturias: Glory and Disgrace……………………………………………… 265 6.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 265 6.2 The Regional Incident: Mobilization, Military Culture, and Community in Asturias………………………………………………………………………... 270 6.2.1. The Origins of the Conflict: A Community and its Outsiders….. 270 6.2.2. The Shifting Boundaries of Honor: Patterns in How Civil Guards Responded to Violent Attack………………………………………….. 276 6.2.2.1. A Combat Ritual: The Typical Response…………….. 278 6.2.2.2. A Fight to the Death: The Glorified Response……….. 285 6.2.2.3. Surrender and Collusion: The Dishonorable Response. 288 6.2.2.4. Multiple Responses in One Casa-Cuartel: The Curious Case of the Oviedo Command Headquarters………………….. 293 6.3. The Repression……………………………………………………………. 299 6.3.1. Assembling Doval’s Team……………………………………… 299 6.3.2. Old Methods on a New Scale…………………………………… 303 6.3.3. Polarizing National Repercussions……………………………... 310 6.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 318 Epilogue and Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 321 EC.1. Epilogue: The Popular Front and the Civil War………………………... 321 EC.2. Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 326 Appendix- Simplified Table of Civil Guard Ranks, Duties, and Structures during the Second Republic………………………………………………………………………. 333 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………… 334 vi LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND SPANISH WORDS AAA- Archivo del Ayuntamiento de Arnedo (Arnedo Municipal Archive) Academia General Militar- General Military Academy ACD- Archivo del Congreso de los Diputados (Archive of the Congress of Deputies) AHN- Archivo Histórico Nacional (National Historical Archive) AHPLR- Archivo Histórico Provincial de La Rioja (La Rioja Provincial Historical Archive) AGM- Archivo General Militar de Segovia (General Military Archive of Segovia) Aspirante- an apprentice civil guard Bachiller- similar to a high school diploma BOGC- Boletín Oficial de la Guardia Civil (Official Bulletin of the Civil Guard) Bracero- a landless laborer in the Extremadura region C.- carpeta (folder) Cacique- a local clientalist leader Cuerpo de Carabineros- the Spanish customs police Cartilla- handbook Casa-cuartel- Civil Guard barrack/station Casa del Pueblo- a UGT local’s center CDMH- Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica (Historical Memory Documental Center) CEDA- Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rightist Parties) CNT- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labor) Colegio de Guardias Jóvenes- School of Young Guards vii Colegio de Huérfanos del Cuerpo- School of Orphans of the Corps Cuerpo de Seguridad- Security Corps DSCD- Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de Diputados (Record of the Sessions of the Congress of Deputies) Desamortización- the sale of Church estates and municipal common lands to private owners Exp.- expediente (file) f.- folio FC- Fondos contemporáneos (Modern Collections) FNTT- Federación Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra (National Federation of Workers of the Land) GC- Gobierno Civil (Civil Government) Guardias jóvenes- young guards Ley de Defensa de la República- Law of the Defense of the Republic Patria- Motherland Pronunciamiento- a (relatively) bloodless coup d’état PSOE- Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party) Pueblo- people or town Reglamento militar- Military Regulations Reglamento para el servicio- Service Regulations REHGC- Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Guardia Civil (Historical Studies of the Civil Guard Review) RTGC- Revista Técnica de la Guardia Civil (Civil Guard Technical Review) SEHGC- Sección de Estudios Históricos de la Guardia Civil (Civil Guard Historical Studies Section) viii Sexenio Revolucionario- Revolutionary Sexennium, a six-year period of political turmoil from 1868-74 SGC- Sección Guardia Civil del Archivo General del Ministerio del Interior (Civil Guard Section of the General Archive of the Ministry of the Interior) Turno system- rigging elections during the Restoration period to ensure that the Liberal and Conservative
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