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Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis GERARD GORNIAK & WILLIAM CONRAD HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 2 Human Anatomy Synopsis: Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis 1st edition © 2018 Gerard Gorniak & William Conrad & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-2213-2 Peer review by Dr. Edward Kane, University of St. Augustine, USA Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 3 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface 7 1 Thoracic Cage 8 1.1 Boundaries 8 1.2 Osteology 8 1.3 Muscles of the Thorax 16 1.4 Intercostal Nerves (Fig. 1-13) 30 1.5 Intercostal Arteries and Veins (Figs. 1-13, 1-16, 1-17) 31 2 The Lungs 35 2.1 The Pleura (Fig. 2-2) 36 2.2 Lobes of the Lung (Figs 2-3, 2-4) 38 2.3 Pulmonary Vessels (Figs. 2-9, 2-10) 45 Free eBook on Learning & Development By the Chief Learning Officer of McKinsey Download Now Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more 4 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS CONTENTS 3 Heart 49 3.1 Mediastinum (Fig. 3-1) 49 3.2 Pericardium (Fig. 3-2) 51 3.3 Heart Overview (Fig. 3-3) 51 3.4 Structure of Arteries and Veins (Fig. 15-14) 67 4 Superior And Posterior Mediastina 72 4.1 Superior Mediastinum 72 4.2 Posterior Mediastinum 76 5 Abdominal Wall 84 5.1 Boundaries 84 5.2 Abdominal Planes (Table 4.1 and Fig. 4-1) 84 5.3 Anterior and Lateral Abdominal Walls 87 5.4 Inguinal Region (Figs. 4-3, 4-4, 4-7, 4-8) 95 5.5 Posterior Abdominal Wall (Figs. 4-10, 4-11, 4-12) 99 6 Abdominal Viscera 105 6.1 Peritoneum (Fig. 5-1) 105 6.2 Abdominal Organ Overview (Fig. 5-3) 107 6.3 Liver (Figs. 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-9) 108 6.4 Gallbladder (Figs. 5-3, 5-4, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9) 114 6.5 Pancreas (Figs. 5-3, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9) 116 6.6 Spleen (Figs. 5-7, 5-10, 5-13) 119 6.7 Esophagus (Figs. 5-3, 5-5, 5-10) 119 6.8 Stomach (Figs. 5-3, 5-6, 5-7, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11) 119 6.9 Small Intestine 122 6.10 Large Intestine (Figs. 5-2, 5-11, 5-12) 125 6.11 Kidneys (Figs. 5-13, 5-14, 5-15, 5-16) 127 6.12 Suprarenal Glands (Figs. 5-13, 5-14) 131 6.13 Abdominal Arteries (Figs. 5-9, 5-12, 5-11, 5-12, 5-17, 5-18) 133 6.14 Systemic Abdominal Veins (Fig. 5-19) 137 7 Pelvis 140 7.1 Bony Pelvis Osteology (Fig. 6-1) 140 7.2 Pelvic Boundaries (Fig. 6-1) 143 7.3 Contents 144 7.4 Pelvic Diaphragm (Fig. 6-4) 144 7.5 Pelvic Arteries (Figs. 6-6, 6-7) 149 7.6 Pelvic Nerves 151 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 5 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS CONTENTS 7.7 Sacral Plexus (Figs. 1-15, 1-16) 154 7.8 Urinary Bladder (Figs. 6-9, 6-16, 6-17, 6-18, 6-20, 6-22, 6-23) 160 7.9 Pelvic Organ Support Structures (Table 6.1, Figs. 6-15, 6-16, 6-17) 161 7.10 Male Reproductive System (Figs. 6-18, 6-19, 6-20, 6-21) 170 7.12 Female Reproductive System (Figs. 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 6-25) 176 8 Perineum 182 8.1 Boundaries (Fig. 7-1) 182 8.2 Anal Triangle (Figs. 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4) 183 8.3 Urogenital Triangle (Figs. 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6) 188 Study Question Answers 194 References 210 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 6 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS PREFACE PREFACE This is one of a series of 4 Human Anatomy Synopses that are based on over 40 years of Anatomy course notes used in the graduate education of health care professions. This series started as a detailed content outline for a course developed for medical students back in 1983. Since that time, it has undergone many revisions and additions. In 2008 and 2014, text and illustrations were reviewed and revised, and study sections were added throughout the text. In 2017, the 4 Synopses were developed, and the text and illustrations formatted to be used by students as a supplement to anatomy courses. The 4 Human Anatomy Synopses in this series are: Spine and Neck, Axilla and Upper Limb, Pelvic Girdle and Low Limb, and Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis. This THORAX, ABDOMEN, AND PELVIS SYNPOSIS contains the organs of the Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis, and the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic arteries, veins, and nerves. There are numerous drawings and dissection photographs. In this Synopsis, major structures are CAPTILIZED. This feature allows students to make a study outline by linking together these words under each title or subtitle. After each content area, there are short answer Study Questions to help students relate and apply the anatomy. The answers to these questions are included at the end of the Synopsis. These Synopses are only possible because of the works of the many anatomists and other basic scientists as well as numerous clinicians who have contributed to our knowledge and understanding of the human body. I am most grateful to them for sharing what they learned. I am also grateful to the many students who over the years, have made comments and suggestions about the content of this work. I am also grateful to Drs. Hilmir Augustsson, Jeff Rot, Ed Kane, Sue Curfman, Jim Viti, and Mrs. Jackie Nelson and to the University of St Augustine for Health Sciences for help with this publication. This book is dedicated to all those people who have so generously donated their body to science so that we may learn. Thank you for the unselfish gift of yourself to others. May God bless you for your contribution to mankind. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials on these pages are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of these pages, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission. Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 7 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS THORACIC CAGE 1 THORACIC CAGE 1.1 BOUNDARIES • THORAX is commonly referred to as the CHEST. • Anterior: MAMMARY GLANDS, PECTORAL MAJOR AND MINOR MUSCLES, the STERNUM and the COSTAL CARTILAGES. • Posterior: 12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE, posterior part of the 12 RIBS, the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES, ILIOCOSTALIS LUMBORUM AND THORACIS, LONGISSIMUS THORACIS, LEVATOR COSTARUM, SERRATUS POSTERIOR, SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR MUSCLES. • Lateral: RIBS, INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES, SERRATUS ANTERIOR, ABDOMINAL MUSCLES. • Superior: FIRST RIB and SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE. • Inferior: DIAPHRAGM and INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE. 1.2 OSTEOLOGY STERNUM ○ Three parts: MANUBRIUM, BODY, and XIPHOID PROCESS (Fig. 1-1). ○ Notches of manubrium. 1) a CLAVICULAR NOTCH for the articulation of the medial clavicle. 2) a COSTAL NOTCH for the attachment of the costal cartilage of the first rib. ○ STERNAL ANGLE where manubrium and superior body connect and the costal cartilage of the second rib attaches a costal notch. ○ COSTAL NOTCHES on the body of the sternum for the attachment of the costal cartilages from ribs three to six. ○ XIPHISTERNAL JOINT where the body of the sternum joins the xiphoid process. Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 8 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS THORACIC CAGE Fig. 1-1. Thorax: Drawings of A) an anterior view of the thoracic cage showing the ribs, sternum and costal cartilage and B) lateral view of a rib and its articulation with a vertebra and the sternum. (Modified from Gray 1918) RIBS ○ 12 PAIRS of ribs (Fig. 1-1). ○ TRUE RIBS are the upper seven pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum. ○ FALSE RIBS are the lower five pairs of ribs. Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 9 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS THORACIC CAGE ○ FLOATING RIBS are ribs 11 and 12. ○ Costal cartilage of ribs eight, nine and ten attaches to the rib above and not directly to the sternum. ○ Ribs 11 and 12 have no costal cartilage and do not attach to other ribs. Fig. 1-2. Thorax: (Top) posterior aspect of a typical rib and (Bottom) the superior surface of the first rib. 1. Neck of rib, 2. Angle of rib, 3. Costal groove, 4. Anterior costal notch, 5. Costal tubercle, 6. Head of rib, 7. Inferior demifacet for vertebra, 8. Crest of rib head for intervertebral disc, 9. Superior demifacet for vertebra. (Modifies from Gray’s 1918) ○ RIBS 3 THROUGH 10 the same basic configuration(Figs. 1-1, 1-2) ANTERIOR COSTAL NOTCH for the attachment of the costal cartilage. HEAD of ribs 3-9 has two articular surfaces to articulate with the vertebral bodies above and below the rib and the CREST that attaches to of the intervertebral disc. Rib 10 has only one articular surface and no crest. COSTAL TUBERCLE that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae. Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 10 HUMAN ANATOMY SYNOPSIS: THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS THORACIC CAGE NECK lies between the head of the rib and its tubercle and the BODY. BODY extends from the neck to the anterior costal notch and has a COSTAL GROOVE for the INTERCOSTAL NERVE and VESSELS.
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