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A the Hacker
A The Hacker Madame Curie once said “En science, nous devons nous int´eresser aux choses, non aux personnes [In science, we should be interested in things, not in people].” Things, however, have since changed, and today we have to be interested not just in the facts of computer security and crime, but in the people who perpetrate these acts. Hence this discussion of hackers. Over the centuries, the term “hacker” has referred to various activities. We are familiar with usages such as “a carpenter hacking wood with an ax” and “a butcher hacking meat with a cleaver,” but it seems that the modern, computer-related form of this term originated in the many pranks and practi- cal jokes perpetrated by students at MIT in the 1960s. As an example of the many meanings assigned to this term, see [Schneier 04] which, among much other information, explains why Galileo was a hacker but Aristotle wasn’t. A hack is a person lacking talent or ability, as in a “hack writer.” Hack as a verb is used in contexts such as “hack the media,” “hack your brain,” and “hack your reputation.” Recently, it has also come to mean either a kludge, or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. A hack also means a simple but often inelegant solution or technique. The following tentative definitions are quoted from the jargon file ([jargon 04], edited by Eric S. Raymond): 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. -
2016 8Th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power
2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power N.Pissanidis, H.Rõigas, M.Veenendaal (Eds.) 31 MAY - 03 JUNE 2016, TALLINN, ESTONIA 2016 8TH International ConFerence on CYBER ConFlict: CYBER POWER Copyright © 2016 by NATO CCD COE Publications. All rights reserved. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1626N-PRT ISBN (print): 978-9949-9544-8-3 ISBN (pdf): 978-9949-9544-9-0 CopyriGHT AND Reprint Permissions No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence ([email protected]). This restriction does not apply to making digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within NATO, and for personal or educational use when for non-profit or non-commercial purposes, providing that copies bear this notice and a full citation on the first page as follows: [Article author(s)], [full article title] 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Cyber Power N.Pissanidis, H.Rõigas, M.Veenendaal (Eds.) 2016 © NATO CCD COE Publications PrinteD copies OF THIS PUBlication are availaBLE From: NATO CCD COE Publications Filtri tee 12, 10132 Tallinn, Estonia Phone: +372 717 6800 Fax: +372 717 6308 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ccdcoe.org Head of publishing: Jaanika Rannu Layout: Jaakko Matsalu LEGAL NOTICE: This publication contains opinions of the respective authors only. They do not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of NATO CCD COE, NATO, or any agency or any government. -
How to Analyze the Cyber Threat from Drones
C O R P O R A T I O N KATHARINA LEY BEST, JON SCHMID, SHANE TIERNEY, JALAL AWAN, NAHOM M. BEYENE, MAYNARD A. HOLLIDAY, RAZA KHAN, KAREN LEE How to Analyze the Cyber Threat from Drones Background, Analysis Frameworks, and Analysis Tools For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2972 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0287-5 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover design by Rick Penn-Kraus Cover images: drone, Kadmy - stock.adobe.com; data, Getty Images. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report explores the security implications of the rapid growth in unmanned aerial systems (UAS), focusing specifically on current and future vulnerabilities. -
View Final Report (PDF)
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY III INTRODUCTION 1 GENESIS OF THE PROJECT 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 INDUSTRY SITUATION 2 METHODOLOGY 3 GENERAL COMMENTS ON INTERVIEWS 5 APT1 (CHINA) 6 SUMMARY 7 THE GROUP 7 TIMELINE 7 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 9 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 9 APT10 (CHINA) 13 INTRODUCTION 14 THE GROUP 14 TIMELINE 15 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 16 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 18 COBALT (CRIMINAL GROUP) 22 INTRODUCTION 23 THE GROUP 23 TIMELINE 25 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 27 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 30 APT33 (IRAN) 33 INTRODUCTION 34 THE GROUP 34 TIMELINE 35 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 37 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 38 APT34 (IRAN) 41 INTRODUCTION 42 THE GROUP 42 SIPA Capstone 2020 i The Impact of Information Disclosures on APT Operations TIMELINE 43 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 44 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 48 APT38 (NORTH KOREA) 52 INTRODUCTION 53 THE GROUP 53 TIMELINE 55 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 59 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 61 APT28 (RUSSIA) 65 INTRODUCTION 66 THE GROUP 66 TIMELINE 66 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 69 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 71 APT29 (RUSSIA) 74 INTRODUCTION 75 THE GROUP 75 TIMELINE 76 TYPOLOGY OF ATTACKS 79 DISCLOSURE EVENTS 81 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS 84 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTOR RESPONSE 84 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 86 MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF DISCLOSURES 90 IMPLICATIONS OF OUR RESEARCH 92 FOR PERSISTENT ENGAGEMENT AND FORWARD DEFENSE 92 FOR PRIVATE CYBERSECURITY VENDORS 96 FOR THE FINANCIAL SECTOR 96 ROOM FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 98 ABOUT THE TEAM 99 SIPA Capstone 2020 ii The Impact of Information Disclosures on APT Operations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project was completed to fulfill the including the scope of the disclosure and capstone requirement for Columbia Uni- the disclosing actor. -
Stuxnet : Analysis, Myths and Realities
ACTUSÉCU 27 XMCO David Helan STUXNET : ANALYSIS, MYTHS AND REALITIES CONTENTS Stuxnet: complete two-part article on THE virus of 2010 Keyboard Layout: analysis of the MS10-073 vulnerability used by Stuxnet Current news: Top 10 hacking techniques, zero-day IE, Gsdays 2010, ProFTPD... Blogs, softwares and our favorite Tweets... This document is the property of XMCO Partners. Any reproduction is strictly prohibited. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [1] Are you concerned by IT security in your company? ACTU SÉCU 27 XMCO Partners is a consultancy whose business is IT security audits. Services: Intrusion tests Our experts in intrusion can test your networks, systems and web applications Use of OWASP, OSSTMM and CCWAPSS technologies Security audit Technical and organizational audit of the security of your Information System Best Practices ISO 27001, PCI DSS, Sarbanes-Oxley PCI DSS support Consulting and auditing for environments requiring PCI DSS Level 1 and 2 certification. CERT-XMCO: Vulnerability monitoring Personalized monitoring of vulnerabilities and the fixes affecting your Information System CERT-XMCO: Response to intrusion Detection and diagnosis of intrusion, collection of evidence, log examination, malware autopsy About XMCO Partners: Founded in 2002 by experts in security and managed by its founders, we work in the form of fixed-fee projects with a commitment to achieve results. Intrusion tests, security audits and vulnerability monitoring are the major areas in which our firm is developing. At the same time, we work with senior management on assignments providing support to heads of information- systems security, in drawing up master plans and in working on awareness-raising seminars with several large French accounts. -
The Cyber Threat to UK Business 2016/2017 Report Page 1
The cyber threat to UK business 2016/2017 Report Page 1 Contents Foreword (Ciaran Martin - NCSC) ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Foreword (Donald Toon - NCA) ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 What is the threat? ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 The year in review: pivotal incidents of 2016 ................................................................................................................ 10 Horizon scanning: future threats .................................................................................................................................... 13 Fighting back: what can business do? ............................................................................................................................ 15 Case studies illustrating UK LEA and industry joint protect work ................................................................................. 19 Debate: can we stop the Internet from being used for crime? .................................................................................... 20 Page 2 The -
Anti-Virus Issues, Malicious Software and Internet Attacks for Non-Technical Audiences
Known Knowns, Known Unknowns and Unknown Unknowns: Anti-virus issues, malicious software and Internet attacks for non-technical audiences By Daniel Bilar Introduction [Heading] The risks associated with the internet have changed significantly. A recent study claims that a typical Microsoft Windows machine is subjected to autonomous infiltration attempts - not just mere pings and probes - from worms and botnets looking for clients once every six minutes.1 Stealth – not exhibitionism or hubris – characterizes this breed of attacks and concomitantly deployed malicious software. Unbeknownst even to experienced human operators, surreptitious attacks are able to insert malicious code deep within the bowels of individual computers and the wider supporting internet communication and control infrastructure such as wireless access points, home routers, and domain name servers.2 In addition to stealth, social engineering via e-mail, Instant 1 Gabor Szappanos, ‘A Day in the Life of An Average User’, Virus Bulletin, January 2009, 10-13, available at http://www.virusbtn.com/. 2 Most users do not bother to change the default passwords on home devices such as routers. Browser vulnerabilities can then be exploited by malicious software to alter the DNS settings of the router, thereby directing any name lookup query to a DNS of the attacker’s choice. This may be used to spoof a bank web site, for instance. See Sid Stamm, Zulfikar Ramzan and Markus Jakobsson, ‘Drive-By Pharming’, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4861, (Springer, 2007), 495-506 and Hristo Bojinov, Elie Bursztein, Eric Lovett and Dan Boneh, ‘Embedded Management Interfaces: Emerging Massive Insecurity’, Blackhat Technical Briefing, Blackhat USA 2009 (Las Vegas, USA, August 2009), available at http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa- 09/BOJINOV/BHUSA09-Bojinov-EmbeddedMgmt-PAPER.pdf. -
Cyber Threats Facing America: an Overview of the Cybersecurity Threat Landscape
S. Hrg. 115–298 CYBER THREATS FACING AMERICA: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CYBERSECURITY THREAT LANDSCAPE HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MAY 10, 2017 Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov/ Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 27–390 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin, Chairman JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri ROB PORTMAN, Ohio THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware RAND PAUL, Kentucky JON TESTER, Montana JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma HEIDI HEITKAMP, North Dakota MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming GARY C. PETERS, Michigan JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota MAGGIE HASSAN, New Hampshire STEVE DAINES, Montana KAMALA D. HARRIS, California CHRISTOPHER R. HIXON, Staff Director GABRIELLE D’ADAMO SINGER, Chief Counsel COLLEEN BERNY, Professional Staff Member MARGARET E. DAUM, Minority Staff Director JULIE KLEIN, Minority Professional Staff Member LAURA W. KILBRIDE, Chief Clerk BONNI DINERSTEIN, Hearing Clerk (II) C O N T E N T S Opening statements: Page Senator Johnson ............................................................................................... 1 Senator McCaskill ............................................................................................ 2 Senator Lankford .............................................................................................. 15 Senator Daines -
Bashe Attack Global Infection by Contagious Malware 2
CyRiM Report 2019 Bashe attack Global infection by contagious malware 2 About CyRiM About Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Cyber risks are emerging risk with new complexities that The Centre for Risk Studies is a world leading centre for call for insurers and risk managers to jointly develop the study of the management of economic and societal innovative solutions and tools, and enhance awareness risks. The Centre’s focus is the analysis, assessment, and underwriting expertise. and mitigation of global vulnerabilities for the The Cyber Risk Management (CyRiM) project is led by advancement of political, business, and individual NTU-IRFRC in collaboration with industry partners and decision makers. academic experts. CyRiM is a pre-competitive research project that aims to foster an efficient cyber risk The Centre provides frameworks for recognizing, insurance market place through engaging industry and assessing, and managing the impacts of systemic academic experts guided by government and policy level threats. The research programme is concerned with research. The CyRiM project will help Singapore to catastrophes and how their impacts ripple across an become an industry centre of excellence on cyber risk increasingly connected world with consequent effects on and grow the cyber risk insurance market by promoting the international economy, financial markets, firms in the both the demand and the supply of insurance coverage. financial sectors, and global corporations. To test research outputs and guide new research agendas, the For more information about CyRiM please visit Centre engages with the business community, http://irfrc.ntu.edu.sg/Research/cyrim/Pages/Home.aspx government policy makers, regulators, and industry bodies. -
Cyber Crime the Threat to Small and Medium Sized Businesses Cyber Crime: What Does It Mean for You?
Cyber Crime The threat to small and medium sized businesses Cyber Crime: What does it mean for you? Technology is at the core of our cyber criminals to gain control over It’s critical that you are up-to-speed everyday lives, so much so that for the computer systems of a large on what criminals are doing and – many of us it’s difficult to remember entertainment corporation while more importantly – what you can a time without mobile phones, hackers were able to gain access do to minimise the likelihood of computers, email and the internet. to millions of a global eCommerce becoming the victim of these types company’s customer records. of attacks. To that end, we also focus These innovations have changed the on educating our customers, which is way we connect with one another, What might be surprising, however, why, in addition to online resources1 both on a personal and business is that in their most recent Internet we’ve developed this overview to level. Technology has played a key Security Threat Report, Symantec give you a snapshot of the cyber role in how the world economy found that 60% of all targeted crime landscape in general, as well has evolved over the course of attacks were levelled against as in terms of specific threats to the last decade, but it’s also given small and medium-sized (SME) small and medium sized businesses criminals new tools for gaining businesses. One reason for this is like yours. In the pages that follow access to information and funds. -
Information Assurance MELANI
Federal IT Steering Unit FITSU Federal Intelligence Service FIS Reporting and Analysis Centre for Information Assurance MELANI www.melani.admin.ch/ INFORMATION ASSURANCE SITUATION IN SWITZERLAND AND INTERNATIONALLY Semi-annual report 2016/II (July – December) 20 APRIL 2017 REPORTING AND ANALYSIS CENTRE FOR INFORMATION ASSURANCE MELANI https://www.melani.admin.ch 1 Overview/content 1 Overview/content .............................................................................................. 2 2 Editorial ............................................................................................................. 5 3 Key topic: internet of things ............................................................................ 6 3.1 Definition ............................................................................................................. 6 3.2 The unsecure internet of things? ....................................................................... 7 3.3 Consequences for the future .............................................................................. 7 3.4 Guidelines and precautionary measures ........................................................... 8 4 Situation in Switzerland ................................................................................... 9 4.1 Espionage ............................................................................................................ 9 4.1.1 Switzerland as an indirect target of possible espionage activity ................................... 9 4.2 Data leaks ......................................................................................................... -
Facebook.Pdf (Unpublished Class Paper)
Facebook and the Social Dynamics of Privacy James Grimmelmann* Draft — August 25, 2008 This Article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the law and policy of privacy on social network sites, using Facebook as its principal example. It explains how Facebook users socialize on the site, why they misunderstand the risks involved, and how their privacy suffers as a result. Facebook offers a socially compelling platform that also facilitates peer-to-peer privacy violations: users harming each others’ privacy interests. These two facts are inextricably linked; people use Facebook with the goal of sharing some information about themselves. Policymakers cannot make Facebook completely safe, but they can help people use it safely. The Article makes this case by presenting a rich, factually grounded description of the social dynamics of privacy on Facebook. It then uses that description to evaluate a dozen possible policy interventions. Unhelpful interventions—such as mandatory data portability and bans on underage use—fail because they also fail to engage with key aspects of how and why people use social network sites. The potentially helpful interventions, on the other hand—such as a strengthened public-disclosure tort and a right to opt out completely—succeed because they do engage with these social dynamics. I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................2 A. Definitions..........................................................................................................................4