From Alliance to Dependence: Canadian-American Defence

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Contact UMI didly to order. 8811 & HdlInformation and Learning 300 Nofth Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 481OS.1346 USA A THESIS SUBMIT?ED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENI' OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Ih' WAR STUDES AT THE ROYAL1M[LITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA KINGSTON, ONTARIO National Library Bibliotmue nationale 14 ,,anad du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON KlAON4 Ortawam K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiorn it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canadian-American defence cooperation since the end of the Second World War has received much attention from both historians and political scientists alike, but few have dared to venture into the subject of bilateral defence and outer space. Considering the paramount importance placed on the deterrence of a Soviet attack on North America and the grandiosity of the American space program between 1945 and 1999, one cannot overlook the importance of the cooperative militarization of space in any analysis. This thesis examines the evolution and devolution of Canadian-American defence cooperation thmugh space From 1945 to the end of the century. It argues, that after an initial brief interest in militarizing space as a fully ally of the United States, Canada quickly allowed its military space capability to wane to the point that in today it is all but dependent on the Americans for space-related defence support. This thesis does not seek to argue that Canada failed to achieve an adequate space-related defence capability. Rather, through reasoned logic Canada was neither able or required to maintain its own military space capability at a level equal with that of the United States, who sought to provide for both the deterrence of attack against North America and the military control of space itself. However, the modern foreign and defence policy of Canada has demonstrated that it can no longer satisfy itself with simply "easy riding" on the back of the United States. Increased joint operations with other space capable allies and multiple Canadian force deployments across the globe have created an imperative for Canada to both reevaluate and modernize its own military space capability. Such needed improvements will depend heavily on continued cooperation with the United States well into the next century. This work is respecthlly dedicated to Kelly Who on my darkest nights was a true shining star. ACKiiO\VLFDCLWESi GLOSSARY OF TERMS Lsr OF FIGURES Isr~o~ucrros CHAPTERONE CHAPTERTWO All too often a Master's Thesis is the culmination of countless hours of research, reading, arguing, writing, and sleepless nights. Combined with quick meals in pubs and gallons of coffee the student strives to complete what is most likely the fiat major achievement of his academic career. Like all students such an achievement is never made in exclusivity but rather is the product of sage advice from supervisors, colleagues, Friends, antagonizing clowns, and the like. Though the final work carries a single name, it is seldom the sole efforts of that individual. This work would not have been possible without the generous support of the Department of National Defence Security and Defence Forum which made it possible for a young ambitious reserve officer to chase off after that which piqued his and his nation's curiosity. A great deal of gratitude must also go to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Joel J. Sokolsky, undoubtedly an expert in the field of Canadian-American relations and the driving force behind my efforts. I could simply not have had a better opportunity than to work under his guidance on this project. The Directorate of Space Development has been not only fiiendly and cooperative but also very supportive of this work. I must thank Major Gavin Liddy who served with D Space D in 1997-98 for sitting down and explaining in tremendous detail the fiscal realities of space defence cooperation. His help in clarifying many of the issues regarding fimding and procurement as well as the aims of D Space D was tremendous. I also wish to thank Phil Somers, who has gone out of his way and busy schedule to assist me in my research. At the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies I must thank Mr. Steve James, Major S. Delory, and Captain R. TrinkIe, USAF. These three gentlemen taught me more about space operations in a week than I could have learned on my own in six months. Attending the Basic Space Indoctrination Course at CFSAS Winnipeg was a key to the successful completion of this thesis. The Royal Military College and in particular, the War Studies Department, is as comfortable a home as a graduate student couid hope to be in. I want to thank several people who have both challenged and assisted me in my two-year journey through its halls. First and foremost I must thank Dr. Ronald Ci. Haycock and Dr. Brian McKercher, both of whom have greatly helped develop my skills as an academic. The War Studies program can be both difficult and hard, but as I have written elsewhere I liked it because it was hard and found the reward well worth the effort. I must also acknowledge Dr. John M. Treddenick, whose nutty bar models and problems gave me new insight into defence economics and procurement. Lieutenant Colonel David Bashow, a fellow author, provided me with both his personal experiences as a NORAD officer and his academic analysis of present CF defence and security policy. Finally, Dr. Michael Henessy was a tremendous help in the analysis of modem CF operations involving space assets. There are countless others to thank as well, all of whom in some small way or other made my Hobbs-like existence as a post grad a little easier. They are: Captain Doug Handforth, Sergeant Dave Lucas, and Corporal Michelle Todd of the Office of Continuing Studies. Lieutenant Colonel David A. Paterson and Captain Denise Kingsbury at CFLCSC have been most forgiving. My fellow classmates Robert Boyer, Todd Fitzgerald, Louie Rouillard, Dan Sanford, Shaye Friesen, BJ Brister, Ian Wood, John Mooney, Rob Watts, Bill Peters, Nikki Harrack, and Bemd Horn were all kind to me and my little "pigs in space project". Outside the box I must thank my publisher Norm Christie who inadvertently made writing a thesis not such a frightening big deal after helping me write my first book, Finally 1 must thank my family who have always been there for me, in particular my mother Carol who never ceases to be amazed by my work and at the same time seldom looks surprised that her son did this. When I was young she would often look at me and sigh, '*hat have you done this time?" Well here it is, and thank you for letting me get away with it again. ABCS Army Battle Command System ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ADC Aerospace Defence Center AFB Air Force Base ALCM Air Launched Cruise Missile AOR area of responsibility ARSPACE Army Space Command ASAT anti-satellite ASEDP Army Space Exploitation Demonstration Program AS1 additional skill identifier AWACS Advanced Waning and Air Control Systems AWE Advanced Warfighting Experiment BDA battle damage assessment BLOS beyond line of sight BMC4I Battle Management Command, Conml, Communications, Computers and Intelligence BMD Ballis tic Missile Defense BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Office BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BOS battlefield operation systems C2 command and control C31 command, control, communiczttions, and intelligence C4 command. control, communications, and computers C41 command, control, communications, computek, and intelligence CADIN-Pinetree Continental Air Defence Integrated North - Pinetree Line CANUS Canadian-United

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