Prospects of Energy Efficiency in the Slovenian Industry

Prospects of energy efficiency in the Slovenian industry

Fouad Al-Mansour Matevž Pušnik Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jamova 39, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Slovenia [email protected] [email protected]

Matjaž Česen Jožef Stefan Institute Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia [email protected]

Keywords industrial energy saving, savings potential, energy efficiency ings in industry included in emission trading schemes for the action plans, energy efficiency measures, long-term strategies period to 2030. The expected energy savings in ETS industry are estimated to 5,151 GWh by 2030. Abstract The expected energy savings in ETS industry are higher than in non-ETS. To achieve expected energy savings require inten- Strategic objectives of energy policy in the EU and Slovenia sive implementation of all proposed measures. are to increase energy efficiency, utilization of renewable energy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency measures and utilization of renewable energy sources Introduction have been consistently incorporated into all energy strategic Sustainability, competitiveness and security/reliability of supply documents in Slovenia. Energy consumption in industry rep- present the main objectives of EU energy policy [1]. Strategic resents about one third of final energy consumed in Slovenia. objectives of energy policy in Slovenia and EU are to increase The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008–2016 for energy efficiency, utilization of renewable energy, reduction of Slovenia defines different energy efficiency measures in indus- and greenhouse gas emissions. The high energy dependency try. The expected energy savings in industry are 1,376 GWh (the share of imported energy in the energy supply) presents a by 2016. Energy efficiency measures in industry according to big challenge for all EU countries. Energy efficiency is one of the EU Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency the most potent and cost effective ways of meeting the demands and energy services include measures for more efficient use of of sustainable development and lower fossil fuel dependency. electricity (high-efficient electrical motors, lighting …), en- The energy efficiency represents a tool of energy policy to im- ergy management systems, increasing the scope of environ- prove the competitiveness of the economy, security of supply, mentally friendly energy production from renewable energy and environmental protection ([2], [3]). sources and CHP systems and other measures. The intensive The improvements in energy efficiency will decrease total improvement of energy efficiency is a goal of the New National energy use in industry for the level of production or increase of Energy Program for the period until 2030. The proposed en- productivity (increasing the production rate per unit of energy ergy efficiency measures in industry include measures in the consumed). manufacture of steel, paper and other processes, increasing Efficient end use of energy as way to reduce quantities of efficiency of boilers and combined heat and power. The ex- energy consumed, without sacrificing socio-economic growth, pected energy savings in non-ETS industry are estimated to translated into progress towards sustainable development [4]. 3,149 GWh by 2030. To achieve the goals of energy and climate policy, the EU The paper gives an overview of the state and prospects of adopted different directives regarding the efficient use of en- energy efficiency in industry not included in emission trading ergy, increasing utilization of renewable energy sources and schemes (non ETS) and also evaluate the expected energy sav- reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

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10 Primary energy Final energy 9

Energy [Mtoe] consumptionEnergy 2

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 1: Primary and final energy in Slovenia.

EU adopted different directives regarding the efficient use of The primary energy consumption of Slovenia in 2010 was energy, increasing utilization of renewable energy sources and 7.20 Mtoe [30], of which oil and petroleum are 2.5 Mtoe, coal reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the goals of 1.5 Mtoe, nuclear 1.5 Mtoe, gas 0.9 Mtoe and renewable energy energy and climate policy. sources 1.1 Mtoe [10]. The target of EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and The consumption of final energy in all sectors in Slovenia energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC) adopted in 2006 [5] is increased from 4.45 Mtoe in 2000 to 4.95 Mtoe in 2010 [10] as to achieve a 9 % improvement of energy efficiency within the shown in Figure 1. period 2008–2016. The targets of the EU climate and energy The structure of final energy consumption of Slovenia in package “20-20-20 plan” by 2020 are to reduce greenhouse 2010 by energy sources is shown in Figure 2. gas emissions by 20 %, to increase the share of renewables The consumption of petroleum products present about the in energy consumption and to improve energy efficiency by half (2,428 ktoe or 49 %) of all final energy consumption as 20 % [6]. following by electricity (1,029 ktoe or 20.8 %), RES (631 ktoe Directive 2006/32/EC requires that Member States achieve or 12.7 %), gas (620 ktoe or 12.5 %), heat (192 ktoe or 3.9 %) as a 9 % saving in final energy consumption in the ninth year of is shown in Figure 2. application of the Directive (i.e. from 2008 to 2016); earlier activities initiated from 1995, and in special cases from 1991, may Energy Consumption in Industry also be taken into account. The share of final energy consumption in industry is decreased The average annual use in the most recent five-year statistical from 33 % in 2000 (33.7 % in 2007) to 25.8 % in 2010. The high- period, excluding the use of fuels in installations involved in the est share of final energy consumption is in transport (37.5 %) greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system (ETS) [7], followed by industry and households (25.8 %) and service and is taken as the starting point for determining the target saving other users (10.9 %). The structure of final energy consumption in end-use. by sectors is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Slovenian government according to the EU Directive The dominant sources for industry in 2010 are electricity 2006/32/EC adopted on 31 January 2008 the first energy ef- with share of 34 % and gas with share of 39 %. The structure of ficiency action plan for the period 2008–2016 (NEEAP) [8] final energy consumption in manufacturing industry of Slov- and the draft of the second energy efficiency action plan for the enia in 2010 is shown in Figure 5. period 2011–2016 [9]. The final energy consumption in industry by branches is shown in Figure 6. Structure of the energy consumption in Slovenia The highest energy consumption is in the manufacturing of basic metals (C24) followed by manufacturing of other non- metallic mineral products (C23), manufacturing of paper and Primary and final energy consumption paper products (C17) and manufacturing of chemicals and The consumption of energy in Slovenia has been increasing all chemical products (C20) as is shown in Figure 6. the previous years to 2009 (Figure 1). The decrease of energy consumption in 2009 was caused by recession in economy. The consumption of primary energy and final energy in 2008 Energy efficiency policy in industry reached 7.70 Mtoe and 5.34 Mtoe1 and the average increase in The activities of Slovenia in the field of energy efficiency go back the period from 2000 to 2008 was 2.31 %/year and 2.14 %/year. to more than 20 years ago. In this way the Slovenian National Assembly (Parliament) adopted different documents (strategies, laws) regarding energy policy, including the security, reliability

1. Mtoe: Mega tons of oil equivalent. and sustainability of the energy supply and consumption:

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6000

5000 toe] k 4000 RES Heat 3000 Electricity Gas Oil 2000 Coal

1000 Final energy Finalenergy consumption [

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 2: Structure of final energy consumption in Slovenia by energy sources.

6000

5000 Services and other 4000

Households 3000

2000 Transport

1000

Final energy [ktoe] energy consumption Final Industry

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 3: Structure of final energy consumption in Slovenia by sectors.

• “Resolution on the Strategy of Use and Supply of Energy in The Resolution on National Energy Programme (ReNEP) Slovenia”, January 1996 [11], has defined the targets of the energy efficiency policy by 2010 relation to 2004: • “Energy Act”, September 1999 [12], • improve the energy efficiency by sectors: • “Resolution on the National Energy Programme (ReNEP)”, April 2004 [13]. • 10 % in industry and service sectors, The “Environmental Protection Act” adopted in 1993 [14] in- • 10 % in buildings, cludes the stimulation for the energy efficiency measures and • 15 % in the public sector by and utilization of renewable energy sources and defines establish- ment of the Eco Fund2 (Slovenian Environmental Public Fund) • 10 % in transport by as a financial institution for the purpose of providing loans at • double the share of electricity production in CHP, favourable interest rates for investments in the field of environmental protection. • increasing the share of RES in the primary energy balance to 12 % in 2010:

2. Eco Fund: Slovenian Environmental Public Fund (http://www.ekosklad.si/index. html).

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100% 10,0% 9,1% 7,9% 9,7% 13,3% 11,0% 11,8% 10,7% 10,9% 17,2% 16,8%

21,3% n 80% 23,3% 21,1%

o 24,2% 23,2% 26,5% 25,6% 25,8% t i 25,0% 24,6% 25,3% m p s u 60% c on 37,0% y 31,2% 32,4%

g 40,2% 29% 30% 29,9% 39,2%

e r 37,5% 29% 30%

e n 40% a l n f i f o

e 20% r 33% 33% 32,8% 34,6% 35,1% 33,7% 29% 28% 28,9% 26,9% 25,8% ct u u St r 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Industry Transport Households Services and other

Figure 4: Structure of final energy consumption by sectors in Slovenia.

Wood Coal 6% 4% Heat Oil 5% 12%

Electricity 34%

Gas 39%

Figure 5: Structure of final energy consumption by sectors in Slovenia.

4.500

4.000

3.500

3.000 Wh] G [

2.500 o n

2.000 2007 umpt i

n s 2010

c o 1.500

rg y 1.000 n e E 500

0 7 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3

Industrial branches Figure 6: Final energy consumption in manufacture industry by branches (Nace rev. 02) in Slovenia.

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200

150

100

-50 Energy savings [GWh] savings Energy

-100

-150 C 10 C 11 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 C 20 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 C 27 C 28 C 29 C 30 C 31 C 32 C 33

Industrial sub-sectors

Figure 7: Energy savings in non-ETS manufacturing industry in 2010 relative to 2007.

• increasing heat supply from RES from 22 % in 2002 to 25 % ture, and also relate to awareness and information provision, in 2010, etc. The expected energy savings in all sectors was estimated at 4,261 GWh for the period 2008–2016. • increasing electricity from RES from 32 % in 2002 to 33.6 % The proposed set of energy efficiency measures for industry in 2010, in the first NEEAP is oriented towards the co-financing of ef- • achieving a 2 % share of biofuels for transport at the end ficient electricity use measures for various technologies (ener- of 2005. gy-efficient electrical motors and frequency converters for the regulation of engine revolutions, energy-efficient pumps and ventilators, energy efficient systems for the preparation of com- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan pressed air, energy-efficient lighting). The Slovenian Government adopted the first National Energy The expected energy savings in industry was estimated at Efficiency Action Plan for 2008–2016 (NEEAP I) [8] According 840 GWh for the period 2008–2016 of which 336 GWh in the to the EU policy (Article 14 of Directive3 2006/32/EC on energy period 2008–2010. end-use efficiency and energy services – Directive 2006/32/ For the calculation of energy savings in industry, the top- EC). The first NEEAP covers the period from 2008 to 2010. down method (TD) was used. The calculation is based on the The second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for data of energy consumption, industrial production index and 2008–2016 (NEEAP 2) [9] will cover the period from 2011 to share of non-ETS industry by sub-sectors of industry. 2013. The last (third) NEEAP have to be drawn up in 2014 for The achieved savings in non-ETS manufacturing industry in the rest period to 2016. 2010 relative to 2007 are 219 GWh. The energy savings were The targets of the NEEAP is to achieve cumulative savings achieved in 14 sub-sectors (Figure 6). The main savings were of at least 9 % of the average final energy consumption under achieved in manufacturing of chemicals (C24, 174 Gwh) and ES Directive (Non ETS) in the 2008–2016 period, or at least manufacturing of fabricated metal products without machines 4,232 GWh (including the energy savings resulting from the (C25, 155 GWh) (Figure 7). implementation of earlier activities in the 1995–2007 periods). According to the Directive 2006/32/EC a second ”National Savings are to be achieved by means of various sectoral-specif- Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2011–2016” (NEEAP 2) for ic, horizontal and multisectoral measures in all sectors (house- Slovenian was prepared in 2011 [9]. holds, tertiary sector, industry and transport). The second NEEAP contains a set of five energy efficiency The first NEEAP for Slovenia has proposed 29 sectoral, mul- measures for industry: ti-sectoral and horizontal instruments to achieve the energy efficiency target. A large number of barriers will be removed 1. Financial incentives for efficient electricity consumption, by these instruments; these barriers are of an institutional, 2. Financial incentives to raise energy efficiency in industry legislative, administrative, economic, financial, personnel na- and the services sector and significantly increase the scope of environmentally friendly electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) and combined heat and elec- 3. Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services, and repealing Council tricity production (CHP) systems, Directive 93/76/EEC.

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3. Incentives for introducing energy management systems in renewable energy sources and combined heat and power sys- industry, tems in industry. The measure includes financial incentives for industry and service sectors in form of loans with favourable 4. Schemes for efficient electricity consumption and reduction interest rates; form of subsidies and incentives in the frame- of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, work of large liable entity programmes. 5. Establishing a development scheme and other incentives for The financial incentive in form of loans with favourable in- the commercial sector in the entry of green energy products terest rates for the following activities in industry: into the market. • installation of biomass, solar or geothermal heating system, The expected total energy savings as a result of the implemen- • installation of units for electricity production from RES, tation of all measures in industry are estimated at 1,376 GWh in 2016. • installation of CHP, The ministry responsible for efficient use and renewable • reconstruction or replacement of heating, cooling and ven- energy (The Ministry of Infrastructure and Spatial Planning) tilation systems, is responsible for organizing and monitoring the implementation of energy efficiency measures. The financial incentives • refurbishment of lighting, are mainly managed by Eco-Fund (Slovenian Environmental • energy refurbishing of existing buildings, Public Fund) and large energy suppliers (suppliers of heat distribution system, supplying at least 75 GWh of heat annually, • construction of new buildings with low-energy or passive and suppliers of electricity, gas and liquid fuels, which supply technology. at least 300 GWh of energy annually). The financial incentives for efficient electricity consumption The financial incentive in form of grants intended to promote include measures (activities) to improve the following tech- the installation of: nologies: • wood biomass boilers, • electric motors, • heat pumps, and

• frequency regulation of motor revolutions, • solar collectors. • pumps and ventilators, The third form of financial incentive is in the framework of • systems for preparing compressed air, large liable entity programmes. The incentives for introducing energy management systems • lighting. in industry are in a form of financial incentives (subsidy) to in- The targets of energy efficiency measures in industry are ex- troduce energy management systems in industrial companies: pected to achieve the following saving of electricity: • energy audits, • replacement of electric motors with high-efficiency motors • the implementation of energy management systems, (EU standard IE3) and replacement of oversized motors with smaller ones will enable a 4 % electricity savings, • preparation of feasibility studies for investment in energy efficiency and RES, • frequency inverters to regulate motor revolutions enable at least a 20 % electricity saving, • upgrading of the methodology for energy audits. • replacing pumps with more energy efficient ones (with fre- Schemes for efficient electricity consumption and reduction of quency inverters) achieves a 20 % electricity saving, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a financial instrument in

form of scheme for exemption from payment for CO2 taxes • replacing ventilators with energy-saving ones (with fre- for industrial companies liable to pay CO2 taxes. The measure quency inverters) achieves a 25 % electricity saving, aims to reduce GHG emissions related to CO2 taxes exemption. • by eliminating leaks, regulating the distribution of com- Establishing a development scheme and other incentives for pressed air and optimising regulation, electricity consump- the commercial sector in the entry of green energy products tion is reduced by at least for 10 %, and by replacing com- into the market is a financial instrument in form of subsidies to pressors, by around 25 %, develop energy efficient products, production processes, services and solutions, and especially for demonstration projects • the installation of energy-efficient lights (fluorescent and and in introducing these products to the market. electronic control gears) and optimising regulation of light- In addition to the aforementioned measures, the National ing etc. reduces electricity consumption by around 45 %. Renewable Energy Action Plan for 2010–2020 [15] already pro- The necessary public fund for implementing this measure in the vides measures which contribute to increased energy efficiency period 2011–2016 is estimated at EUR 12 million (EUR 9 mil- in industry, by promoting CHP and district heating. lion as incentives for industry and EUR 3 million for service The second important strategic document for Slovenia (in companies). phase of adopting by Slovenian goverment) is the National en- The aim of financial incentives to increase the scope of energy program for the period to 2030 (NEP 2030) [16], which vironmentally friendly electricity is to significantly increase considers the continued implementation of all measures pro- the scope of environmentally friendly energy production from posed in the NEEAP 2 to 2020.

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National energy program for the period to 2030 NEP 2009 ETS. These branches are: C15 Manufacturing of leather and NEP 2030 is assumed in addition to measures in the NEEAP’s related products, C17 Manufacturing of paper and paper prod- further measures to achieve 20 % energy efficiency improve- ucts, C20 Manufacturing of chemicals and chemical products, ment by 2020 according to the objectives of climate and energy C21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and phar- package “20-20-20” and other measures by 2030. maceutical preparations C23 Manufacturing of other non-me- The new proposal for the National energy program for the tallic mineral products and C24 Manufacturing of basic metals period to 2030 (NEP 2030) in Slovenia [16] includes a set of (Figure 8). measures to promote energy efficiency in all industry (ETS Energy consumption of industrial sources included in the and non ETS). The set of measures aim to increase energy con- EU-ETS will increase for 17 % in the REF scenario and for 15 % sumption in all industrial sectors and focuses on the intensive in the INT scenario until 2030 compared to 2008. On the other energy technologies and processes especially for electrical arc hand energy consumption of industrial sources not included in furnaces for steel production, thermal processes for paper pro- the EU-ETS will decrease in 2008–2030 period, for 4 % in the duction. The expected improvement of energy efficiency is es- REF scenario and 12 % in the INT scenario. Total energy con- timated regarding to the intensive implementation of measures sumption of industry will increase for 9 % in the REF scenario by two strategies: Reference (REF) and intensive (INT). and 5 % in the INT scenario. The proposed energy efficiency measures for the electrical Main driver for slow increase of energy consumption is en- arc furnaces of steel production are modernization of furnac- ergy efficiency improvement through many measures that are es, installation of “oxy fuel” burners, oxygen blowing, using presented in this text and are taken from draft National Energy natural gas for the initial flame-sheet melting, preheating the Programme and Second National Action Plan for Energy Ef- cartridge, blowing carbon materials for foaming slag, etc. The ficiency. This can be seen from decrease of intensity of final decrease of the specific energy consumption in average as im- energy consumption in industry, which amounted 34 % in the pact of measure implementation is expected between 7 % and REF scenario and 38 % in the INT scenario. 19 % by 2030 (from 536 kWh to 501 kWh or 436 kWh per ton Achieved energy savings were calculated with the top down of steel) in REF or INT strategy. method using ODEX index [9]. Total savings for 2030 in the Measures to reduce the specific heat consumption in thermal REF scenario are estimated to 7,636 GWh and in the INT sce- processes of paper production include heat recovery, increas- nario to 8,300 GWh. Split of savings to sources included in the ing of the production (nearly the full load operation of mills), EU-ETS and non-ETS energy sectors show higher savings in replacement and modernization of paper mills with more ef- the EU-ETS sector. In 2030 savings in the EU-ETS sector are ficient ones and other organizational measures. The expected estimated to 4,946 GWh in the REF scenario while in non-ETS decreasing of specific heat consumption by 2030 is estimated at sector savings are estimated to 2,690 GWh. If we compare ener- 13 % in REF and 24 % in INT strategy. gy consumption in 2030 with the case where no savings would be achieved the consumption in is 30 % lower the EU-ETS sec- Energy savings in ETS Industry tor and 31 % lower in the non-ETS sector. Expected savings in In 2008, industrial companies included in the EU-ETS, con- the INT scenario are estimated to 5,151 GWh in the EU-ETS sumed 10,020 GWh of energy, while companies not included sector and 3,149 GWh in the non-ETS sector. Comparison in the EU-ETS consumed 6,404 GWh. Electricity consump- with the case without savings shows 31 % lower consumption tion of companies is also divided although electricity is not in 2030 for the EU-ETS sector and 36 % lower consumption for included in the EU-ETS scheme. For six industrial branches non-ETS sector. It is evident that INT scenario focuses more on more than half of energy consumption is included in the EU- the savings in the non-ETS sector.

4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 non EU-ETS 500 EU-ETS 0 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C23 C24 C25 C28 C22 Final energy consumption [GWh] Final energy consumption C20_21 C26_27 C29_30 C_13_14 C31_32_33 C_10_11_12 Industrial branches (NACE 2007)

Figure 8: Energy consumption per industrial branch divided to the part included in the EU-ETS and the part excluded from EU-ETS.

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6.000

5.000

4.000 REF scenario EU-‐ETS 3.000 REF scenario nonETS 2.000 INT scenario EU-‐ETS

Energy Savings [GWh] INT scenario nonETS 1.000

0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Year

Figure 9: Energy savings for EU-ETS and non-ETS industry sector for REF and INT scenario.

Slovenian industry has made large improvements in energy support. The realization of all energy efficiency measures in efficiency in the past, but this does not mean that in the future NEEAP requires active financial support and sufficient efforts additional improvement is not foreseen. On the contrary, in- to prepare all the necessary administrative work according to creased policy support proposed in the Slovenian programme the proposed measures. The use of planned financial support documents will assure that estimated energy savings shown for the implementation of the first NEEAP measures in the pe- above and will be achieved by 2030. riod 2008–2010 was about 39 % of the planned. The responsible Policies described in the text affect the use of energy on many institution and government body have to improve and acceler- levels. For example level of heat needed is in correlation with ate activities for implementation of the proposed measures to energy audits, implementation of energy management systems achieve the obligation of a 20 % energy efficiency improvement and renovation of buildings. Increase of heat production effi- by 2020. ciency is strongly connected with state supports for new boil- Draft National energy programme envisages also measures ers, heat pumps and CHP units. Policies targeting the level of for the EU-ETS sector which will in 2020 achieve savings of electricity needed in industry include renovation of lighting, 2,530 GWh and 5,151 GWh in 2030. Total savings in Slovenian use of variable speed drives and more efficient electric drives industry sector in 2030 are estimated to 8,300 GWh. amongst other measures. Also different horizontal measures To achieve expected energy savings require intensive imple- are applied that can affect the same process (for instance CO2 mentation of all proposed measures. tax) so it is difficult to assess and determine effects of each pol- The past practices have shown greater effectiveness of energy icy separately. Effects of implemented policies in the model are efficiency measures with financial support (subsidies) over oth- assessed for each industry process separately and not for each ers. These measures are very welcome and encourage industrial policy. CO2 tax is a measure that applies only for companies companies to activate their implementation. that are not included in the EU-ETS. It is difficult for an industrial enterprise to decide on investments in energy efficiency measures with the required or high- Conclusion er investment in contingent and in accord with the financial situation in specific company. It is necessary to encourage the The consumption of industry in Slovenia presents more than industrial companies to increase the voluntary implementation one fourth of final energy consumption in Slovenia. The Slov- of energy efficiency measures. enian government focused its effort to improve the energy effi- To achieve the energy efficiency targets it is necessary to sta- ciency in all sectors including industry from the ninetieth year ble financial incentives and conditions for their implementa- of the previous century. Energy efficiency, utilization of renew- tion. able energy sources and reduction of greenhouse gases are the main objective of all adopted strategic documents in Slovenia. The target of current energy efficiency policy in Slovenia References is to achieve 20 % improvement of energy efficiency by 2020. [1] The International Energy Agency (IEA), Progress with The implementation of launched energy efficiency measures in implementing energy efficiency policies in the G8, IEA/ non-ETS industry will contribute about 20 % (1,376 GWh in OECD, Paris, 2009 2016 and 1,876 GWh in 2020) of all expected energy savings in [2] Sebitosi A.B.,Energy efficiency, security of supply and Slovenia. The required direct financial support for implemen- the environment in South Africa: Moving beyond the tation of energy efficiency measures from the second NEEAP strategy documents, Energy 33 (2008) 1591–1596. in industry for the period 2011–2016 is estimated at 13.3 mil- [3] van Wees, M.T. Uyterlinde M.A., Maly M., Energy effi- lion Euros, which present about 1.7 % of all required financing ciency and renewable energy policy in the Czech Repub-

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lic within the framework of accession to the European Environment/18_energy/01_18179_balance_indica- Union, Energy 27 (2002) 1057–1067. tors/01_18179_balance_indicators.asp [4] Salta M., Polatidis H., Haralambopoulos D. Energy use [11] Resolution on the Strategy of Energy Use and Supply of in the Greek manufacturing sector: A methodological Slovenia, Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, No. framework based on physical indicators with aggregation 9/1996 and decomposition analysis, Energy 34 (2009) 90–111. [12] Energy Act. Official gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, [5] Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of No. 79/1999, 51/2004, 27/2007, 70/2008 (http://www. the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=199979&stevilka=3757, and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/ http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava. EEC, Official Journal of the European Union, L 114/64, jsp?urlid=200870&stevilka=3025) [6] Communication from the Commission to the European [13] The Resolution on National Energy Program (Re- Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and NEP). Official gazette of the Republic of Slovenia Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions No. 57/2004 (http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava. - 20 20 by 2020 - Europe’s climate change opportunity, jsp?urlid=200457&stevilka=2669) COM(2008) 30 final. [14] Environment Protection Act, Official gazette of the Re- [7] Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and public of Slovenia No. 41/2004, http://www.uradni-list. of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Direc- si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=200441&stevilka=1694 tive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the [15] The National Renewable Energy Action Plan 2010-2020 scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading (NREAP), July 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ within the Community. renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_ [8] Government of the Republic of Slovenia: National en.htm Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008–2016 (NEEAP), [16] National Energy Programme of the Republic of Ljubljana, 31.01.2008 Slovenia for the period up to 2030 “acts of power” [9] Government of the Republic of Slovenia: Second Nation- National Energy program, Draft proposal, June al Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011–2016 (NEEAP), 2011, http://www.mgrt.gov.si/si/zakonodaja_in_ Ljubljana, October 2011 dokumenti/energetika/pomembni_dokumenti/ [10] Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia, Energy bal- nacionalni_energetski_program_za_obdobje_do_ ance of Slovenia, http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Database/ leta_2030/

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