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Maurício Alves De Campos Maurício Alves de Campos Riqueza de espécies de poríferos (Porifera, Demospongiae) coletados pelo Programa Antártico Brasileiro – PROANTAR (1983–1991) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito à obtenção do Título de Mestre em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biodiversidade Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Inga Ludmila Veitenheimer-Mendes Co-orientadora: Dra. Beatriz Mothes Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre 2007 Riqueza de espécies de poríferos (Porifera, Demospongiae) coletados pelo Programa Antártico Brasileiro – PROANTAR (1983–1991) Maurício Alves de Campos Aprovada em ________/_________/________ Banca examinadora: ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Edmundo Ferraz Nonnato ___________________________________________________________________ Dra. Cléa Beatriz Lerner ___________________________________________________________________ Dra. Norma Würdig ii AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais, por terem estimulado, apoiado e acreditado em meu trabalho desde o início, em especial ao meu pai por ter, com sua paixão pela Agronomia, inspirado meu caminho através da Biologia. À minha família por ter compreendido as ausências e valorizado os momentos de folga, com carinho e constante suporte. À minha namorada Mariane Leonardo dos Santos, por dividir o fascínio pela Biologia e talvez por essa razão compreender o que uma pesquisa demanda. Aos meus amigos pelo incentivo diário. À Dra. Beatriz Mothes por ter sido a incansável orientadora, mas principalmente agradeço por ter sido muito mais que isso: a amiga de todas as horas, a professora paciente, a incentivadora vigorosa, a colega entusiasta e a mestra inesquecível. À Dra. Inga Ludmila Veitenheimer Mendes pela gentil acolhida e pela honra de ter aceitado orientar-me; sinto-me eternamente grato pela amizade, carinho, apoio e pelos ensinamentos que levarei para a vida toda. Aos meus queridos colegas do Setor de Poríferos Marinhos do MCN/FZB; dedico parte dos meus esforços para todos aqueles com quem divido até hoje o prazer de fazer parte do mesmo grupo de pesquisa; o auxílio de todos vocês foi imprescindível em todas as etapas deste trabalho: à Dra. Cléa Beatriz Lerner, por todo o incentivo e também pela sua sabedoria a qual sempre utilizei como referência; ao mestrando João Luís Carraro, pelo longo de tempo em que trabalhamos juntos sempre com seu companheirismo e dedicação; ao biólogo Rafael Antônio Eckert e ao estagiário Gustavo Leite Kasper, também pelo tempo em que dividimos o mesmo setor; aos bolsistas Alexandre Bondan Dias, Gabriel Souza, Elenara Véras dos Santos e Maurício Correia Martins, pelo apoio e colaboração, e também a antigos bolsistas e estagiários que colaboraram em alguma etapa deste trabalho: iii Julyana Beheregaray dos Santos, Rachel de Miranda Furtado Gomes e André Luís Ferraz de Souza. Aos colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da UFRGS, pelo carinho, incentivo e amizade; tive a felicidade de compartilhar o curso com pessoas de grande capacidade e que certamente enriqueceram meu conhecimento. Agradeço por todos os momentos compartilhados durante as disciplinas do curso. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da UFRGS pela generosidade em propagar seus conhecimentos em nome do saber. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Malacologia, Departamento de Zoologia da UFRGS, pela acolhida e companheirismo durante a realização do curso; em especial à bióloga M. Sc. Helena Nussbaum de Jongh, ao doutorando Fábio Wiggers e à mestranda Aline Leite da Silva, pela convivência durante diversas etapas do trabalho. A todos os funcionários do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul; presto aqui meus sinceros agradecimentos pelo carinho, companheirismo e amizade. Ao Sr. Cleodir Mansan pela metalização dos ‘stubs’ para Microscopia Eletrônica. À Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez, do Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Genebra, Suíça e Dr. Eduardo Hajdu, do Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pelo envio de material bibliográfico. Às bibliotecárias Maria de Jesus Pureza, do Instituto Oceanográfico da USP, e Cláudia Melo, do Museu de Zoologia da USP, pelo excelente serviço prestado a partir da pesquisa, cópia e envio de obras raras. iv Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, pelo auxilio financeiro às sessões de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e pelo aporte por ocasião de minha participação em um evento internacional. À amiga Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, por ter me indicado para integrar a equipe de Poríferos Marinhos do MCN/FZB; a sinceridade de sua amizade e a certeza de sua confiança certamente me permite estar realizado com minha escolha em estudar e compreender o mundo dos poríferos. À Clare Valentine, do British Museum of Natural History, Inglaterra, ao Dr. Carsten Lüter, do Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Alemanha, e à Dra. Barbara Calcinai, da Universitá di Ancona, Itália, pelo empréstimo de material para estudo comparativo. Ao Dr. Edmundo Ferraz Nonnato, pela doação e envio de todo o material de Porífera coletado pelo PROANTAR para a Coleção de Porifera do MCN/FZB. v SUMÁRIO RESUMO ........................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi CAPÍTULO 1 Introdução ................................................................................................................. 1 Histórico - Filo Porifera ................................................................................ 1 O Continente Antártico e o Projeto PROANTAR ........................................ 3 Pesquisas com o Filo Porifera no Continente Antártico ............................... 5 Área estudada ............................................................................................... 8 Objetivos ................................................................................................................ 11 Síntese dos Resultados ........................................................................................... 12 Referências Bibliográficas ..................................................................................... 13 CAPÍTULO 2 Material e Métodos ................................................................................................. 20 Material estudado .............................................................................................. 20 Métodos laboratoriais ......................................................................................... 20 Metodologia empregada para o estudo das escleras ........................................ 21 Dissociação espicular em tubo de ensaio ................................................... 21 Dissociação espicular em lâmina ................................................................ 21 Cortes perpendiculares e tangenciais do esqueleto ..................................... 22 Preparação de suportes para microscopia eletrônica de varredura ................. 22 Técnicas com microscópio ...................................................................................... 23 vi Observação do conjunto espicular ................................................................... 23 Observação da arquitetura esqueletal .............................................................. 23 Observação da superfície ................................................................................. 23 Mensurações micrométricas ............................................................................ 23 Fotografias ............................................................................................................... 24 Fotografias das amostras .................................................................................. 24 Fotografias das arquiteturas esqueletais .......................................................... 24 Fotomicrografias das escleras ao Microscópio Óptico ................................... 24 Fotografias das escleras ao Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura ................ 25 Siglas utilizadas no texto ................................................................................... 25 Referências Bibliográficas ................................................................................ 29 CAPÍTULO 3 Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) of Brazilian Antarctic Program – PROANTAR. Bransfield Strait, off Joinville Island .............................................. 30 Figuras .................................................................................................................... 52 CAPÍTULO 4 First report for Antarctica of three sponge species collected by the Brazilian Antarctic Program – PROANTAR (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Halichondrida, Haplosclerida) …................................................. 78 Figuras .................................................................................................................... 89 vii CAPÍTULO 5 Contribution to the knowledge of Antarctic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae). Part I. Spirophorida, Astrophorida, Hadromerida and Haplosclerida …............................................................................................... 97 Tabelas .................................................................................................................
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