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The Surface Energy Balance in a Cold-Arid Permafrost Environment
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-286 Preprint. Discussion started: 9 March 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. The surface energy balance in a cold-arid permafrost environment, Ladakh Himalaya, India John Mohd Wani1, Renoj J. Thayyen2*, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha1, and Stephan Gruber3 1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India, 2Water Resources System Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India ([email protected]; [email protected]), 3Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Abstract: Cryosphere of the cold-arid trans-Himalayan region is unique with its significant permafrost cover. While the information on the permafrost characteristics and its extent started emerging, the governing energy regimes of this cryosphere region is of particular interest. This paper present the results of Surface Energy Balance (SEB) studies carried out in the upper 5 Ganglass catchment in the Ladakh region of India, which feed directly to the River Indus. The point SEB is estimated using the one-dimensional mode of GEOtop model from 1 September 2015 to 31 August 2017 at 4727 m a.s.l elevation. The model is evaluated using field monitored radiation components, snow depth variations and one-year near-surface ground temperatures and showed good agreement with the respective simulated values. The study site has an air 10 temperature range of – 23.7 to 18.1 °C with a mean annual average temperature (MAAT) of - 2.5 and ground surface temperature range of -9.8 to 19.1 °C. For the study period, the surface energy balance characteristics of the cold-arid site show that the net radiation was the major component with mean value of 28.9 W m-2, followed by sensible heat flux (13.5 W m-2) and latent heat flux (12.8 W m-2), and the ground heat flux was equal to 0.4 W m-2. -
Climate Vulnerability in Asia's High Mountains
Climate Vulnerability in Asia’s High Mountains COVER: VILLAGE OF GANDRUNG NESTLED IN THE HIMALAYAS. ANNAPURNA AREA, NEPAL; © GALEN ROWELL/MOUNTAIN LIGHT / WWF-US Climate Vulnerability in Asia’s High Mountains May 2014 PREPARED BY TAYLOR SMITH Independent Consultant [email protected] This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. THE UKOK PLATEAU NATURAL PARK, REPUBLIC OF ALTAI; © BOGOMOLOV DENIS / WWF-RUSSIA CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................1 4.2.1 Ecosystem Restoration ........................................... 40 4.2.2 Community Water Management .............................. 41 State of Knowledge on Climate Change Impacts .................. 1 4.3 Responding to Flooding and Landslides ....................... 41 State of Knowledge on Human Vulnerability ......................... 1 4.3.1 Flash Flooding ......................................................... 41 Knowledge Gaps and Policy Perspective .............................. 3 4.3.2 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods .................................. 42 Recommendations for Future Adaptation Efforts ................. 3 4.3.3 Landslides ............................................................... 43 4.4 Adaptation by Mountain Range ....................................... 44 Section I 4.4.1 The Hindu Kush–Karakorum–Himalaya Region -
China's Influence on Conflict Dynamics in South Asia
USIP SENIOR STUDY GROUP FINAL REPORT China’s Influence on Conflict Dynamics in South Asia DECEMBER 2020 | NO. 4 USIP Senior Study Group Report This report is the fourth in USIP’s Senior Study Group (SSG) series on China’s influence on conflicts around the world. It examines how Beijing’s growing presence is affecting political, economic, and security trends in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region. The bipartisan group was comprised of senior experts, former policymakers, and retired diplomats. They met six times by videoconference over the course of 2020 to examine how an array of issues—from military affairs to border disputes, trade and development, and cultural issues—come together to shape and be shaped by Chinese involvement. The group members drew from their deep individual experiences working in and advising the US government to generate a set of top-level findings and actionable policy recommen- dations. Unless otherwise sourced, all observations and conclusions are those of the SSG members. Cover illustration by Alex Zaitsev/Shutterstock The views expressed in this report are those of the members of the Senior Study Group alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. An online edition of this and related reports can be found on our website (www.usip.org), together with additional information on the subject. © 2020 by the United States Institute of Peace United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Avenue NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org First published December 2020. -
Ladakh's Increasing Vulnerability to Flash Floods and Debris Flows
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 30, 4214–4223 (2016) Published online 21 June 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10919 A clear and present danger: Ladakh’s increasing vulnerability to flash floods and debris flows Alan D. Ziegler,1* Abstract 2 Sebastian I. Cantarero, This preliminary investigation of the recent spate of deadly flash floods and debris Robert J. Wasson,3 flows in Ladakh (India) over the last decade identifies uncontrolled development in Pradeep Srivastava,4 hazardous locations as an important factor contributing to loss of life and property 5 damage in this high mountain desert. The sediments exposed in the channel banks Sonam Spalzin, and on the alluvial fans of several mountain streams in the area indicate a long Winston T. L. Chow1,3 and history of flash floods and debris flows resulting from intense storms, which appear Jamie Gillen1 to have increased in frequency within the last decade. The signposts of these recurrent hazards are being ignored as a growing economy, which is boosted by a 1 Geography Department, National well-established tourism industry, is now driving development onto lands that are University of Singapore, Singapore, susceptible to floods and debris flow hazards. In this science briefing we argue that 117568 the increasing vulnerability in Ladakh should be addressed with sound disaster 2 Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, governance strategies that are proactive, rather than reactionary. Copyright © Singapore 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 3 Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National Key Words floods; vulnerability; debris flows; tourism; climate change University of Singapore, Singapore 4 Wadia Institute for Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India Introduction 5 Archeological Survey of India, The nature of a flood disaster is shaped primarily by a combination of the Srinagar, India increasing exposure and impacts arising from the geophysical hazard itself (i.e. -
India's Best Kept Secret
Veronica Reilly India’s Best Kept Secret We are hurtling along the Highest Motorable Road in the World in a beat-up Jeep. The young Ladakhi driver, who seemed so kind and friendly back in the capital city, Leh, is clearly mad. He swings around blind hairpin turns on this single lane road carved out of a mountainside without the customary horn blaring. The almost continuous use of the horn is the way that people drive on these one-lane mountain roads in the high Himalaya without having frequent head-on collisions. Our driver likes the aspect of Himalayan driving custom that requires hurtling along at preposterous speeds, but does not accompany this reckless behavior with any- where near the requisite amount of horn usage. Himank, the road’s authority here, has even painted large signs black let- ters against a yellow background, on the bare rock walls above us that read, “Horn please.” Immediately to my left and thousands of feet below lies the rocky brown bottom of a ravine. There are only intermittent guardrails. I try to imagine that the window overlooking the precipice is actually a television screen. I breathe deeply and try to let go of my attachment to life. We are among Buddhists, after all. Perhaps our driver gains his cavalier attitude from a firm belief in reincarnation, a belief that I don’t share, although I am suddenly reevaluating the possibility. The beginning of the trip, several hours ago, was joc- ular, and the five of us, thrown together for just a few days, introduced ourselves. -
Economic Review” of District Leh, for the Year 2014-15
PREFACE The District Statistics and Evaluation Agency Leh under the patronage of Directorate of Economic and Statistics (Planning and Development Department) is bringing out annual publication titled “Economic Review” of District Leh, for the year 2014-15. The publication 22st in the series, presents the progress achieved in various socio-economic facts of the district economy. I hope that the publication will be a useful tool in the hands of planners, administrators, Policy makers, academicians and other users and will go a long way in helping them in their respective pursuit. Suggestions to improve the publication in terms of coverage, quality etc. in the future issue of the publication will be appreciated Tashi Tundup District statistics and Evaluation Officer Leh CONTENTS Page No. District Profile 1-6 Agriculture and Allied Activities • Agriculture 7-9 • Horticulture 10 • Animal Husbandry 11-13 • Sheep Husbandry 14-15 • Forest 16 • Soil Conservation 17 • Cooperative 17-18 • Irrigation 19 Industries and Employment • Industries 19-20 • Employment & Counseling Centre 20 • Handicraft/Handloom 21 Economic Infrastructure • Power 21-22 • Tourism 22-23 • Financial institution 24-25 • Transport and communication 24-27 • Information Technology 27-28 Social Sector • Housing 29 • Education 29-31 • Health 31-33 • Water Supply and Rural Sanitation 33 • Women and Child Development 34-36 1 DISTRICT PROFILE . Although, Leh district is one of the largest districts of the country in terms of area, it has the lowest population density across the entire country. The district borders Pakistan occupied Kashmir and Chinese occupied Ladakh in the North and Northwest respectively, Tibet in the east and Lahoul-Spiti area of Himachal Pradesh in the South. -
ERONET Pre Reqst Format.Xlsx
Polling Station wise list of Booth Level Officers (BLO) 26-Constituency of LAHDC, Leh-Ladakh No. of P/S Name of Polling station Name of Booth Level Officer Mobile . No 1 01- Thang Sh Sana Ullah 9419864100 2 02 -Tyakshi Sh Mohs Ayoub 9469552752 3 03Waha Pachathang Sh Abdul Rashid 9419534709 4 04 -Turtuk farool Sh Abdul Hamid 9469277933 5 05 -Turtuk youl Sh Ghulam Mohd 9469462863 6 06 -Garari Sh Mohd Omar 9469265938 7 07 -Chulungkha Sh Mohd Ibrahim 9419388079 8 08 -Bogdang Sh Qurban Ali 9419829393 9 09 -Skilkhor Sh. Shamsher Ali 9419971169 10 10-Changmar Sh Mohd Ali Khan 9469265209 11 11- Waris Sh. Ghulam Mohd 9469515130 12 12 -Fastan Sh Ghulam Mohd 9469531252 13 13- Sunudo Sh. Thoskor Spalgyas 9469176699 14 14 -Largyap Gogma Sh. Ali Akbar 9419440193 15 15 -Largyap Yokma Sh Ibrahim Ali 9469732596 16 16 –Pachathang Sh Mohd Hassan 9419386471 17 17 -Terchay Sh Sonam Nurboo 9419880947 18 18 –Skuru Sh Abdul Rashid 9419515915 19 19 -Rakuru Sh Mohd Mussa 9469212778 20 20 -Udmaroo Sh. Tashi Dawa 9419440625 21 21 -Shukur Sh Tsering Dorjey 9469178364 22 22 -Hundri Sh. Stanzin Dorjay 9469617039 23 23 -Hunder Sh Tashi Wangdus 9419550812 24 24-Awaksha Ms. Shakila Bano 9419448032 25 25 -Hunder Dok Ms. Naheda Akhatar 9469572613 26 26 -Skampuk Sh Tsetan Dorjey 9469362975 27 27 -Partapur Sh. Rehbar Hussain 9469571886 28 28 –Diskit-A Sh Rinchen Dorjey 9469165230 29 29-Diskit-B Sh Stanzin Galik 9469292903 30 30 -Burma Sh Stanzin Wangchok 9469213895 31 31 -Charasa Sh Deldan Namgail 9469387070 32 32 –Kuri Mr Punchok Angchok 9419974947 33 33- Murgi Sh. -
Ground Water Scenario of Himalaya Region, India
Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k dk Hkwty ifjn`'; Ground Water Scenario of Himalayan Region, India laiknu@Edited By: lq'khy xqIrk v/;{k Sushil Gupta Chairman Central Ground Water Board dsanzh; Hkwfe tycksMZ Ministry of Water Resources ty lalk/ku ea=kky; Government of India Hkkjr ljdkj 2014 Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k dk Hkwty ifjn`'; vuqØef.kdk dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k i`"B 1- ifjp; 1 2- ty ekSle foKku 23 3- Hkw&vkd`fr foKku 34 4- ty foKku vkSj lrgh ty mi;kst~;rk 50 5- HkwfoKku vkSj foorZfudh 58 6- Hkwty foKku 73 7- ty jlk;u foKku 116 8- Hkwty lalk/ku laHkko~;rk 152 9- Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k esa Hkwty fodkl ds laca/k esa vfHktkr fo"k; vkSj leL;k,a 161 10- Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k ds Hkwty fodkl gsrq dk;Zuhfr 164 lanHkZ lwph 179 Ground Water Scenario of Himalayan Region of India CONTENTS Executive Summary i Pages 1. Introduction 1 2. Hydrometeorology 23 3. Geomorphology 34 4. Hydrology and Surface Water Utilisation 50 5. Geology and Tectonics 58 6. Hydrogeology 73 7. Hydrochemistry 116 8. Ground Water Resource Potential 152 9. Issues and problems identified in respect of Ground Water Development 161 in Himalayan Region of India 10. Strategies and plan for Ground Water Development in Himalayan Region of India 164 Bibliography 179 ifêdkvks dh lwph I. iz'kklfud ekufp=k II. Hkw vkd`fr ekufp=k III. HkwoSKkfud ekufp=k d- fgeky; ds mRrjh vkSj if'peh [kaM [k- fgeky; ds iwohZ vkSj mRrj iwohZ [kaM rFkk iwoksZRrj jkT; IV. -
Village Code
Block-wise details of village/Panchayat in Leh District Name of the Urban/ Ward No. / S.No. Census Code Panchayat Code Tehsil village/Ward Rural Panchayat Halqa Block:- Leh 1 Phyang Rural 000855 Phyang 241133 Leh 2 Saboo Rural 000856 Saboo 241134 Leh 3 Spituk Urban 000909 Spituk 241135 Leh 4 Phey Rural 000854 Spituk 241135 Leh Choglamsar-I, 241128 5 Choglamsar Urban 000910 Leh Choglamsar-II 241129 Block:- Chuchot Chu.gongma-I, 241145 1 Chuchot Gongma Rural 000867 Leh Chu.gongma-II 241146 Chu.shama-I, 241147 2 Chuchot Shama Rural 000866 Leh Chu.shama-II 241148 Chu.yokma-I, 241142 3 Chuchot Yokma Rural 000863 Leh Chu.yokma-II 241143 4 Matho Rural 000868 Matho 241140 Leh 5 Stok Rural 000862 Stok 241141 Leh 6 Stakna Rural 000879 Stakna 241149 Leh Block:- Khaltsi 1 Kanji Rural 000958 Kanji 241109 Khaltsi 2 Khaltsi Rural 000948 Khaltsi 241110 Khaltsi 3 Skindiang Rural 000947 Khaltsi 241110 Khaltsi 4 Lamayuru Rural 000957 Lamayuru 241105 Khaltsi 5 Takmachik Rural 000946 Takmachik 241104 Khaltsi 6 Leh Dho Rural 000945 Takmachik 241104 Khaltsi 7 Temisgam Rural 000941 Temisgam 241112 Khaltsi 8 Nurla Rural 000951 Temisgam 241112 Khaltsi 9 Tia Rural 000942 Tia 241113 Khaltsi Block:- Saspol 1 Alchi Rural 000953 Alchi 241115 Saspol 2 Hemisshukpachan Rural 000950 Hemisshukpachan 241116 Saspol 3 Gera-Mangu Rural 000955 Mangu 241117 Saspol 4 Tar Hepti Rural 000956 Mangu 241117 Saspol 5 Saspol Rural 000952 Saspol 241114 Saspol 6 Saspochey Rural 000949 Saspol 241114 Saspol Block:- Disket(Nubra) 1 Disket Rural 000929 Disket 686 Disket 2 Diger Rural 000936 -
Ladakh Subsate BSAP
DRAFT BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN: SUB –STATE LADAKH 8. STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN The Action Plan below spells out detailed sets of action, jointly elaborated by the main stakeholders, which are meant to translate the strategies presented in the previous chapter into actual biodiversity protection on the ground. The underlying approach has been to design actions that are SMART, in other words Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Bound. No systematic attempt has been made to define priorities between actions, locations and actors. However the sequence of actions as they are presented under the different strategies is broadly indicative of priorities agreed by the participants in the BSAP process. I. STRATEGIES & ACTIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF WILD FLORA AND HABITATS DIVERSITY Strategy: Ensure conservation and sustainable management of natural forests and indigenous tree & shrub species Actions By whom Where When Finance Complete inventory & conduct thorough ecological re- Forest Department, SKUAST Whole of La- Starting No addi- search on distribution/status/conservation/propagation of FRL, WII dakh (Leh & from spring/ tional funds indigenous trees & shrubs focusing on rare & threatened Kargil District) mid-2003 required species like Juniper, Birch etc. (see Appendixes 2 & 3) Identify key areas of natural wood/shrubland & incorporate LAHDC/Forest, Wildlife Deptt/ -do- By 2003 -do- them in Protected Areas & Community Conserved Areas SKUAST/WII/loc. communities 1. Identify, list & map natural forests areas & transmit the Forest Department -do- First half of -do- information to LAHDC and other key stake holders (Wild- 2003 life Deptt, PWD, Armed Forces, loc. com. representatives) 2. Investigate legal status of selected forest areas LAHDC/Forest, Revenue Deptt. -
03 Economic Review 2015-16
0 1 DISTRICT PROFILE Although, Leh district is one of the largest districts of the country in terms of area, it has the lowest population density across the entire country. The district borders Pakistan occupied Kashmir and Chinese occupied Ladakh in the North and Northwest respectively, Tibet in the east and Lahoul-Spiti area of Himachal Pradesh in the South. The district of Leh forms the Northern tip of the Indian Sub Continent. According to the Geographical experts, the district has several other features, which make it unique when compared with other parts of the Indian sub-continent. The district is the coldest and most elevated inhabited region in the country with altitude ranging from 2300 meters to 5000 meters. As a result of its high altitude locations, annual rainfall is extremely low. This low status of precipitation has resulted in scanty vegetation, low organic content in the soil and loose structure in the cold desert. But large-scale plantation has been going in the district since 1955 and this state of affairs is likely to change. The ancient inhabitants of Ladakh were Dards, an Indo- Aryan race. Immigrants of Tibet, Skardo and nearby parts like Purang, Guge settled in Ladakh, whose racial characters and cultures were in consonance with early settlers. Buddhism traveled from central India to Tibet via Ladakh leaving its imprint in Ladakh. Islamic missionaries also made a peaceful penetration of Islam in the early 16 th century. German Moravian Missionaries having cognizance of East India Company also made inroads towards conversion but with little success. In the 10 th century AD, Skit Lde Nemagon, the ruler of Tibet, invaded Ladakh where there was no central authority. -
TA 7417- IND: Support for the National Action Plan on Climate Change
TA7417-IND Support for the National Action Plan for Climate Change Support to the National Water Mission TA 7417 - IND: Support for the National Action Plan on Climate Change Support to the National Water Mission Final Report September 2011 Appendix 1 India Water Systems PREPARED FOR Government of India Governments of Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Asian Development Bank Support to the National Water Mission NAPCC ii Appendix 1 India Water Systems Appendix 1 India Water Systems Support to the National Water Mission NAPCC ii Appendix 1 India Water Systems Support to the National Water Mission NAPCC iii Appendix 1 India Water Systems SUMMARY OF ABBREVIATIONS A1B IPCC Climate Change Scenario A1 assumes a world of very rapid economic growth, a global population that peaks in mid-century and rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. A1 is divided into three groups that describe alternative directions of technological change: fossil intensive (A1FI), non-fossil energy resources (A1T) and a balance across all sources (A1B). A2 IPCC climate change Scenario A2 describes a very heterogeneous world with high population growth, slow economic development and slow technological change. ADB Asian Development Bank AGTC Agriculture Technocrats Action Committee of Punjab AOGCM Atmosphere Ocean Global Circulation Model APHRODITE Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources - a observed gridded rainfall dataset developed in Japan APN Asian Pacific Network for Global Change Research AR Artificial Recharge AR4 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report AR5 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report AWM Adaptive Water Management B1 IPCC climate change Scenario B1 describes a convergent world, with the same global population as A1, but with more rapid changes in economic structures toward a service and information economy.