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MAFIL Mission Archéologique Franco-Indienne Au Ladakh FRANCO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION in LADAKH (INDIA)

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MAFIL Mission Archéologique Franco-Indienne Au Ladakh FRANCO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION in LADAKH (INDIA) MAFIL Mission Archéologique Franco-Indienne au Ladakh FRANCO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION IN LADAKH (INDIA) Report: fieldwork 2015 M. Vernier and L. Bruneau With inputs from J. Suire, S. Broglia and R. Silveston Co-direction: On Laurianne Bruneau’s behalf: Martin Vernier, Lausanne, Switzerland; S.B. Ota, Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal, India. The fieldwork in 2015 was supported by: - The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (through the Advisory Commission for Archaeological Research Abroad), Paris, France: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/Archeologie_GB_Avril2014_cle83d531.pdf - The Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi, India: http://asi.nic.in/ - The East Asian Civilizations Research Centre, Paris, France: http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article640&lang=en - The Special Programme Central Asia of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, Düsseldorf, Germany: https://www.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/binaries/content/93757/file_zasienin-rgb-20151125-180-mit- cover_de.pdf - The French Institute in India, Delhi; - The Swiss Confederation’s Research, Education and Innovation Service, Swiss Embassy, Delhi. The following report is not be to used in any way without the MAFIL directors’ prior agreement. A preliminary request of authorization must be sent in writing to: [email protected] 1 MISSION BACKGROUND The Franco-Indian Archaeological Mission in Ladakh was established in 2012 after 5 years of informal contacts (publications and invitations to seminars) between the two co-directors: Laurianne Bruneau, who is senior lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE, linked to the UMR8155/CRCAO, Paris) and Simadri Bihari Ota, who is one of the five regional directors (central zone, Bhopal) of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). From the outset, the 4-year project (2013-2016) was supported by Dr. B.R. Mani (then joint director of the ASI) and approved by the ASI board in the autumn of 2012. Noticeably the ASI has rarely worked in collaboration with a French team. It is also the first archaeological mission in Ladakh. Keen to develop archaeological research in this Himalayan region, the ASI opened an independent local office in Leh, the cultural capital of Ladakh, in 2011. In 2013, during the first season of cooperation between Indian and French staff, a considerable amount of largely technical information was gathered in preparation for the future excavations planned at the different sites (establishing a chronological sequence, studying the geophysical and geomorphic aspects of selected sites, as well as ceramic and lithic material). In the 2014 season, there were torrential rains when the Franco-Indian team arrived in the Nubra valley. Heavy rainfall in high mountain areas, like Ladakh, can have immediate and disastrous consequences. The experience of the floods and mudslides of 2006 and 2010, witnessed by several of the team members, meant that the 2014 campaign had to be interrupted. The team was repatriated to Leh via the Khardong Pass (17 582 ft), which was opened temporarily. Laurianne Bruneau was unable to supervise the 2015 campaign for medical reasons. Martin Vernier, a Swiss freelance archaeologist, managed the campaign (on the French side). L. Bruneau and M. Vernier have been working together since 2006, both in the field and on data publication. They have conducted three campaigns to survey rock art (2006, 2007, 2011) and published five papers (see bibliography at the end of the report). M. Vernier travels to Ladakh annually and has done so for almost 30 years. Therefore, he is familiar with the habits and customs and also speaks the local language (Ladakhi). He began to systematically record the rock art in Ladakh in 1996 (he received funding from the Fondation Carlo Leone et Mariena Montandon for 2 years). He published the one and only monograph on the subject (Vernier 2007). Over the last 10 years, M. Vernier has extended his research and fieldwork to include Ladakh’s ancient Buddhist heritage (stelae and reliefs, as well as temple ruins). M. Vernier was assistant director during the first two MAFIL campaigns in 2013 and 2014. In addition to being in charge of field logistics, he was also responsible for the drawings. He was invited to manage the 2015 campaign on the strength of his different skills and experiences. RESEARCH BACKGROUND & CHALLENGES Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir State) is a high mountain desert and the most northern region of the Republic of India. It borders Pakistan to the west (Gilgit-Baltistan Province), the People’s Republic of China to the north (Xinjiang Autonomous Region) and east (Tibet Autonomous Region). Due to its geographical position, Ladakh is ideal for studying the cultural contacts between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia (including the Tibetan Plateau). The 4-year project focuses on the Nubra area (average altitude in the lower valley is 3000 m). Located in northern Ladakh, it has provided a gateway between the northwest of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia since the modern period. Indeed, from the 17th century to the middle of the 20th century, the Nubra was the main route for trans-Karakoram trade between Leh and Yarkand (Tarim Basin, Xinjiang). Apart from Buddhist texts (15th century), the oldest record of the Nubra dates back to the first 2 half of the 16th century, when it was invaded by a Turko-Mongol general from Yarkand. Recent history, therefore, proves that the month-long trek across the Saser and Karakoram passes (altitude of 5334 m and 5578 m, respectively) did not prevent contact between Ladakh and Eastern Central Asia. A preliminary survey by the ASI in 19921 and five seasons of surveying (from 2006 to 2011) conducted by L. Bruneau, Q. Devers and M. Vernier (either separately or conjointly) and two additional campaigns within the frame of the MAFIL (2013 and 2014) revealed a huge array of vestiges (in terms of both typology and chronology) in a relatively small area (some 30 km2). The aim of the 4-year project is to understand the links between the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia over time, by establishing a chrono-cultural sequence of the Nubra. To achieve this, four sites were selected when the 4-year project was set up: Murgi, Tirisa, Deskit and Sumur. Map 1: map of archaeological sites surveyed between 2006 and 2013. Map: A. Pointet / M.Vernier (drawn after Devers / Bruneau / Vernier 2015) 1 Anonymous 1997. 3 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS During the 2014-2015 academic year, the following actions were undertaken: Dissemination of results Uploading reports of the fieldwork A summary of the 2013 and 2014 fieldworks, in French and English, as well as a visual presentation of MAFIL and the complete reports in French (2013 and 2014) are now available online on the website of the East Asian Civilisations Research Centre (CRCAO), Paris. Laurianne Bruneau, the project’s French director is a permanent member of the CRCAO: French version: http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article464&lang=fr English version: http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article640&lang=en Publication of results An article (about 16 000 words) presenting 66 archaeological sites in the Nubra Region, surveyed between 2006 and 2014 by L. Bruneau, M. Vernier and Q. Devers, was published in September 2015 in the academic journal Études Mongoles et Sibériennes, Centre-Asiatiques et Tibétaines (EMSCAT): http://emscat.revues.org/1348 Besides a short description and preliminary analysis of each site, the article presents a map showing the distribution of the remains, as well as a preliminary chronology of the Nubra Region from the 2nd millennium BC to the 13th century AD. “An archaeological survey of the Nubra Region (Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India)”, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines [online], 46 | 2015. URL: http://emscat.revues.org/2647; DOI: 10.4000/emscat.2647 ASSESSING MAFIL’S ACTIVITIES MAFIL’s activities are part of the research programme “Archaeology, Arts and Material Culture of the Tibetan Cultural Realm” of the CRCAO (Paris). Since spring 2014, Laurianne Bruneau, together with Matthew Kapstein (EPHE) and Françoise Pommaret (CNRS), has been coordinating this 5-year research programme (2014-2018). This unique programme aims to develop a promising field of research in Tibetan studies: the material analysis of monuments and objects. So far, numerous studies have focused on iconographic and stylistic aspects, as well as use and purpose, but very little research has been conducted in the technical domain. Another key feature of the programme focuses on vestiges of the pre-Buddhist Tibetan world, which remain largely unexplored to date. Special attention is given to the conservation and development of the cultural heritage. Research is conducted by members of the CRCAO in collaboration with renowned French and foreign specialists. A more detailed presentation of the programme is available: http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article614 4 C14 dating During the fieldwork in 2013, wooden and straw samples were taken from the following sites: Murgi, Tirisa and Sumur Maral. In April 2014, the CNRS-SHS commission granted MAFIL the authorization to submit seven samples for C14 dating using ARTEMIS, an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) in Saclay (France).2 Five samples were submitted in January 2015. Before presenting the results we would like to describe the protocol followed. All samples remained in the custody of S.B. Ota, the project’s Indian director. As required by the Archaeological Survey of India, a request to date samples was submitted for approval to the ASI Director General in Delhi. In order to export the samples, S.B. Ota had to obtain a certificate from the department of pest control. Once the clearing documents were obtained, the samples were sent by private post directly to the Radiocarbon Dating Centre (Centre de Datation par le RadioCarbone, UMR 5138 "Archéométrie et Archéologie", Lyon: http://carbon14.univ-lyon1.fr/p1.htm), which prepared them for analysis.
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