The Moon Landing Conspiracy V3

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Moon Landing Conspiracy V3 Cold Open: 2019 - the perfect year to talk about the moon landing. It’s the 50th anniversary of the first moon landing! IF we landed there at all. Duh duh DUH! A lot of skeptics think that we did not. That we still have not. And I like skeptics! Skepticism is good… to a point. As the cliche goes, it’s great to have an open mind, as long as it’s not SO open that your brain falls out. For this episode of The Suck, we are going to look at a lot of anti-moon landing skepticism and then you can decide if moon landing denial is reasonable skepticism, or, if wackadoodle brains have indeed fallen out of wackadoodle skulls. I get why people question the moon landing. I really do. I think the disbelief is less about the moon and more about not trusting the government in general. And, the government has for sure lied to us from time to time. And - the circumstances surrounding the Moon landing further fuel a faked landing scenario. The United States was in the middle of the cold war space race with the USSR and had everything to gain from getting to the moon first. Getting their first meant winning an important national morale race that had been ongoing for over a decade. The United States had INCENTIVE to fake a landing. A lot of it. We were EXTREMELY concerned with the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. The Cold War and the Big Red Scare was very much a part of US national culture. The Russians making it to the moon first would’ve stabbed US national pride right in the middle of its red, white, and blue heart. If democracy really was superior to communism, if the US really was superior to the Soviet Union - then why did they make it to the moon when we couldn’t? Are they better than us? It might sound a little silly now but the cultural stakes were high. And - is it really past the limits of decency for some politicians to come up with some fake space fucker-y? How about Richard Nixon and his crew? Nixon was president when the landing went down and he turned out to be a proven liar in a way that was exceptional even for politicians. That dude is the only US president to ever resign and he resigned because he was about to be kicked the fuck out of the Oval Office for that whole Watergate scandal which involved a lot of big lies. Then, also fueling moon landing conspiracies, is the fact that we haven’t sent another astronaut to the moon since 1972. That was a LONG TIME ago. Technology has come A LONG way since 1972. VHS tapes didn’t even come out until 1976. Now a base model cell phone can take and play better video than the most advanced video technology of 1976. The first mobile phone call happened in 1973. Now almost every twelve-year-old in America has a cell phone that doubles as a computer WAY more powerful than any computer that existed in 1972. So why hasn’t space technology evolved in the same way? If we really did land men on the moon between 1969 and 1972, why don’t we have bases on the moon now? Why don’t we have colonies and malls and Starbucks and rush hour traffic on the moon? Not going back in so long is another reason that a faked moon landing is one of the most popular conspiracies around today. A 1999 Gallup poll found that 6% of Americans believed the moon landing was faked. That’s millions of people who don’t believe we actually landed on the moon. Millions of people in just this country. Over 16 million if the percentage still holds. That’s more people than the population of New York City. That’s more than thirty-three of fourty-four countries. That’s a lot of potentional wackadoodle. https://news.gallup.com/poll/3712/landing-man-moon-publics-view.aspx We’ll see if we can change that percentage a bit as we take a hard look at how NASA claims it made it to the moon. We’ll examine the Space Race between the Soviet Union and America that resulted in the controversial moon landing. And we’ll look at a variety of theories regarding how and why the landing was faked, today, on another conspiratorial edition of Timesuck! PAUSE TIMESUCK INTRO I. Welcome! A. Happy Monday: Happy Monday you Timesucking Meatsacks!! Hail Lucifina! I’m thinking about her today for some reason. Probably because she’s smart, sassy, and sexy as Hell. Welcome to the Cult of the Curious. Get ready to have fun stuffing more info into your learning hole. I’m Dan Cummins, the Master Sucker, the Head Meat Sack, Hovercraft Captain of the SS Suck. And you are listening to Timesuck. Got a solid Suck for you today. And, if you don’t stick around for updates at the end of the show, you may want to today. Got some golden ones. Some really, really, REALLY cool updates. B. Thank You For Reviews: Thanks so much for the recent iTunes ratings and reviews - just passed 7,000 ratings on iTunes and they really do help a ton. They are all appreciated! Rating and reviewing is the cheapest and best way to spread the suck outside of telling your friends. It has to do with some crazy algorithm over at iTunes that pushes the most rated and reviewed and subscribed podcasts to the top of the charts where new people can find a new show. And I always mention iTunes because that’s where analysts say the overwhelming majority of people listen to podcasts. We also exist on various Android platforms, tons of third part podcast players, our very own Timesuck app available in the Apple and Google Play stores, and also on Spotify, Pandora and Youtube if you want to see my goofy face. And on Spotify - you can easily bounce over and listen to six different standup albums of mine. C. Tour Dates: If you want to hear some new standup, come out to a Happy Murder tour date. I’ll be at the Texas Theater in Dallas on April 26th. The Secret Group in Houston on the 27th. Late show added for that date! 18 and up instead of the normal 21 and up for those shows. So get on out young Suckers! The Punchline in San Francisco May 1st - 4th, Live Ant Hill Kids on the Saturday the 4th looking like it’s gonna sell out. May 9th-11th I’ll be at Laugh Boston in Boston, MA. And then another live Ant Hill Kids Suck in Spokane on Sunday, May 19th, the Comedy Zone in Jacksonville, Florida, May 30th, 31st, and June 1st. And more dates coming up right after those. Ticket info for the entire 2019 Happy Murder Standup Tour at dancummins.tv D. 2019 The Gathering: GATHERING: Reminder about Timesuck The Gathering! Get your calendars out! Make some vacation plans! On April 29th at 12 noon PST, we are selling tickets to The Gathering! A Timesuck social event that will take place right here in CDA where you can see the Suck Dungeon, meet other Timesuckers and Space Lizards, and hang in the heart of Suckdom. The Gathering will happen on Saturday, August 17th, 2019. You get a personal tour of the Suck Dungeon and then a private dinner at Timesucker ran 10/6 where they will have a Timesucker themed private menu. The whole restaurant will be ours for food, drinks, giveaways and community. Tickets are first come, first serve. Each person may only buy two tickets. To buy tickets, you will go to the Timesuck Merch Shopify website and select The Gathering tab when they go on sale Monday, April 29th at Noon! Make sure you read all the directions and include your shirt size and mailing address and your preferred tour time at the Suck Dungeon. You will receive your official ticket in the mail, at least 2 weeks before the event. E. Segue to Topic: Now let’s keep on Sucking and Suck into the Moon Landing Conspiracy. Space awaits! PAUSE TIMESUCK INTERLUDE II. Intro/Establish Premiss: Right out of the gates I have to say that looking into moon landing conspiracies which led to understanding why we wanted to land on the moon in the first place, and why humans are interested in space exploration in general, and the, um, “interesting” beliefs many people have about the moon was a blast to research. There is a LOT of moon info on the web! And luckily not all of it is written by British wackadoodle supreme and conspiracy LIVING FUCKING LEGEND David Icke! Not everyone shares David’s belief in the “moon matrix.” In David Icke’s 2010 book Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More, David says, and I QUOTE: “The Moon is the Reptilian Control Centre and it is manipulating and regulating life on Earth in extraordinary detail… The Reptilians are broadcasting a false reality from the Moon that humans are decoding into what they think is a physical world. It is a vibrational construct, the same as the reality portrayed in the Matrix movies… The Moon, like all “physicality” is a waveform phenomenon that we decode into a hologram that only exists as such in our decoded reality…” So, you know, that’s ONE school of thought regarding the moon.
Recommended publications
  • 2017 Abstracts
    Abstracts for the Annual SECAC Meeting in Columbus, Ohio October 25th-28th, 2017 Conference Chair, Aaron Petten, Columbus College of Art & Design Emma Abercrombie, SCAD Savannah The Millennial and the Millennial Female: Amalia Ulman and ORLAN This paper focuses on Amalia Ulman’s digital performance Excellences and Perfections and places it within the theoretical framework of ORLAN’s surgical performance series The Reincarnation of Saint Orlan. Ulman’s performance occurred over a twenty-one week period on the artist’s Instagram page. She posted a total of 184 photographs over twenty-one weeks. When viewed in their entirety and in relation to one another, the photographs reveal a narrative that can be separated into three distinct episodes in which Ulman performs three different female Instagram archetypes through the use of selfies and common Instagram image tropes. This paper pushes beyond the casual connection that has been suggested, but not explored, by art historians between the two artists and takes the comparison to task. Issues of postmodern identity are explored as they relate to the Internet culture of the 1990s when ORLAN began her surgery series and within the digital landscape of the Web 2.0 age that Ulman works in, where Instagram is the site of her performance and the selfie is a medium of choice. Abercrombie situates Ulman’s “image-body” performance within the critical framework of feminist performance practice, using the postmodern performance of ORLAN as a point of departure. J. Bradley Adams, Berry College Controlled Nature Focused on gardens, Adams’s work takes a range of forms and operates on different scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The Georgia Historical Society is excited to offer “And That’s the Way It Is: Television and the Cold War” inquiry kit. This inquiry-based resource includes activities designed to meet the Georgia Standards of Excellence for fifth grade U.S. history. Based on the Inquiry Design Model from C3 Teachers, this resource explores primary sources and utilizes relevant strategies to investigate the Cold War era of the late 20th Century in Georgia and the United States by focusing on the rise of mass media and its relationship to the Cold War including events such as the Vietnam War, the Space Race, and the Civil Rights Movement. The contents of the Inquiry Kit are a series of inquiry-based strategies and activities designed to help teachers guide students to explore a curated set of primary sources. The inquiry format is based on the Inquiry Design Model (IDM) from the C3 Framework for the Social Studies. The inquiry element emphasized in the C3 Framework is centered on asking a compelling question. Compelling questions are meant to address issues found across the social studies disciplines. They engage students by evoking their interests and highlighting the content with which students might have little experience. For example, the compelling question in the “And That’s the Way It Is: Television and the Cold War” inquiry kit “How was the Cold War shaped by television?” The compelling question is open-ended and is meant to engage students in critical thinking and creativity. It challenges students to examine the focus-of-study, the Cold War, through a multi-disciplinary lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Episode 2: Bodies in Orbit
    Episode 2: Bodies in Orbit This transcript is based on the second episode of Moonstruck, a podcast about humans in space, produced by Dra!House Media and featuring analysis from the Center for Strategic and International Studies’ Aerospace Security Project. Listen to the full episode on iTunes, Spotify, or on our website. BY Thomas González Roberts // PUBLISHED April 4, 2018 AS A DOCENT at the Smithsonian National Air & Space But before humans could use the bathroom in space, a Museum I get a lot of questions from visitors about the lot of questions needed to be answered. Understanding grittiest details of spaceflight. While part of me wants to how human bodies respond to the environment of outer believe that everyone is looking for a thoughtful Kennedy space took years of research. It was a dark, controversial quote to drive home an analysis of the complicated period in the history of spaceflight. This is Moonstruck, a relationship between nationalism and space travel, some podcast about humans in space. I’m Thomas González people are less interested in my stories and more Roberts. interested in other, equally scholarly topics: In the late 1940s, American scientists began to focus on Kids: I have a question. What if you need to go to the two important challenges of spaceflight: solar radiation bathroom while you're in a spacesuit? Is there a special and weightlessness.1 diaper? Aren't you like still wearing the diaper when you are wearing a spacesuit? Let'sThomas start González with radiation. Roberts is the host and executive producer of Moonstruck, and a space policy Alright, alright, I get it.
    [Show full text]
  • What Ails Hong Kong?
    Huawei ghts back Drones: Boon or Bane? Moon Mission MCI(P) 087/05/2019 August 2019 INDEPENDENT • INSIDER • INSIGHTS ON ASIA What ails Hong Kong? The controversial extradition Bill, which triggered mass protests, is dead, but that has not put an end to the demonstrations and clashes with the police. When – and how, if ever – will it all stop? WE BRING YOU SINGAPORE AND THE WORLD UP TO DATE IN THE KNOW News | Live blog | Mobile pushes Web specials | Newsletters | Microsites WhatsApp | SMS Special Features IN THE LOOP ON THE WATCH Facebook | Twitter | Instagram Videos | FB live | Live streams To subscribe to the free newsletters, go to str.sg/newsletters All newsletters connect you to stories on our straitstimes.com website. Data Digest Hong Kong since the handover Here’s a look at the major events since the city returned to Chinese rule and where things stand today. July 1997 July 2003 2012 2014 June-July 2019 Hong Kong reverts Half a million people march against Tens of thousands of Tens of thousands Millions demonstrate in to Chinese rule after plans to introduce a national demonstrators surround of protesters paralyse massive marches, and more than 150 years security law that critics feared the government the centre of the city for hundreds take part in of British colonialism would curtail free speech complex for 10 days more than two months, violent clashes with against a new pro-China demanding free elections police, against a proposed Two senior ministers lose their school curriculum for the Chief Executive extradition Bill with China
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology Affd Society August 19, 2014
    Project Apollo, Cold War Diplomacy and the American Framing of Global Interdependence by MASSACHUSETTS 5NS E. OF TECHNOLOGY OCT 0 6 201 Teasel Muir-Harmony LIBRARIES Bachelor of Arts St. John's College, 2004 Master of Arts University of Notre Dame, 2009 Submitted to the Program in Science, Technology, and Society In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2014 D 2014 Teasel Muir-Harmony. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology affd Society August 19, 2014 Certified by: Signature redacted David A. Mindell Frances and David Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Committee Chair redacted Certified by: Signature David Kaiser C01?shausen Professor of the History of Science Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics Committee Member Signature redacted Certified by: Rosalind Williams Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Technology Committee Member Accepted by: Signature redacted Heather Paxson William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor, Anthropology Director of Graduate Studies, History, Anthropology, and STS Signature
    [Show full text]
  • Conspiracy Theories.Pdf
    Res earc her Published by CQ Press, a Division of SAGE CQ www.cqresearcher.com Conspiracy Theories Do they threaten democracy? resident Barack Obama is a foreign-born radical plotting to establish a dictatorship. His predecessor, George W. Bush, allowed the Sept. 11 attacks to P occur in order to justify sending U.S. troops to Iraq. The federal government has plans to imprison political dissenters in detention camps in the United States. Welcome to the world of conspiracy theories. Since colonial times, conspiracies both far- fetched and plausible have been used to explain trends and events ranging from slavery to why U.S. forces were surprised at Pearl Harbor. In today’s world, the communications revolution allows A demonstrator questions President Barack Obama’s U.S. citizenship — a popular conspiracists’ issue — at conspiracy theories to be spread more widely and quickly than the recent “9-12 March on Washington” sponsored by the Tea Party Patriots and other conservatives ever before. But facts that undermine conspiracy theories move opposed to tax hikes. less rapidly through the Web, some experts worry. As a result, I there may be growing acceptance of the notion that hidden forces N THIS REPORT S control events, leading to eroding confidence in democracy, with THE ISSUES ......................887 I repercussions that could lead Americans to large-scale withdrawal BACKGROUND ..................893 D from civic life, or even to violence. CHRONOLOGY ..................895 E CURRENT SITUATION ..........900 CQ Researcher • Oct. 23, 2009 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ........................901 Volume 19, Number 37 • Pages 885-908 OUTLOOK ........................902 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................906 THE NEXT STEP ................907 CONSPIRACY THEORIES CQ Re search er Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Road to the Stars Is Paved by the Communists!": Soviet Propaganda and the Hero-Myth of Iurii Gagarin
    "The Road to the Stars is Paved by the Communists!": Soviet Propaganda and the Hero-Myth of Iurii Gagarin Trevor Rockwell B.A., University of Victoria, 2003 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History O Trevor Sean Rockwell, 2005 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Serhy Y ekelchyk ABSTRACT This thesis addresses Soviet propaganda of the world's first cosmonaut, Iurii Gagarin, and the first-manned space flight, Vostok 1, which took place on April 12, 1961. This thesis compares official Soviet biographies of Gagarin's life and Communist Party resolutions of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Key documents include Gagarin's autobiography The Road to the Stars (1961), and the Third Party Program of 1961. It concludes that the Gagarin propaganda closely corresponded to Party directives. In doing so, this thesis analyzes the key themes of the propaganda and suggests how the propaganda was used to legitimize the regime of Nikita Khrushchev. Supervisor: Dr. Serhy Yekelchyk (Department of History) TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents Introduction: Space Age Histories Chapter One: The Agitprop Apparatus Chapter Two: The General Line Chapter Three: Our Gagarin Chapter Four: The Road to the Stars Chapter Five: The Molding of the Rising Generation Conclusion: Immortal Gagarin Bibliography INTRODUCTION: SPACE AGE HISTORIES To put the first man in space was a highly symbolic technological milestone. Well aware of the propaganda benefits to be derived from such a feat, the USSR and the USA were, in 1961, racing to be the first.
    [Show full text]
  • Desind Finding
    NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE ARCHIVES Herbert Stephen Desind Collection Accession No. 1997-0014 NASM 9A00657 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Brian D. Nicklas © Smithsonian Institution, 2003 NASM Archives Desind Collection 1997-0014 Herbert Stephen Desind Collection 109 Cubic Feet, 305 Boxes Biographical Note Herbert Stephen Desind was a Washington, DC area native born on January 15, 1945, raised in Silver Spring, Maryland and educated at the University of Maryland. He obtained his BA degree in Communications at Maryland in 1967, and began working in the local public schools as a science teacher. At the time of his death, in October 1992, he was a high school teacher and a freelance writer/lecturer on spaceflight. Desind also was an avid model rocketeer, specializing in using the Estes Cineroc, a model rocket with an 8mm movie camera mounted in the nose. To many members of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), he was known as “Mr. Cineroc.” His extensive requests worldwide for information and photographs of rocketry programs even led to a visit from FBI agents who asked him about the nature of his activities. Mr. Desind used the collection to support his writings in NAR publications, and his building scale model rockets for NAR competitions. Desind also used the material in the classroom, and in promoting model rocket clubs to foster an interest in spaceflight among his students. Desind entered the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but it is not clear how far along his submission rose in the selection process. He was not a semi-finalist, although he had a strong application.
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Fusion Middleware Configuration Guide for Oracle Business Intelligence Discoverer, 11G Release 1 (11.1.1) B40107-05
    Oracle® Fusion Middleware Configuration Guide for Oracle Business Intelligence Discoverer 11g Release 1 (11.1.1) B40107-05 December 2011 This document describes how to configure and manage Discoverer components. Oracle Fusion Middleware Configuration Guide for Oracle Business Intelligence Discoverer, 11g Release 1 (11.1.1) B40107-05 Copyright © 1999, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Bernard Schriever and Early US Military Spaceflight Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Institute of Political and International Studies
    Bernard Schriever and Early US Military Spaceflight Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Institute of Political and International Studies Wing Commander Gerry Doyle RAF October 2016 i DISCLAIMER Research for this thesis was conducted under the auspices of a Royal Air Force Chief of Air Staff’s ‘Portal’ Fellowship while the author was a serving Royal Air Force officer. The view expressed within are, however, the author’s own, and should not be taken as representing the opinion or position of the Royal Air Force, the UK Ministry of Defence or HM Government. DECLARATION I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. 24 October 2016 G DOYLE © Gerry Doyle, 2016. ii CONTENTS Title Page………………………………………………………………………... i Disclaimer and Declaration…….……………………………………………… ii Contents…………………………………………………................................. iii Abstract………………………………………………………………………….. iv Bibliographic Notes…………………………………………………………….. v Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….. vii List of Figures and Tables.…………………………………………………….. ix Chapter 1 – Technically Advanced Systems..………………………………. 1 Chapter 2 – Bernard Adolf Schriever …………………............................... 19 Chapter 3 – Literature, Sources and their Provenance............................... 47 Chapter 4 – The Virtuous Path: ICBMs and Reconnaissance Satellites…. 86 Chapter 5 – Manned Spaceflight: a Pet Project…………………………….. 120 Chapter 6 – Daydreaming: the USAF and Space Weaponization………… 151 Chapter 7 – Conclusions……………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • What the Dogs Did: Animal Agency in the Soviet Manned Space Flight
    BJHS: Themes 2:79–99, 2017. © British Society for the History of Science 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/bjt.2017.9 What the dogs did: animal agency in the Soviet manned space flight programme AMY NELSON* Abstract. This paper examines the agency of the dogs used to develop the Soviet manned space flight programme by considering what the dogs did as experimental subjects, as dog technolo- gies, and as individual dogs in the context of the historically conditioned practices of Soviet science. Looking at how Soviet space researchers refined Pavlovian behaviourism and inte- grated it into a complex engineering project helps clarify the conditions under which the dogs worked and the assumptions that guided the human researchers. The paper uses theoret- ical perspectives that contextualize animal agency in terms of relationships and then looks at those relationships from an ethological perspective. This provides a sense of what the dogs did that distinguishes between how humans understand dogs and what we know about dogs’ cognitive and social capacities. The paper proposes a model of animal agency that looks seriously at the dogs’ relationships with human researchers and suggests that the dogs’ significance as historical subjects depends as much on what they did as dogs as it does on how their contributions to the space race were perceived. Among the legions of animals used in scientific research few have garnered the fame of the Soviet space dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Nº De Aluna: 26055 CHINA's SPACE PROGRAM: a NEW TOOL FOR
    Nº de Aluna: 26055 CHINA’S SPACE PROGRAM: A NEW TOOL FOR PRC “SOFT POWER” IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? MARA IMRAN ___________________________________________________ MASTER DISSERTATION Supervisor: Dr. Tiago Moreira de Sá SEPTEMBER 2010 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is the result of my independent and personal research. Its content is original and all sources consulted are duly mentioned in the text, notes and bibliography. The candidate, ____________________ Lisbon, .... of ............... of ............... I declare that this thesis is able to be submitted to public examination. The supervisor, ____________________ Lisbon, .... of ............... of .............. i Personal Dedication In the name of God Almighty, most gracious and most merciful, who blessed me with the wisdom and knowledge to accomplish my goal. I dedicate this work to my dear husband, Dr. Tayyab Imran who encouraged me in my desire and determination to enhance my knowledge. I could not have completed this journey without him. He inspired, motivated, and challenged me in every step of life since I married, especially for believing in me. Also, I would like to dedicate my work to my baby who is soon to arrive in this world. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is with great pleasure that I thank the many people who made my education and this thesis possible. It has been a fantastic experience for me, as a person from Romania, to study and live for two years in Portugal. My life has become much more enriched by this experience. I have established friendship with many nice people and as a student I got the chance to learn a lot about Portuguese culture and history.
    [Show full text]