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DIVISION 20: PAST and FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (Originally Prepared Under the Direction of the 1995-1996 Division 20 President, Susan Krauss Whitbourne)

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DIVISION 20: PAST and FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (Originally Prepared Under the Direction of the 1995-1996 Division 20 President, Susan Krauss Whitbourne) DIVISION 20: PAST AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (Originally prepared under the direction of the 1995-1996 Division 20 President, Susan Krauss Whitbourne) Initially presented in celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Division August 11, 1996 (with updates annually by Michael Marsiske in Fall, 2001-2020) Division 20: Past and Future Perspectives Edited by Susan Krauss Whitbourne, President Division 20, 1995-96 Compiled by Elizabeth Ann Stine-Morrow, Lisa Soederberg, and Kathleen Collins, and with special thanks to Betty Birren. Assistance in the preparation of biographies were provided by Chris Hertzog, Jane Berry, Harvey Sterns, Denise Park, Lennie Poon, Anderson D. Smith, Bernice Neugarten, and Margie Lachman. Updates for 2001 and later added by Michael Marsiske. DIVISION OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING A Division of the American Psychological Association PAST PERSPECTIVES 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVISION 20 by Betty Ann Birren and Liz Stine-Morrow (August, 1996) The American Psychological Association as we know it today, structured as a collection of special interest divisions, was formed in 1945 at the end of WWII. It contained 19 charter divisions. Division 20, which turned out to be the first expansion division of APA, was the inspiration of Sidney Pressey. In July 1945, he asked eight psychologists whether they thought that an APA division dealing with aging would be "desirable." They agreed that it would, and sent a petition to almost 600 APA members whom they thought might also be interested. This group (Pressey, Conrad, Lorge, Lehman, Lawton, Buhler, Kuhlen, Miles, and Wechsler) also published a statement about a potential new division on adulthood and old age in the Psychological Bulletin. The minutes of the Special Meeting held by APA in Columbus, Ohio in December 1945 reads: "The secretary presented a petition for a committee by Sidney Pressey, and signed by 159 psychologists, to establish a Division of the Psychology of Adulthood and Old Age. After a discussion of the possibility of combining such a division with the present division on Childhood and Adolescence, it was voted 20 to 3 to establish [a division of adulthood and old age]." We were in business. The first published reference to Division 20 is in the 1946 APA Program (which was at that time published as a part of the American Psychologist): "Adulthood and Old Age Business Meeting, Friday, September 6, 4:30 PM, college Hall 110, of the University of Pennsylvania" (American Psychologist, 1946, 1, 298) We have, in toto, the minutes of that meeting, rather less than fully satisfactory as they may be: "A roster of those present was made, numbering thirteen persons." That's all, just "thirteen persons." While we are not absolutely sure who those thirteen were, we can be fairly certain that Nathan Shock, Herbert Conrad, Sidney Pressey, David Wechsler, Walter Miles, Raymond Kuhlen, Wallace Wulfeck, and Dale Harris were there. It is probable that Jenne Gilbert, Irving Lorge, Harvey Lehman, George Lawton, and Martin Reymert were also in attendance. The minutes went on to say the purpose of the proposed new Division was: "to further the study of psychological development and change through the adult years and old age, to discover and foster the use of means for dealing with such changes . and to disseminate knowledge on these matters. A number of titles for the Division were suggested." The name chosen for Division 20 at that time was the Division on Maturity and Old Age. Eight committees were established and staffed. In addition to the necessary "housekeeping" committees, there was a Research Committee, and committees on Courses in Adult Life, on Problems of the Adult Worker, on Relation with the Division of Education, and on Cooperation with Other Fields. Either these committees did superbly well, or did practically nothing, for they were all reappointed in their entireties each of the next two years. In 1947, the APA Convention was held in Detroit. Two hundred of the 2000 registrants were on the program. Pressey called the first Presidential Address, in 1947, "The Division on Maturity and Old Age: Its History and Potential Service." He felt that one of its main thrusts should be service, to answer very specific questions such as whether retirement should be 3 all-at-once or tapered, as an example. May we not, he asked, have a new nature-nurture controversy regarding the decline of the later years? In addition to this presidential address, Division 20's first program consisted of two symposia. One was entitled "Methodological Problems in Research in Maturity and Old Age"; according to its abstract, the participants, Miles, Jones, Conrad, Shock, and Lorge, would identify the main problems encountered, and discuss solutions which, in their experience "have proved most helpful." The second symposium was on "Achievement and Productivity in Maturity and Old Age," chaired by George Lawton, with Charlotte Buhler, Harvey C. Lehman, Reign Bittner, H.H. Remmers, and S.L. Pressey as participants. The Division had the first of its many annual banquets that year. In the early days of Division 20, it was customary to award a free banquet ticket to the youngest member present. This came about in the following way: Treasurer Conrad discovered that the Division had a surplus of $3.00, that, if not spent before the end of the annual meeting, would revert to the APA, which, in principle, annoyed him. When he reported this calamitous fact to Nathan Shock, Shock suggested that the $3.00 be used to buy the banquet ticket of the oldest member of the Division. On reflection, they decided that the oldest member, whoever "he" might be, might be embarrassed, so, grinning, they decided that it be used to buy the banquet ticket of the youngest member -- and so Jim Birren was the Division's guest that evening. Because the annual program was then published in the American Psychologist, it is also possible to look at what else psychologists thought was important in 1947. A table showed that in 1944 the median salary for all male psychologists was $3910, for females, $2850. There was also the notice that the Committee on Social Adjustment in Old Age of the Social Science Research Council was preparing an information bulletin containing a brief description of research projects in aging, both those under way and those contemplated. Persons conducting research in this area were asked to send a description of their project. In 1948 we now had an official roster of members: the count was 136. The second scientific program of Division 20 was this year in Boston. We had three symposia, one of which was titled "Current Research Programs in the Psychology of Aging." The other two were jointly sponsored with the Conference on Aging of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. There were also two papers sessions; the very first Division 20 paper was presented by someone not yet a Division member, Robert J. Havighurst (he joined the following year). The first experimental paper was "The Relation of Dark Adaptation to Age." Perhaps surprisingly, this topic turned out to be of some interest to the public. At the end of the session, the Back Bay equivalent to Pasadena's Little Old Lady in Tennis Shoes toddled up to the speaker and said, more or less in these words, "I'm so glad you talked about eye sight. I've had two cataract operation," and then she pulled off her dark glasses, leaving the young author, Jim Birren, completely speechless. That evening was the second Division 20 banquet, but none of the participants was at all sure they were in the right place, since the tickets were printed "Division on Maternity and Old Age." Quick on his feet, President Miles made everything quite legitimate, however, by autographing the tickets "W.R. Miles, Chief Obstetrician." The youngest person present would not be a member for three more years, but she certainly made her mark on Division 20: Lissy 4 Feingold would receive the Distinguished Contribution Award in 1985 as Lissy Feingold Jarvik. The next APA meeting in 1949 was in Denver. Conrad's Presidential Address was "The Speed Factor in Mental Tests." The Division had two paper sessions and two symposia. We heard for the first time future Division President Joseph Britton. At the Division's Business Meeting, Shock's Research Committee report included the statement that "by far the greatest proportion of research activity is concentrated in the areas of attitude and personal adjustment. One of the biggest challenges before us is to answer quantitatively the question: 'What can older people do?' " Almost 50 years later, one might argue that that question is still setting the research agenda. Of course, the problem when founding a new area of psychology is that virtually no one starts out there. In these early days of the Division, there was a certain degree of pride associated with watching APA members "catching" the excitement. At the APA Business Meeting that year, Betty Birren was sitting with Lewis Terman. When one of the new APA officers was announced, Terman turned to Birren, beamed happily and said, "He's one of ours!". In 1950 APA had a last fling on a college campus, meeting at Penn State. The Division had two symposia, one co-sponsored with Division 7 on "Needed Research in Maturity and Old Age: Suggestions from Child Development Studies" chaired by John Anderson. One of the participants was Robert Kleemeier. There were also three paper sessions, in one of which we first met Jack Botwinick. Another future Division 20 President, Herman Feifel, also first presented here. The Division's budget must have been quite healthy because, at the Business Meeting, the Division voted to pay for the banquet ticket for visiting English scholar, Alan Welford.
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