^93 t.i CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF HENRY BEZIAT IN MEMORY OF ANDRE AND KATE BRADLEY BEZIAT 1944 Cornell University Library BL310 .M98 1893 and Rom No Manual of mythology. Greek « Cornell University S Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029075542 'f' liiiiiliilM^^ ^ M^ISTU^L MYTHOLOGY: GREEK AND ROMAN, NORSE, AND OLD GERMAN, HINDOO AND EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY. BY ALEXANDER S. MURRAY, DEPARTMENT OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM- REPRINTED FROM THE SECOND REVISED LONDON EDITION. •WITH 45 PLATES ON TINTED PAPER, REPRESENTING MORE THAN 90 MYTHOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1893. ; PUBLISHERS' NOTE. Murray's Manual of Mythology has been known to the American public thus far only through the English edition. As originally published, the work was deficient in its account of the Eastern and Northern Mythology; but with these imperfections it secured a sale in this country which proved that it more nearly supplied the want which had long been felt of a compact hand-book in this study than did any other similar work. The preface to the second English edition indicates the important additions to, and changes which have been made in, the original work. Chapters upon the North- ern and Eastern Mythology have been supplied ; the descrip- tions of many of the Greek deities have been re-written accounts of the most memorable works of art, in which each deity is or was represented, have been added ; and a number iii IV PUBLISHERS NOTE. of new illustrations have been inserted. This American edition has been reprinted from the perfected work. Every illustration given in the original has been carefully repro- duced ; and the new chapters upon Eastern and Northern Mythology have been thoroughly revised by Prof. W. D. Whitney, of Yale College, who has corrected some minor inaccuracies which had escaped observation in the English edition. The volume in its revised form is without a rival among manuals upon this interesting subject. For the pur- pose of a text-book in high schools and colleges, and a guide to the art student or general reader, it will be found invalu- able. PREFACE. The rapid sale of the first edition of "The Manual oi Mythology" was so signal an assurance of public favour, that in preparing the second edition, which is now called for, every effort has been made to render it efficient as a standard text-book. The descriptions of the Greek deities have been largely re-written, and at the end of each has been added, in smaller type, an account of the most memorable works of art in which each deity is or was represented. Amone; the leeends of the Greek heroes, those of the labours of Herakles have been re-written and greatly enlarged. The chapters on the Eastern and Northern Mythology are entirely new, and have been fur- ther made more readily comprehensible by the addition of new illustrations. : VI PREFACE. With these alterations, it is hoped that the Manual will now justify its claim to be a trustworthy and complete class-book for Mythology. This much it may also claim to be no longer aescnoea as lounaea o.i the works of Petiscus, Preller, and Welcker. Not that in its new form it owes less to the splendid researches of Preller and Welcker. On the contrary, it owes more than ever to them, but this time as masters whose works have rathei been an assistance which it is a pride to acknowledge, than moaels to copy wun exactness. CONTENTS. PAOB Introduction i Greek and Roman Mythology— The Creation of the World . 22 Deities of the Highest Order .... 26 Inferior Deities . .129 Demigods or Heroes ...... 200 Norse and Old German Mythology . 309 Mythology and Religion of the Hindoos— The Vedic Gods ....... 328 The Brahmanic Gods . .337 Mythology and Religion of Egy'pt . 341 Index 355 vii LIST OF PLATES \mazon: xxxiii., 268. Cupid. See Eros. Andromeda: xxxii., 216. Demeter (Ceres) : vi., 57. Aphrodite (Venus) : viii., ix., Diana OF Ephesus : xv., 115. xxviii., 77, 8^, 168. Dionysos (Bacchus): xiv., Apollo: xi., 88, 96. 117- Ares (Mars): viii., xxviii., DiosKURi: xxxiii., 286. 75, 168. Eos (Aurora): xxvii., 167. Ariadne: xvi., 120. Erato : xiv., 161. Artemis (Diana) : xiv., 109. Erinys: xxix., 189. ASKLEPIOS ( yEsCULAPIUS ) : Eros (Cupid): xxviii., xxix., xxxi., 178. 168, 173. \thene (Minerva) : xi., xii., Euterpe: xxiv., 160. 88, 96. Fenris: xL, 320. Aurora. See Eos. Flora. See Chloris. Bacchus. See Dionysos. Fortuna. See Tyche. Bellerophon : xxxii., 221. Freija: xxxvii., 314. Brahma, with Saraswati : Freyr: xxxix., 317. xlii-, 337- Frigg: xxxvi., 314. Ceres. See Demeter. Gany'MEdes: xxviii., 178. Chloris (Flora): xxi., 165. Hades. See Pluto. , LIST OF I-^-ATES. Hebe: xxvi., 176. Mercury. See Hermes. Hecate: vii., 70. Minerva. See Athene. Helios (Sol): xi., 96. Muses, Mother of : xxiii., Heph^stos (Vulcan) : viii. 161. —X., 79, 125. Neptune. See Poseidon Hera (Juno) : iv., v., 46, 50. NiicE (Victoria) : xxx., 183. Herakles (Hercules) : xxx., Nile GOD: xliv., 348. 245- NioBE: xiii., 100. Hermes (Mercury) : x., xvii., Odin: xxxv., 313. 121, 134. f''' "OXu/i-Kor. Frontispiece. Hestia (Vesta) : vi., 71. Osiris: xliv., 347. HoR^: xxv.,xxxi., 129, 184. Pan: xix., 136. HyoiEA: xxxi., i8i. Pegasos: xxi., 155. Hymen: xxvi., 172. Perseus: xxxi., xxxii., 192, Indra: xli., 329. 216. Iris: xxvi., 162. Pluto: vi., 56. Isis: xlv., 350. Polyhymnia: xxiv., 160. Janus : xvii., 132. Poseidon (Neptune) : v., 50. Juno. See Hera. Proserpina : vi., 63. Jupiter. See Zeus. Psyche: xxviii., xxix., 170, Kalliope: xxiii., 160. 171. Kamadeva: xliii., 339. Rhea: i., ii., 29, 33. Klio: xxii., 159. Satyr: xix., 141. Kronos: i., 29. Serapis : xlv., 350. KURETES: vii., 29, 34. Siren: xx., 149. Laokoon: xxxiv., 299. Siva: xliii., 338. Latona. See Leto. Sol. See Helios. Leto (Latona) : xviii., 100. Terpsichore: xxv., 161. Mars. See Ares. Thalia: xxii., 159. Meleagros : xxxiii., 269. Themis: xviii., 127. Melpomene: xxii., 159. Theseus: xxxiv., 265. LIST OF PLATES. XI Thor: xxxviii., 315. Vesta. See Hestia. Trimurt: (Hindoo Trinity): Victoria. See Nike. xli., 336. Vishnu: xlii., 338. Tritons: xx., 148. Vulcan. See HepHjEstos. Tyche (Fortuna) : xxi., 182. Zeus (Jupiter): ii.,iii., 35- Urania: xxi v., 160. 45- Venus. See Aphrodite. INTRODUCTION. THERE is a charm in the name of ancient Greece ; there is glory in every page of her history ; tliere is a fas- cination in the remains of her Hterature, and a sense of un- approachable beauty in her works of art ; there is a spell in her climate still, and a strange attraction in her ruins. We are familiar with the praises of her beautiful islands ; our poets sing of her lovely genial sky. There is not in all the land a mountain, plain, or river, nor a fountain, grove, or wood, that is not hallowed by some legend or poetic tale. The names of her artists, Pheidias, Praxiteles, Apelles, and Zeuxis ; of her poets. Homer, Pindar, ^Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides; of her philosophers, Socrates, Plato, Epicurus; the names of her statesmen and orators, Pericles and Demosthenes ; of her hiS' torians, Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon ; of her ma- thematicians, Archimedes and Euclid, are familiar to us as household words. We Iook back over a period of more than two thousand years with feelings of wonder at her achieve- ments on the battle-field and in the arts of peace. We emu- late her in many ways, but always confess to failure ; and when we have no desire of emulation, we are still ready in most cases to admire. How far we may find just cause for admiration or the con- trary with regard to her religion remains to be seen. But ; INTRODUCTION. whichever way it be, we shall at any rate find abundant evi- dence of the intense hold it had upon the great mass of the people, and of the important influence it was calculated to exercise on their civilization. For it was in the firm belief of his interests being the special care of a deity that the husband- man sowed his seed, and watched the vicissitudes of its growth that the sailor and trader entrusted life and property to the capricious sea. The mechanic traced the skill and handicraft which grew unconsciously upon him by practice to the direct influence of a god. Artists ascribed the mysterious evolution of their ideas, and poets the inspiration of their song, to the same superior cause. Daily bread and daily life, the joy and gladness that circulated at festal gatherings, were duly acknow- ledged as coming from the same high source. Everywhere in nature was felt the presence of august invisible beings : in the sky, with its luminaries and clouds ; on the sea, with its fickle, changeful movements; on the earth, with its lofty peaks, its plains and rivers. It seemed that man himself, and everything around him, was upheld by Divine power ; that his career was marked out for him by a rigid fate which even the gods could not alter, should they wish it on occasion. He was indeed free to act, but the consequences of all his actions were settled beforehand. These deities to whom the affairs of the world were entrusted were, it was believed, immortal, though not eternal in their existence, as we shall see when we come to read the legends concerning their birth. In Crete there was even a story of the death of Zeus, his tomb being pointed out ; and, further, the fact that the gods were believed to sustain their existence by means of nectar and ambrosia, is sufficient proof of their lieing usually deemed subject to the infirmities of age.