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A Systemic Functional Grammar Analysis of the Ferguson Shooting Media Coverage

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A Systemic Functional Grammar Analysis of the Ferguson Shooting Media Coverage “The race of the officer was not disclosed”: A systemic functional grammar analysis of the Ferguson shooting media coverage Hai Nguyen MA Thesis Language Specialist Path "epartment of English School of Languages and Translation Studies Faculty of Humanities $niversity of Turku May 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityChec% service, $N-.#RSIT0 OF T$/1$ School of Languages and Translation Studies / Faculty of Humanities N3$0#N4 HAI: “The race of the officer was not disclosed”: A systemic functional grammar analysis of the Ferguson shooting media coverage !ro gradu -thesis4 81 pp., 42 pp of appendices, "epartment of English, language specialist path May 2020 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This thesis examined the representation of African Americans in the Ferguson news coverage in CNN and Fox News online news using critical discourse studies4 systemic functional grammar and corpus linguistics methodology, Representation was studied using a combination of transitivity analysis and corpus linguistic methods, The aim of the thesis was to uncover possible racist language in the news4 which is often thought of as neutral and objective, The key frameworks used in the thesis were Fairclough’s and van "i:%;s conceptions of critical discourse studies4 especially concepts of power and discourse4 and Hill;s fol% theory of racism and Bonita-Silva;s and *mi and =inant;s similar concept of color-blind racism, Fox News and CNN were chosen as the subject of study because they are two of the most popular online news media in the $nited States4 and because the two have also been the subject of study in media bias research. !revious research has shown that Fox News has a tendency to lean toward a pro-Republican stance4 while CNN has the same tendency toward the "emocratic party, The event of the news coverage was chosen because of its social significance: while examples of police brutality against African Americans are not new nor rare4 Michael Brown’s death and the protests that followed gave national recognition to the Blac% Lives Matter movement4 which attem ts to call attention to issues of injustice toward African Americans in the United States, The data was annotated using $AM CorpusTool with separate layers for the process4 the partici ants and partici ant roles according to Halliday’s system of transitivity, The participant roles chosen to be the independent varia(les were African Americans and police, The findings of the study imply different representations for African Americans and police: police were mainly the doers of physical actions while African Americans were the sufferers of physical actions4 and in addition, police were more likely to be quoted than African Americans, The results also showed that there were no ma:or differences between the two media in the portrayal of African Americans4 im lying that the underlying racist ideology affects both media regardless of political stance, The study would have benefited from a full range systemic functional analysis4 as two metafunctions of systemic functional grammar were left out due to the range of the thesis, A more in-depth analysis would have yielded a better understanding of how the media use language to construct social actors4 raciali>ed or otherwise, However4 despite the narrow analysis4 the data across the two media shows clear results, In my thesis - also show that previous research in critical discourse studies has not discussed the issues relating to citi>ens of color4 instead scholars have focused on immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers, 1eywords: critical discourse studies4 critical discourse analysis4 corpus linguistics4 racism4 racist language4 racial formation, systemic functional grammar4 systemic functional linguistics4 systemic functional grammar, media discourse, fox news, cnn, representation, media representation Table of Contents 1 Introduction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7 1.1 Michael Brown?s shooting,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@ 2 Researcher position,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A 3 Racism and race relations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6 3.1 Racism in the US,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6 3.2 Race relations in the US,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7& 4 Previous research,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,78 4.1 Representation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7@ 4.1.1 Representation of African Americans,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7@ 4.1.2 Representation of the Other,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,&' 4.2 Media discourse and racism,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,&B 4.2.1 Criticism for van Di:%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,&6 4.3 Media bias,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,&C 5 Critical Discourse Analysis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B7 6 Systemic functional grammar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BD 6.1 Ideational metafunction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,B@ 7 Data,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BC 7.1 Fox News,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,BC 7.2 CNN News,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8' 7.3 The corpus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8' 8 Methods,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8& 8.1 Statistical analysis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8& 8.2 AntConc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8B 8.3 UAM CorpusTool,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8B 9 Analysis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8@ 9.1 Full corpus results,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8A 9.1.1 CNN subcorpus results,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D7 9.1.2 Fox News subcorpus results,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,DB 9.2 Other results,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D8 10 Discussion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,D6 11 Conclusion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A7 List of references,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A@ !rimary sources,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A@ Secondary sources,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,A@ List of tables 1 Subcorpora statistics 2 Full corpus 3 CNN subcorpus 4 Fox subcorpus 5 Z5score calculation for two population proportions 6 Z5score calculation for one proportion List of illustrations 1 Diagram of process types and partici ants List of abbreviations ACL$ American Civil Liberties Union A! Associated Press BLM Black Lives Matter +"A Critical Discourse Analysis +/T Critical Race Theory NAA+! National Association for the Advancemet of Colored People !*+ !eople of Color SF3 Systemic Functional Grammar $NH+/ $nited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1 Introduction More than D' years after outlawing “discrimination based on race4 color4 religion, se94 or national origin” F$S Civil Rights ActG and the Civil Rights movement in the $nited States of America
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