DOCSLIB.ORG

192 Book Reviews / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18 (2012) 183-194

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
192 Book Reviews / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18 (2012) 183-194 192 Book Reviews / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18 (2012) 183-194 Lyudmil F. Vagalinski (ed.), In Search of Celtic Tylis in Thrace (III C. BC). Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Colloquium Arranged by the National Archaeological Institute and Museum at Sofia and the Welsh Department, Aberystwyth University, Held at the National Archaeological Institute and Museum, Sofia, 8 May 2010. Sofia, NOUS Publishers Ltd., 2010, 129 pp., many black and white photographs, drawings, plans and maps. Paperback. ISBN 978-954-92566-2-8 The present proceedings contain important contributions, which provide an updated over- view and study on the Celtic settlement in Early Hellenistic Thrace and discuss the enig- matic location of Tylis, the royal residence of the Thracian Galatians, which was mentioned by Polybius (4.46.2) and Stephanus Byzantinus (640.20-21). The first introductory article “Celtic – Definitions, Problems and Controversies” by Simon Rodway is dealing with the complex debate about the existence of Celtic ethnicity and its regional distinctions. The whole issue is heavily influenced by modern political agenda and nationalistic propaganda, which is well recognizable in certain publications. While one can hardly imagine the existence of a monolithic Celtic ethnos, located in the vast area from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the West to the Balkans and Asia Minor in the East, a number of ancient historical sources and archaeological data allow us to conclude that various tribal groups who shared similar languages and material culture occupied extensive regions of Iron Age Temperate Europe and gradually migrated far beyond their original tribal territories, being designated as Keltoi, Galatai and Galli by the Greek and Roman authors during the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Simon Rodway discusses in detail the contradictory early modern and modern scholarly interpretations, constructions and speculations, referring to their political background, and he also provides a good insight into the relevant ancient records. In my view, the Simon Rodway’s article is a balanced and objective scholarly study, which is supporting neither the modern propo- nents of the “Celtoskepticism”, nor the protagonists of the “Celtophilic” trends. The second article “The Ancient Historians on the Celtic Kingdom in South-Eastern Thrace” by Dilyana Boteva is a key contribution presenting a comprehensive analysis of selected historical records. The various sources are discussed in a chronological framework, while the critical reading of the ancient texts is supplemented with epigraphic evidence and opinions by different scholars who worked on the relevant topics. The ancient authors, whose texts on the Celtic invasion and settlement in Thrace during the end of the th4 and early 3rd centuries BC are analyzed, include Polybius, Titus Livius, Pompeius Trogus and Pausanias. Dilyana Boteva successfully reconstructs the complex historical events that accompanied the Celtic penetration in the Eastern Balkans. Her article provides explicit historical evidence about the presence of Celtic tribes in the region. The next article is “Celts, Greeks and Thracians in Thrace during the Third Century BC. Interactions in History and Culture” by Kamen Dimitrov. The introduction of the article provides a brief, but very useful overview on the historiography on the Celtic presence in Thrace. A holistic and detailed picture of the complex historical events related to the Celtic invasion and settlement, as attested in the written sources and numismatic evidence, fol- lows the historiography introduction. Of particular interest is the discussion dealing with the highly disputable location of Tylis, placed in the context of the critical reading of differ- ent and controversial scholarly studies. At the end of the article, Kamen Dimitrov pro - vides an interesting and original insight into the Hellenization of the Celts who lived in © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012 DOI: 10.1163/157005712X638708 Book Reviews / Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18 (2012) 183-194 193 Hellenistic Thrace, based particularly on studying the iconography of the coins minted by King Kauaros. The article “Ancient Texts on the Galatian Royal Residence of Tylis and the Context of La Tène Finds in Southern Thrace. A Reappraisal” by Julij Emilov is a central contribution in the present volume. It begins with a very useful introduction presenting an overview on the previous studies on the topic. The core of Julij Emilov’s article is a critical analysis of Polybius’ text giving the information about Tylis, which is the main historical source. Julij Emilov discusses the different scholarly opinions about the location of Tylis and emphasizes the limitations of any modern interpretations, imposed by the unspecified character of the concise Polybius’ information. Next, the author deals with Pompeius Trogus’ reference to the Tyleni, an ethnikon supposedly connected with Tylis, and the relatively late evidence given by Stephanus Byzantinus. The article also contains valuable analysis and re-examina- tion of La Tène material from Thrace, particularly originating from Seuthopolis and Philip- popolis, which give a further insight into the complex multilateral ethnic interactions and cultural interrelations that occurred in the region during the 3rd century BC. The next article “In Search of Tyle (Tylis). Problems of Localization” by Metodi Manov presents another trend in the modern scholarship on the Celtic presence in Thrace. The article extensively deals with various hypotheses, regarding the location of Tylis, while it presents a reconstruction of the turbulent historical events in the 3rd century BC, related with the arrival of the Celts in Thrace and their activities in the region. In addition, Metodi Manov proposes some interesting suggestions about Tylis being associated with Seuthopo- lis, the capital of the Thracian King Seuthes III (c. 330-300 BC), and about some La Tène finds being interpreted as unquestionable evidence for Celtic occupation of certain archae- ological sites. Such proposals are challenging, but they are hypothetical and still need more solid proofs. The article “The Celtic Tylite State in the Time of Cavarus” by Lachezar Lazarov is a contribution well compatible with the previous one. The author presents a number of bronze coins minted by Kauaros and some La Tène objects, discovered in modern North- eastern Bulgaria mostly by chance. While this interesting material definitely shows the Celtic influence and ethnic presence in certain regions of Thrace during therd 3 century BC, although the finds often come from unclear archaeological context, the author’s conclu- sions regarding the location of Kauaros’ realm and the overwhelming Celtic presence in Northeastern Thrace remain highly disputable. The next article “The Mal-Tepe Tomb at Mezek and the Problem of the Celtic Kingdom in South-Eastern Thrace” by Totko Stoyanov discusses the Celtic La Tène B2/C1 bronze chariot fittings found in the tomb interior and their historical and archaeological contexts. Totko Stoyanov presents in detail the previous scholarly interpretations of these remarkable Celtic decorations, placed in a typical Thracian aristocratic tomb interior. The author emphasizes the accidental character of the discovery of the chariot fittings and the lack of sufficient archaeological evidence about Celtic occupation in the region, which heavily restrict the scholars from proposing possible scenarios explaining the presence of such a Celtic material in an Early Hellenistic Thracian funerary context. The last article “Ancient Place-Names of the Eastern Balkans: Defining Celtic Areas” by Alexander Falileyev is another key contribution in the volume. Alexander Falileyev exam- ines in details certain toponyms attested in Greek and Roman records, and identifies and specifies the Celtic place-names in the region. While the author uses numerous linguistic .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KINGS AGAINST CELTS Deliverance from Barbarians As a Theme In
    KINGS AGAINST CELTS Deliverance from barbarians as a theme in Hellenistic royal propaganda Rolf Strootman Ieder nadeel heb z’n eigen voordeel – Johan Cruijff 1 Introduction The Celts, Polybios says, know neither law nor order, nor do they have any culture. 2 Other Greek writers, from Aristotle to Pausanias, agreed with him: the savage Celts were closer to animals than to civilised human beings. Therefore, when the Celts invaded Greece in 280-279 BC and attacked Delphi, Greeks saw this as an attack on Hellenic civilisation. Though the crisis was soon over, the image remained of inhuman barbarians who came from the dark edge of the earth to strike without warning at the centre of civilisation. This image was then exploited in political propaganda: first by the Aitolian League in Central Greece, then by virtually all the Greek-Macedonian kingdoms of that time. The 1 Several variants of this utterance of the ‘Oracle of Amsterdam’ (detriment is advantageous) are current in the Dutch language; this is the original version. Cf. H. Davidse ed., ‘Je moet schieten, anders kun je niet scoren’. Citaten van Johan Cruijff (The Hague 1999) 93; for some interesting linguistic remarks on Cruijff’s oracular sayings see G. Middag and K. van der Zwan, ‘“Utopieën wie nooit gebeuren”. De taal van Johan Cruijff’, Onze Taal 65 (1996) 275-7. 2 Polyb. 18.37.9. Greek authors use Keltoi and Galatai without any marked difference to denote these peoples, who evidently shared some common culture (e.g. infra Pausanias, but esp. 1.4.1; the first mention of Keltoi in Greek literature is in Hdt.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Celtic Scholarship in Russia and the Soviet Union
    THE HISTORY OF CELTIC SCHOLARSHIP IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION SÉAMUS MAC MATHÚNA Mr Chairman, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen, let me begin by thanking our distinguished Patron, Professor Karl Horst Schmidt, for agreeing to open this inaugural conference of Societas Celto-Slavica. We are greatly honoured by his presence here today and we thank him most sincerely for his excellent introduction and kind words regarding the formation of the Society. 0. Introduction I thought initially it would be possible in my lecture this morning to give a brief outline of the main works and achievements of Celtic scholarship in the Slavic countries, secure in the knowledge that it would not be necessary to discuss Celtic Studies in Poland as this subject would be dealt with by Professor Piotr Stalmaszczyk in a subsequent paper.1 However, having gathered together a significant amount of material on Celtic Studies in various countries – Russia, Czechia,2 Bulgaria,3 Serbia,4 Croatia,5 and others – I realised that I could not do the subject justice in the time available 1 I wish to thank my colleague, Dr. Maxim Fomin, for his assistance in the preparation of this paper. 2 Czechia has a long tradition of scholarship relating to Celtic Studies. One of the many influential Irish colleges established on the Continent of Europe, which made important contributions to Irish heritage and scholarship, was located in Prague in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (http://www.irishineurope.com). There have also been many fine Czech linguistic and archaeological scholars. See, for example, the works of the talented Celtic scholar, Josef Baudiš (a bibliography of whose works was compiled by Václav Machek in 1948, available online at http://www.volny.cz/enelen/baud/baud_bib.htm), and other eminent scholars, such as the archaeologists Jan Filip (1956, 1961) and Natalie Venclová (1995, 1998, 2000, 2001), and linguists, such as Václav Machek (1963), Václav Blažek (1999, 2001, 2001a, 2003), and Vera Čapková (1987, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá
    Connections: the Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá Convergence of cultures, history and myth Angelina Kjerstad Johansen Master's Thesis History of Religion UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Autumn 2015 1 Copyright Angelina Kjerstad Johansen 2015 Connections: the Cath Maige Tuired and the Vǫluspá – Convergence of cultures, history and myth Angelina Kjerstad Johansen http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 2 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Jens Braarvig, for having the patience to deal with me and my strange ways of doing things. Thank you to Jan Erik Rekdal and Karl Johansson for giving me the idea for this thesis and to my fellow students for great discussions. To all my friends and my amazing family, you know who you are, I love you more and more each day. And to the artists and musicians that make my life bearable, you do not know who you are, but without you I would truly go insane. A special thanks goes to my sister, Monica, for being my co-conspirator and for helping me bore every other member of our family with our academic discussions. May we continue to do so in the future! To Rita, whom I miss beyond words. I dedicate all my triumphs to you 4 5 Introduction The topic of the thesis is the Irish myth Cath Maige Tuired - "The Second Battle of Mag Tuired", which is the story about the battle between the Túatha Dé Danann, the gods of pagan Ireland, and their enemies the Fomoire. What I wish to focus upon in the Cath Maige Tuired is not the battle in itself, which has been compared to the war between the Aesir and the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology1, but a passage at the end of this myth, where the goddess Mórrigan (here in the form of a mortal) comes with a prediction of the end of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economy of the Tyle State
    SAVAGE BUSINESS – The Economy of the Tyle State One would imagine that an invasion by hundreds of thousands of barbarians would have a catastrophic effect on a region’s economy. However, this presumption has been challenged in recent years by the archaeological and numismatic data emerging from the territory which fell under the control of the ‘barbarian’ Tyle state in eastern Thrace during the 3rd c. BC. The traditional description of the Celtic tribes who arrived in this area has been one of ‘thirsty savages’ or ‘gangs of mercenaries’ (latest Emilov 2007, 2010), and we have been repeatedly informed that ‘their aim was not to settle, but money and booty which could be aquired in different ways … by attacking wealthy cities, and by ravaging the countryside’ (Nixon 1977, cited by Mitchell 1993; most recently Emilov 2010). However, repeating a simplistic stereotype does not make it true, particularly when the depiction of a culture directly contradicts all the available archaeological and historical evidence. In this case the facts tell a rather surprising tale – a barbarian invasion that brought political stability and economic prosperity in its wake. Eastern Thrace – 3rd c. BC THE ‘BARBARIAN BOOM’ Recent archaeological evidence has clearly shown that no destruction accompanied the Celtic migration at the beginning of the 3rd c. BC and, even more surprisingly, in none of the regions which fell within the limits of the Celtic Tyle kingdom can an economic downturn be detected (Lazarov 2010: 110). Indeed, it is precisely in the wake of the establishment of the Celtic state that the main Hellenistic economic centres in eastern Thrace and the Black Sea coast such as Kabyle, Mesambria and Odessos flourished and trade boomed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Funerary Relief of a 'Barbarian' from Soufli In
    doi: 10.2143/AWE.16.0.3214934 AWE 16 (2017) 63-95 A FUNERARY RELIEF OF A ‘BARBARIAN’ FROM SOUFLI IN THE ALEXANDROUPOLIS COLLECTION (GREECE)* DIMITRA ANDRIANOU Abstract Relief no. 4 from the Alexandroupolis Collection is an exceptional relief in many ways. It is part of a register-stele (Stockwerkstele), now partially preserved. The lower and better preserved register depicts a rider hunting in the heroic fashion; a smaller figure stands above the legs of the horse. Certain details allow us to identify the rider as a soldier in the Roman auxilia and the smaller figure as his clerk. The relief is important not only for its iconogra- phy, but also because it provides evidence for the presence of auxilia in the Hebros region in the late 2nd or 3rd century AD. Aegean Thrace, a modern, conventional designation, is the south-western and small- est section of ancient Thrace, bordered by the Nestos river to the west, the Hebros river to the east, Mt Rhodope to the north and the Aegean Sea to the south, all natural borders.1 Being a fruitful plain, it was already inhabited in the Palaeolithic period and according to the literary sources and the rapidly emerging archaeological evidence, various Thracian tribes dwelt in the area before Greek colonisation and lived side-by-side with the Greek colonists. The literary sources clearly state that Thracians resided on Thasos and Samothrace before the arrival of the Greeks and were their adversaries at Abdera and in the Strymon valley.2 The first Greek settlers arrived before the middle of the 7th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbarians of the Black Sea – the Galatians and Odrysian Thrace
    049: Barbarians of the Black Sea – The Galatians and Odrysian Thrace The term “barbarian” is often played fast and loose in the writings of the Greek and Roman authors, whether to simply designate persons or peoples of non-Greco Roman origin, or with a decidedly negative tilt, indicating inferiority in either a cultural or moral sense. One of the goals of the podcast is to try and expand the horizon in terms of cultures and civilizations that we learn about, versus exclusively focusing on the Greeks or Romans, not only because it gives us a better understanding of the peoples who also lived and died during the Hellenistic period, but also because it allows us to learn more about the Greeks and Romans themselves in the context of their environment, and their interactions within said environment. Please excuse my self-aggrandizement, but I bring this topic up because it has relevancy with today’s episode and our current theme of staying around Asia Minor and the Black Sea Region. Though primarily dominated by Greek, Macedonian and, as we saw in the last episode, Iranian rulers, Hellenistic Asia Minor was also home to two major groups that are almost exclusively labelled as “barbarians” within our sources: the first are a relatively new peoples on the scene known as the Galatians, but better understood as the descendants of Celtic warbands that invaded Asia Minor in the early 3rd century and settled the region known as Galatia in today’s Central Turkey. The second are the Thracians, a mountain people scattered across much of the northeastern Balkans, and of particular note is the Odyrsian Kingdom, which was the most powerful indigenous state to emerge in Thrace during the around the Hellenistic period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2)
    A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2) Hallstatt Culture: 720 to 600 BC and 600 BC to 480 BC (Ha C and D) This interval represents a time of major changes in Europe, in the regions once characterized by the Pfyn and related cultures with roots extending back to the Neolithic, and the Urnfield groups which would morph into the peoples of the Hallstatt tradition with their characteristic elite burials. Artist rendition of typical rich Hallstatt inhumation burials Kristiansen (1998) proposes that the movement of Hallstatt C warrior elite spread across Central and Western Europe, at a time when trade routes to the north diminished. However those in the eastern tier maintained links to the Lusatian culture and the Baltic regions, with a continued emphasis on trade in amber and mining of salt in the immediate surrounds of Hallstatt in Austria. Hallstatt is actually at the southeastern tip of what was a very large oval shaped territory with the center of gravity northwest of the Alps. In Reinecke’s system of dating, this period is known as Hallstatt C and D. Hallstatt C (earliest phase) is characterized by rich horse and wagon burials (containing ornate horse tack) and includes the region from western Hungary to the Upper Danube. Hallstatt D is represented by a chiefdom zone and elite burials further to the west, with settlements concentrated near the headwaters of every major river from the Loire, to the Seine, Rhone, Rhine and Danube. The geographical re-alignment was likely a function of the establishment of a Greek (Phoecian) trading center in Massilia (Marseilles), circa 600 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Celts on the Margin of the Northern Adriatic 49
    Foreword 7 Bibliography of Zenon Woiniak 9 BETTiNA ARNOLD, Mobile men, sedentary women? Material culture as a marker of regional and supra-regional interaction in iron Age Europe 17 OTTO-HERMAN FREY, The human figure in Late Hallstatt and Early LaTene art 27 VINCENT MEGAW, Early Celtic art without Scythians? A review 33 MITJAGUSTiN, Celts on the margin of the northern Adriatic 49 MARKO DIZDAR, HRVOJE POTREBICA, The Late LaTene culture in central Slavonia (Croatia) 57 NIVES MAJNARIC PANDZIC, Investigations into the LaTene period in northern Croatia: 1970-2003 67 PETAR POPOVIC, '...cum a Scordiscis Dacisque premeretur...' , 77 NIKOLA THEODOSSIEV, Celtic settlement in north-western Thrace during the Sate fourth and third centuries BC: Some historical and archaeological notes 85 JAN BOUZEK, CeStic campaigns in southern Thrace and the Tylis kingdom: The Duchcov fibula in Bulgaria and the destruction of Pistiros in 279/8 BC 93 JULIJ EMILOV, Changing paradigms: Modern interpretations of Celtic raids in Thrace reconsidered 103 AUREL RUSTOIU, The Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii Group in south-western Transylvania (Romania) ...109 MIRCEA BABE§, The brooch from Horodnica: Dacian, Celtic or Germanic? 121 MILOS CIZMAR, Contacts between Moravia and the territory of the Scordisci 131 PAVEL SANKOT, Finds of LaTene weapons from Detva, central Slovakia 135 MAREK OL^DZKI, 'Anarti' and 'Anartophracti': Transcarpathian cultural and settlement relations of the Celts 145 KAROLY TANKO, 'Horn-handled' bowls of the Central Europe Iron Age 153 MACIEJ KARWOWSKI, The earliest
    [Show full text]
  • Moccus : Dzik W Kulturze Starożytnych Celtów
    Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych Agnieszka Bartnik Moccus : dzik w kulturze starożytnych Celtów Promotor: Prof. zw. dr hab. Wiesław Kaczanowicz Katowice 2007 Spis treści. 1 SPIS TREŚCI Wykaz skrótów i symboli..................................................................................... 3 Spis map................................................................................................................ 10 Wstęp....................................................................................................................... II Rozdział I Charakterystyka bazy źródłowej........................................................................ 27 Źródła narracyjne............................................................................ 29 Epigrafika........................................................................................ 43 Mennictwo....................................................................................... 45 Źródła archeologiczne.................................................................... 47 Rozdział II Stan badań............................................................................................................. 51 Rozdział III Rozmieszczenie plemion celtyckich na podstawie aktualnego stanu badań. 65 Tereny europejskie..................................................................................... 66 Płd. Niemcy i Szwajcaria................................................................ 67 Galia.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transforming Traditions: Studies in Archaeology, Comparative Linguistics and Narrative
    STUDIA CELTO-SLAVICA 6 Transforming Traditions: Studies in Archaeology, Comparative Linguistics and Narrative Maxim Fomin, Václav Blažek and Piotr Stalmaszczyk (editors) Proceedings of the Fifth International Colloquium of Societas Celto-Slavica held at Příbram, 26-29 July 2010 ABSTRACT Fomin, M., Blažek, V. & Stalmaszczyk, P., eds., 2006. Transforming Traditions: Studies in Archaeology, Comparative Linguistics and Narrative. Proceedings of the Fifth International Colloquium of Societas Celto-Slavica held at Přibram, 26-29 July 2010. Studia Celto-Slavica 6. 212 pp. Łódź. ISBN 978- 83-7525-726-7. This volume contains thirteen articles, ten of which were presented at the Fifth International Colloquium of Societas Celto-Slavica held at Příbram, 26-29 July 2010. The contributions include papers on a range of subjects relating to Celtic and Slavic early and modern linguistic data, their cultural and narrative traditions. In addition to papers on lexical and grammatical parallels between Celtic and Slavic languages, other subjects covered are mythological aspects of Irish narrative tradition, modern Welsh literature and language, and aspects of Breton grammar. The second part of the volume includes invited papers on Russian and Scottish Gaelic paremiology, early Irish pseudo-history and archaeological evidence relating to Celtic presence on the territory of the present day Ukraine. Maxim Fomin, Research Institute for Irish and Celtic Studies, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland Václav Blažek, Department of Linguistics and Baltic Languages,
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Timeline (In Detail)
    Celtic Timeline (In Detail) 1400 BCE - The beginning of Celtic culture in the upper Danube region of central Europe. 900 BCE - Celtic Migration begins in Europe with many Celts landing in Scotland. 800 BCE - c. 600 BCE - Early Iron Age Hallstatt culture flourishes across Europe. 700 BCE - Iron Age begins in Scotland. 600 BCE - Celts settle Iberia. 500 BCE - 450 BCE - Hallstatt kingdoms and chiefdoms suddenly collapse for reasons unclear. 475 BCE - Celts defeat the Etruscans at the Ticino River. 450 BCE - Rise of the Celtic La Tene culture. 400 BCE - Celts enter Italy and settle in the Po Valley. Etruscan power declines. 396 BCE - Celts defeat the Etruscan army at the battle of Melpum. Afterwards the Celts heavily settle all over the Po Valley. 1 391 BCE - Senones besiege Clusium, an Etruscan city. 387 BCE - "Gallic Catastrophe:" Duke Brennus of the Celts defeats the Romans at Allia, and subsequently sacks Rome. Celts move off after ransom is paid. 380 BCE - Celtic groups, from northern Italy and the eastern Alps, begin to raid Illyrian territories. 367 BCE - Celtic mercenaries fight with the Spartans against Thebes. 367 BCE - Livy mentions Celtic armies in Ancona - one such group moves against Rome once more. 335 BCE Alexander the Great receives Celtic ambassadors in the Balkans. 334 BCE - Rome signs a peace treaty with the Senones tribe. 323 BCE - Alexander the Great receives Celtic delegations in Babylon. 297 BCE - Celts and Samnites join forces and defeat the Romans at Camertium. 295 BCE - In a day-long battle, Romans narrowly defeat a force of Celts and Samnites at Sentinum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeological. Record of the Galatians in Anatolia
    THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL. RECORD OF THE GALATIANS IN ANATOLIA, 278-63 B..C. by Lucia Frances Nixon A.B., Bryn Maw College, 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR -THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Classics s, We accept this thesis as;conforming to the required standard THE..UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1977 © Lucia Frances Nixon, 1977 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of . Glassies The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date pphmary 3fir 1 Q7ft ii ABSTRACT The Galatians were a group of Celts who arrived in Anatolia from the west in 278 B.C. According to the historical sources, they earned their livelihood by plundering and by serving as mercenaries in the eastern Medit• erranean. Ancient authors state that the Galatians constituted a definite threat to the cities of western Asia Minor before they were settled in central Anatolia. Galatia became a Roman province in 25 B.C.; by that time, the Galatians had been thoroughly absorbed by the local population. The purpose of this paper is to see what archaeological evidence exists for the presence of the Galatians in Anatolia during the pre-provincial per• iod, and how that evidence can be obtained.
    [Show full text]