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A Dictionary of Idu, a Language of Arunachal Pradesh

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A Dictionary of Idu, a Language of Arunachal Pradesh A dictionary of Idu, a language of Arunachal Pradesh COMPRISING BOTH MIDU AND MITHU DIALECTS 2019 EDITION Roger Blench Mite Lingi Hindu Meme Yona Mele Apomo Linggi Roing, August 24, 2019 Published by the authority of the Idu Mishmi Cultural and Literary Society MISHMI Publishing House, Roing Roger Blench and the ILDC Idu dictionary Third edition August 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: the Idu and the term ‘Mishmi’...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Existing literature.............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Where Idu people live....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Anthropology of the Idu ................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Previous attempts to develop an Idu orthography............................................................................. 2 1.5 The present study.............................................................................................................................. 2 1.6 Dialect and variability in elicited forms ........................................................................................... 3 2. Phonology................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Consonants........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Consonant modification .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Vowels .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Inventory ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Length ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Nasal vowels ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.6 VV sequences of identical vowels............................................................................................... 6 2.3 Tones ................................................................................................................................................ 6 3. Writing system proposal........................................................................................................................ 7 3.1 Consonants........................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Vowels .............................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 Cardinal vowels........................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Retracted vowels ......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.4 Creaky vowels............................................................................................................................. 9 3.3 Tones .............................................................................................................................................. 10 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 10 How to use the dictionary........................................................................................................................ 11 Parts of Speech ..................................................................................................................................... 11 LOANWORDS..................................................................................................................................... 12 SCIENTIFIC NAMES.......................................................................................................................... 13 WORD ORDER.................................................................................................................................... 13 TONES ON VERBS............................................................................................................................. 13 TABLES Table 1. Field studies on Idu........................................................................................................................ 2 Table 2. Comparison of Midu and Mithu lexemes ...................................................................................... 3 Table 3. Idu consonants ............................................................................................................................... 4 Table 4. Evidence for a glottal stop in Idu................................................................................................... 4 Table 5. Labial modification in Idu ............................................................................................................. 5 Table 6. Idu vowel inventory ....................................................................................................................... 5 Table 7. Idu VV sequences with identical tone heights............................................................................... 6 Table 8. Idu VV sequences with non-identical tone heights........................................................................ 6 Table 9. Idu consonants ............................................................................................................................... 7 Table 10. Idu cardinal vowels...................................................................................................................... 8 Table 11. The Idu creaky vowel /a̤ /.............................................................................................................. 9 i Roger Blench and the ILDC Idu dictionary Third edition August 2019 AUTHORS’ PREFACE This is a third edition of the first dictionary of the Idu language, to be circulated in the community for discussion and comment. It has been prepared by the authors in the period 2015-2019. It must be underlined that the way of writing Idu has yet to be fully settled. The script is described briefly in the preface with examples, and will be covered more fully in a Reading and Writing book, released at the same time as this dictionary. Idu has two major dialects, Midu and Mithu, as well as some items in the Upper dialects, such as the Anini area. No attempt has been made to include the speech of Idu (Luoba) in Tibet. Idu has considerable variation in pronunciation, and we have tried to capture some of this, but not all variants can be included. It must be emphasized that this remains a trial edition, and we fully expect to receive corrections and additions. Roger Blench Mite Lingi Hindu Meme Yona Mele Apomo Linggi Roing, August, 2019 ii Roger Blench and the ILDC Idu dictionary Third edition August 2019 1. Introduction: the Idu and the term ‘Mishmi’ 1.1 Existing literature The term ‘Mishmi’ is used in the travel literature as far back as the early nineteenth century (Brown 1837; Rowlatt 1845) to refer to three distinct peoples, the Idu, Tawrā [=Digaru, Taraon] and the Kman [=Miju, Geman]. The common name ‘Digaru’ (a major river) is also in use which has given rise to Digarish, a linguistic term to describe the two languages Idu and Tawrã. Culturally speaking, these two languages were historically grouped with Kman, as the Mishmi. The Idu are known as ‘Luoba’ in China (Sun et al. 1980). A name recorded for the Idu in ritual speech and archaic idioms is Kera.a, and since ‘Idu’ refers to a river valley, this name may have displaced Kera.a as a reference name. Idu and Tawrã may be related, although intensive borrowing is equally possible. Pulu (1991) has an appendix comparing common lexical items between Idu and Tawrã; the strong similarities between these suggest borrowing. However, Kman is quite distinct and is not part of the same linguistic group. For reference purposes, I am adopting the name ‘Mishmic’ to cover Idu and Tawrã. The earliest reference to the Idu language is in Brown (1837) and language data can be found in Campbell (1874) and Konow (1902). The only significant publications on Idu from the Indian side are the pre-linguistic Pulu (1978, 2002a,b). The main value of Pulu (2002a) is as an elicitation guide, although the centralised Hindu-mainstream thinking that dominates its semantics means it needs to be treated with caution. Idu has also been described briefly from the Chinese side, notably in Sun et al. (1980, 1991), Sun (1983a,b, 1999) and Ouyang (1985). None of these are in any way satisfactory, and
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