Christophe Labelle-Mémoire 2016-Version Finale

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Christophe Labelle-Mémoire 2016-Version Finale Université de Montréal Les débats publics suscités par la création des Expos de Montréal par Christophe Labelle Département d'histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M. A.) en histoire Novembre 2015 ©Christophe Labelle, 2015 Résumé Les années 1960 au Québec sont marquées par un vigoureux courant nationaliste prônant l’affirmation politique et culturelle des francophones dans la province. Également, le phénomène de l’américanisation du territoire québécois s’accélère. C’est dans ce cadre historique particulier que naissent en 1968 les Expos de Montréal, équipe du circuit de baseball le plus important au monde, soit la Ligue du baseball majeur. La MLB s’installe alors dans un territoire où le baseball est centenaire. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier les débats et réactions suscités par l’avènement de Montréal dans le baseball majeur, en déterminant l’influence qu’y ont joué le nationalisme québécois des années 1960, l’américanisation du Québec et la longue histoire du baseball dans la province. Si les deux communautés linguistiques de celle-ci sont ici à l’étude, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’attention est davantage portée sur les francophones que les anglophones. En effet, ceux-ci ont semblé davantage interpelés par la création des Expos. D’ailleurs, parmi les deux groupes, les positions les plus documentées sont celles des chroniqueurs sportifs, qui se retrouvent donc au cœur de notre étude. Les opinions d’amateurs de baseball, de politiciens, d’hommes d’affaires ou de simples citoyens québécois sont également rapportées et analysées, mais dans une plus faible mesure. Mots clés : Expos de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, nationalisme québécois, américanisation du Québec, histoire du baseball, sport, francophones, anglophones. Abstract The 1960’s in Québec were marked by an intense nationalist movement promoting the political and cultural affirmation of the province’s francophone population. Also, the americanization of the territory was accelarating. It’s in this particular historical context that were born the Montreal Expos, in 1968, the team being part of the most important baseball league in the world, The Major League Baseball. The MLB then settled on a land where baseball is centenary. The goal of this master thesis is to study the debates and reactions that were created by the advent of Montreal in major baseball, and to determine the influence that the québécois nationalism, the Québec’s americanization and the long history of baseball in the province had on them. Even though both national communities of Québec are studied, the focus is further more on the francophones than the anglophones. The first ones seemed to be more interpellated by the creation of the Expos. Besides that, for the two linguistic groups, the actors who shared the most clearly and often their positions are the sports journalists, whom are in the center of our analysis. The opinions of baseball fans, politicians, buisness men and regular Quebec’s citizens are also presented and analyzed, but with less attention. Key words: Montreal Expos, Montreal, Québec, Québec’s nationalism, Québec’s americanization, baseball history, sport, francophones, anglophones. ii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Table des matières .................................................................................................................... iii Liste des sigles .......................................................................................................................... iv Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 État de la question ...................................................................................................................... 2 Le nationalisme québécois des années 1960 ............................................................................ 2 L’américanisation du Québec ................................................................................................... 5 L’histoire du sport et du baseball au Québec et au Canada au XXe siècle .............................. 8 Sources et méthodologie .......................................................................................................... 14 Chapitre 1 : Les Expos, entre américanisation et histoire du baseball montréalais ............................................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Le baseball au Québec : une vieille histoire ..................................................................... 20 1.2 Les Expos ............................................................................................................................ 24 1.2.1 La surprise ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.2 L’engouement ................................................................................................................ 30 1.2.3 Baseball majeur et impérialisme américain .................................................................. 39 1.2.4 Racisme et anti-racisme dans l’entourage des Expos .................................................... 56 1.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 60 Chapitre 2 : Les Expos et le nationalisme québécois des années 1960 ................................ 62 2.1. La création des Expos et l’engouement généré .............................................................. 63 2.2 Montréal, métropole canadienne? .................................................................................... 72 2.3 Le respect du fait français dans l’équipe ......................................................................... 76 2.4 Le développement du baseball amateur québécois et d’un réseau de filiales nationales .................................................................................................................................................... 83 2.5 Un stade controversé .......................................................................................................... 88 2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 97 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 99 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................... 105 iii Liste des sigles LN Ligue Nationale LMB Ligue majeure de baseball FTQ Fédération des travailleurs du Québec iv Remerciements Tout d’abord, merci à ma directrice, Mme Denyse Baillargeon. Merci pour votre grande disponibilité et vos nombreux prodigieux conseils. Grâce à vous, j’ai aujourd’hui l’inestimable satisfaction du travail bien accompli. Merci également à David Meren et Jarrett Rudy. Les commentaires et suggestions qu’ils m’ont soumis afin d’améliorer ce mémoire m’ont grandement servi. Merci au Conseil de recherche en Sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH) et au Fonds québécois de recherche société et culture (FQRSC) pour leur soutien financier. Les généreuses bourses qu’ils m’ont octroyées m’ont permis de me dédier pleinement à cet important projet. Mes chers parents, votre inconditionnel et traditionnel support m’a été très précieux. Non seulement ce dernier m’a permis de compléter ce mémoire de maîtrise, mais également de forger l’homme que je suis devenu en le réalisant. Alexis, merci d’avoir été chaleureusement présent durant mon parcours universitaire, comme tu l’as été dans toutes les étapes de ma vie jusqu’à présent. Mes derniers remerciements, et non les moindres, vont à celle qui a vécu à mes côtés durant cette ultime étape étudiante. Carianne, ma chère épouse, ton amour réconfortant et tes innombrables encouragements dans les moments où j’en avais besoin ont été d’une valeur inappréciable. Sans vous, le cheminement que j’ai mené jusqu’à aujourd’hui ne serait que la moitié de ce qu’il est. v Introduction «Montréal a sa franchise, mais la suite des péripéties d’ici 1969 promet des chapitres mémorables» -Claude Larochelle, Le Soleil, 29 mai 1968 Le club professionnel des Expos de Montréal de la Ligue majeure de Baseball (LMB) a évolué au Québec durant 35 ans, soit de 1969 à 2004. De nombreux faits marquants ont, au fil de ces années, façonné l’histoire de l’équipe : le 1er match à Montréal au Parc Jarry, la défaite crève-cœur du Blue Monday, le match parfait de Dennis Martinez, la saison de 1994 interrompue par la grève, alors que les Expos étaient considérés comme la meilleure équipe, ou encore la dernière partie de la formation au Stade olympique en 2004. Ces quelques évènements ont été largement repris, parmi bien d’autres, dans les nombreux ouvrages consacrés à l’équipe réalisés par des journalistes et historiens amateurs, où la chronique
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