Zeleni Alati Za Održivu Revoluciju Zagreb, Ožujak 2007

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Zeleni Alati Za Održivu Revoluciju Zagreb, Ožujak 2007 Bruno Motik Dražen Šimleša Zeleni alati za održivu revoluciju Zagreb, ožujak 2007. www.stocitas.org www.zmag.hr Autori: Bruno Motik i Dražen Šimleša Izdavači: Što čitaš i ZMAG Skeniranje i obrada ilustracija: Bruno Motik Grafička obrada: Marko Strpić Na našoj internet stranici potražite ostala izdanja i velik broj besplatnih elektroničkih knjiga i tekstova: www.stocitas.org 2 Sadržaj Uvod 5 Ekološki otisak - kako gazimo planet? 8 Hrvatska – mala zemlja za preveliki otisak 15 Permakultura – trajna revolucija 22 Pazi, hrana pada 26 Praktični savjeti za stvaranje permakulturnog vrta 33 Permakluturni dizajn 57 Izumiranje naftnog dinosaura 66 Zelena energija 76 Energija sunca 79 Energija vjetra 94 Transport 104 Energija biomase 107 Graditeljstvo 127 Održivo graditeljstvo 132 Otpad 153 Voda 162 Organizacija 174 Kako hodati nježnije - gradske priče 182 Prema praktičnim stazama održivosti 191 Literatura 202 3 4 UVOD Najbolje vrijeme za posaditi stablo bilo je prije deset godina. Slijedeće najbolje vrijeme je sad. Kineska poslovica U redu, najbolje vrijeme za objaviti ovakvu knjigu bilo je prije deset godina. Ali što da se radi. Prije deset godina smo brijali na pank, klupice u parku, gutali fanzine i šivali prišivke do zauvijek. Lagali bi kad bismo rekli da nam je žao. Uostalom, najljepša i najjača iskrica koja nas je zapalila za anarhopank – uradi sam kultura – danas je zaista prišivena na našim srcima. I što ćeš normalnije nego da mi nakon deset godina napišemo ovakvu knjigu. Zato jer je sad slijedeće najbolje vrijeme. Prije četiri godine smo krenuli u stvaranje Recikliranog imanja, našeg odsanjanog životnog prostora, ali i otvorenog edukacijskog centra. No, osim otvorenih srca i brda energije nismo imali previše znanja i vještina kako izgraditi jednu takvu priču. Stvarno smo bili nabrijani dripci i dripice koje ništa nije moglo zaustaviti da krenemo na to zajedničko putovanje. Jedna ovakva knjiga bi nam sigurno olakšala put. No kao što je i do tada bilo sasvim ok da nemaš pojma svirati, a ipak uzmeš gitaru ili bubanj i kao sviraš, tako smo i mi, premda nismo znali izmjeriti dužinu kuće i hvatati energiju sunca, krenuli stvarati naš mali raj. Tijekom putovanja upoznali smo ljude sa sličnim vizijama i željama i kod svih se pojavljivao problem manjka znanja i vještina kako nešto praktično napraviti. Polako se počelo s nabavkom literature, međusobnim kontaktima, razmjenom iskustva i pomaganjem. Bio je to super osjećaj. Znao si da kada god padneš, uvijek su blizu ruke da te pridignu. Kada smo došli do radionica, to je bilo to. Radionica je super riječ. Označava da se nešto radi. I zabavno je. Trenutak kada nekome možeš pokloniti dio sebe je nešto najljepše na svijetu. I ova knjiga je plod svega toga. Nekoliko je važnih stvari vezanih za knjigu. Glavni cilj nam je bio prikazati što je više moguće praktičnih rješenja za održivi život. Premda i sami pišemo o razvoju obnovljivih izvora energije, smatramo kako je u ovom trenutku važnije pokazati kako se na primjer gradi solarni kolektor za toplu vodu. Premda i 5 sami pišemo o biodizelu, smatramo kako je važnije naučiti kako, ovdje i sada, samostalno proizvesti gorivo na bazi ulja, a ne čekati da se biodizel pojavi na benzinskim crpkama. Manje nas dakle zanimaju high-tech rješenja ili iščekivanje i lamentiranje o nekom novom i neotkrivenom resursu koji će spasiti svijet. Ne zanimaju nas komplicirane i skupe tehnologije koje bi navodno trebale biti alternativa “utrci prema dnu” koju vode političke i ekonomske elite. S obzirom na sve veće siromaštvo i uništavanje prirode, ratove za naftu i druge resurse, smatramo kako je najvažniji oblik aktivizma onaj koji će nas naučiti konkretnim tehnikama i strategijama za borbu protiv neoliberalnog kapitalizma, onaj koji će nas učiti kako stvarati drugačije svjetove. Doduše, treba otvoreno reći kako je neoliberalni sistem dobio svog partnera u zelenom kapitalizmu gdje sve što je eko, bio, organski, prirodno, zeleno ili slično ima nevjerojatno visoku cijenu, neovisno da li govorimo o hrani, kozmetici, energiji ili gimnasticiranju. Kako li je samo ekipica nanjušila lovu. Time su od ekološke priče učinili elitistički hram za bogate novcem i odabrane duhom. Naša poruka je da vam za održivi život nisu potrebni niti opaki stručnjaci, niti puno novaca niti samoproglašene vođe. Zato smo se i trudili knjigu ispuniti s jednostavnim i praktičnim receptima kako proizvesti, napraviti i primijeniti neku od inspirativnih mogućnosti za održivi život. Uz žličicu osmijeha što to sve radite sa svojim prijateljima i ljudima koje volite. U knjizi su sakupljena znanja i vještine koje smo sami usvojili i danas ih prakticiramo. To je druga stvar koju želimo istaknuti. Većina od predstavljenih znanja i vještina stvara se ovdje u Hrvatskoj ili šire u regiji. Nismo htjeli navoditi lijepe priče iz svijeta koje za nas ovdje postoje samo na slikama, već prikazati kretanja prema održivosti u našim zajednicama i susjedstvu. Nekoliko je razloga za to. Od lijepih slika malo koristi u praksi ako ih ne možemo preslikati u stvarnost. Te lijepe slike već postoje u literaturi na stranom jeziku i dostupne su preko Male Alternativne Knjižnice (MAK) koju vodi naša udruga – Zelena mreža aktivističkih grupa (ZMAG). Ukoliko vas zanima literatura iz nekih od područja koje ćemo spominjati, možete nas kontaktirati. Kao što smo već rekli, osjećamo nedostatak knjige na našem jeziku sa primjerima iz naše regije. Tako će vam biti i lakše povezivanje sa svim tim pričama i projektima, a ukoliko želite nešto slično probati, imat ćete modele koji su blizu. Od naše prve frustracije kako nemamo dovoljno za pročitati u dostupnoj literaturi o temama koje nas zanimaju do danas kada imamo knjigu punu primjera iz naših života, možemo samo zaključiti kako nije li to baš lijepo em prekrasno. Hodamo polako, malim, ali upornim koracima po praktičnim stazama održivosti. Dva su temeljna pojma oko kojih se vrte teme u knjizi. Prvi je ekološki otisak koji nam opisuje koliko jako pritišćemo našu planetu, odnosno koliko nam je zemljine površine potrebno da zadovoljimo sve naše potrebe. Ekološki otisak je izvrstan alat za opisati socijalnu nepravdu i ekološku neodrživost naših društava. 6 Drugi pojam je permakultura kao sistem dizajniranja našeg okoliša učenjem od prirode. Mogli bismo reći kako su socijalna pravda i održivost naš cilj, a permakultura sredstvo za postizanje tog cilja. U knjizi ćemo vidjeti kako nam sve permakultura pomaže smanjiti ekološki otisak koji ostaje iza nas. U permakulturnim priručnicima i knjigama za dizajniranje, uglavnom su prikazani idealni i imaginarni modeli kakve rijetko tko od nas susreće u stvarnosti. Stoga ćemo permakulturni dizajn pokazati uz pomoć stvarnog modela, a to je Reciklirano imanje, ZMAG-ov projekt stvaranja otvorenog edukacijskog cen- tra na Vukomeričkim Goricama u selu Vukomerić, 20-tak kilometara južno od Zagreba. Praktična rješenja podijelit ćemo u nekoliko cjelina koje predstavljaju i glavni fokus naše udruge: hrana, energija i graditeljstvo. U knjizi ćemo se zbog iznimne važnosti posebno osvrnuti na otpad i očuvanje vode. Govorit ćemo i o organizacijskim strukturama i međuljudskim odnosima, jer je to najvažnije područje na kojem danas trebamo raditi. Na kraju ćemo prikazati kako si olakšati život i u urbanim prostorima. Rješenja o kojima govorimo mogu se primjenjivati svugdje, bez obzira gdje živimo. Ovdje treba naglasiti kako je ovakvoj podjeli razlog preglednost i lakše praćenje knjige. U stvarnosti gotovo sva održiva rješenja provlače se kroz nekoliko područja. Primjerice, za izgradnju kompostnog wc-a potrebno je imati znanja iz graditeljstva, povezan je s našom željom da smanjujemo otpad te da recikliramo, zahtijeva i svijest o potrebi za štednjom pitke vode, a niti znanje o tome kako funkcionira proces kompostiranja organske biomase nije naodmet. Slično, pasivno solarno graditeljstvo stavili smo pod poglavlje Održivo graditeljstvo, ali ga ne možemo shvatiti izdvojeno od energije. Jedan od osnovnih principa permakulture jest da smo svjesni povezanosti različitih funkcija i elemenata. Za kraj naglašavamo kako nam nije namjera glumiti velike i prepametne stručnjake. Mi sami imamo još mnogo žganaca za popapati i toga smo i više nego svjesni. Ipak, mišljenja smo kako i to malo što znamo vrijedi doći do što više ljudi i rezultat je pred vama. Ovo nije konačna suma održivih rješenja, i na toj duzi postoji mjesta za još mnogo boja. Ovo nije jedino vrijedno što ljudi danas rade kako bi učinili ovaj svijet boljim mjestom za život. Napravili smo pregled onoga što smo mi naučili ili saznali u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Ukoliko sami znate ili poznajete nekoga tko ima sličan praktični savjet ili recept, slobodno nas kontaktirajte i uvrstit ćemo to u slijedećim izdanjima. Do mnogih lijepih rješenja došli smo nakon brojnih grešaka i padova, uz ponovno dizanje, trud i ulaganje energije. Stoga je i to nekakva poruka da budete uporni i ne odustajete. Ovo je knjiga za ljude koji imaju energije. Neka vas njen sadržaj još više napuni. Ukoliko želite u vašim životima primijeniti neku od predstavljenih priča kontaktirajte nas da se zajedno punimo. Toliko je toga ispred nas. A mi mladi i puni energije. Sigurno ćemo pobijediti. Vidimo se tamo. 7 Ekološki otisak - kako gazimo planet? Do danas je bruto društveni proizvod (BDP) ostao najprihvaćeniji faktor određivanja uspjeha i razvoja neke zemlje. No, računanje nečije razvijenosti po BDP-u može dati iskrivljenu sliku ukoliko želimo saznati manje o ekonomiji, a više o kvaliteti života stanovnika neke zemlje. Zato nas mogu zbunjivati pojmovi kao što su “životni standard” i “kvaliteta života” koji se često koriste kao istovjetni pojmovi, premda su zapravo prilično različiti. Prvi pojam je tehničkog karaktera i označava “stopu trošenja kupljenih roba i usluga po glavi stanovnika” (Douhtwaite, 1999). Drugi pojam je bliži mjerenju nečijeg osjećaja o stupnju opće dobrobiti u društvu, sreći ili zadovoljstvu sa životom. Kada računamo bruto društveni proizvod mjerimo samo stvari koje se kupuju i prodaju novcem. Izvan njegova dosega ostaju pitka voda, prirodne ljepote i bioraznolikost, čisti zrak, rad u kući, međuljudski odnosi, slobodno vrijeme i brojne druge kategorije važne za naš osjećaj o kvaliteti života.
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