DEPAnT:lm,;T OF FOLKLOr.E MeUlorial Uniycr~ity of ?\cWfo\uHUand
The journal of The Survey of Language and Folklore
The University of Sheffield
Departments of ~~~~~S~u~~7~~~~es & The Language Centre
DEPART~Ir::XT OF rOL!{LOaE Memorial Univcr::;lty of )l"c-,',follnJ!and Editorial
Launching a new jo urnal is at best a risky business, not least at a time of economic stringency. It was with high ho pes, t ho ugh wit h some misgiv ings, t hat t he Survey of Language and Fo lklore first decided to publish Lore alld Language in July 1969. Si nce then t he journal has established itself in the small but select. field of similar publications, and has a steadil y increasing circulation not only in the British Isles but also elsewh ere in Europe, North America and beyond. Our policy is to publish articles, notes and queries on the full range of cultural tradition, concentrating on language and folklore as topics of central concern . A journal o f this kind offers a unique opportunity for the exchange of information o n t he extremely wide-ranging aspects of cultural tradition. It also offers younger writers, as well as those o f established reputation, a chance to ma ke their views known. Indeed, one o f the most heartening developments in the journal has been the response of both the established and t he lesser known writers who have contributed material for publication and so in creased the continuing d ialogue bet ween all of those concerned with these kindred fi eld s of research. No-one here at the Survey would clai m that the publication has been an easy task. In t he early days we were bedevilled by d ifficulties o f format a nd exorbitant printing costs. In recent issues we have suffered from even sharper increases in costs, especially of paper, and the after-effects o f the three day week did not ma ke things any easier. Thanks to the efforts of all those volunteers who help with the publication, and especially t he Business Editor, Paul Smith, who is responsible for sales and format and puts in a great deal o f work behind the scenes, we fee l that t he journal has steadily improved in appearance and layout, although much still remains to be done. The Printing Unit at the University o f Sheffield has now taken over the prod udion side of the journal and o ffers us every assistance. Our three sponsors - t he Departments of English Language and Extramural Studies, and the Language Centre at the Un iversity - have given us their fu ll support from the beginning, and without their help Lore and Lang/lOge could not have come into being. It is with a sense o f relief that I wri te this final editoria l in the last issue of Lore and Lal1guage Vo lume I. Looking back over the ten issues we fee l that some progress has been mad e and that the steady annual increase in subscribers is a very healthy sign. Wi th Volume II , No. 1, Lore and Lal/guage will change to the A5 fo rmat, in conformity wit h the new standard paper sizes. We fee l that t hi s change will be very much for the better. The subscriptio n for t his much more substantial new volume will be consid erably less than that for comparable publications, although inevitably more realistic than t he present subscription whi ch has resulted in an overall deficit in the last fi ve years. We hope that all o ur readers will continue to support Lore and Language, not o nly by subscribing but also by contributing material for publicatio n.
The Survey of Language and Folldore The Survey o f Language and Fo lklore centred at Sheffield Un iversit y is establishing an Archive o f traditional material fo r reference and research. Co llection is organised through regio nal teams, local representatives and correspond ents, who cont ribute material o n specially-designed sli ps o r in the fo rm of questio nnaires, descriptions, diagrams, photographs, tape-recordings or items of material culture. The collecting programme aims at comprehensive coverage of all aspects of Folklo re: Language (Speech, sayings, :lames, etc.); Ch lld lore; Custom and Beli ef; Fo lk Narrative; Fo lk Music. Dance and Drama; Material Cul ture, Work Techniques. Arts and Crafts. If the important work o f collecting is to be carried o ut on t he large scale envisaged, many more volunteers are needed to assist in the task o f collecting and classifying the informatio n. The Survey aims to collect material fro m all parts o f the British Isles and more local representatives and correspondents are urgently required. Details o f local activities may be obtained from the Survey's headquarters. Dialects of North-Eastern England Mike Shields It is perhaps invidious to quote proverbs to a readership which includes folklorists, but I feel I should state at the outset my awareness of the dangers of partial knowledge. I am encouraged, however, by the extensive linguistic recording carried out by enthusiastic amateurs, and I feel that there is a certain justice in a non-professional attempt to offset the (linguistically) amateur efforts of Dobson et al to popularise - in a "parliamo Glasgow" sort of way - the so-called Geordie accent. The region covered by this study extends down the eastern half of northern England lying between the rivers Coquet and Tees. North of this area, the dialect more properly belongs to the border regions, while west and south lie Cumberland and Yorkshire, each with its own linguistic peculiarities.
The phonetic symbols used are those of the I PA, and the transcription is fairly broad. Consonants are undifferentiated fTOm Standard English, apart from Northumbrian Irt / , which is similar to the French or German Ir f sound. An English IT I also occurs in other parts of the region. It should also be noted that ( w i is never aspirated as in some Standard English pronunciations of what'?
Major Dialect. Divisions On the map (see p. ), two major isogloss bundles are shown, running roughly east/west, and displaced north and south of the Tyne by approximately the same d istance. They tend to follow the Tyneside conurbation, the largest centre of population in the area, and they divide the region into three distinct. speech communities. A more subtle distinction is provided by the minor, north/south isoglosses which divide the central, Tyneside region into three. It would be perfectly feasible to subdivide regions 1 and 3, but this is beyond the scope of this necessarily limited study. Again, it would be possible to divide the sub regions 2A, 2B, and 2C still further. For example, the coastal region 2C has some cases of differentia tion north and south of the river, and, indeed, South Shields itself had, within living memory, four distinct accents in different parts of the town. Limiting oneself, for the above reasons, to a study of the macro-divisions only, it can be stated that three principal dialects occur within the North Eastern region. They arc characterised by substantial vowel differences, and, to a lesser extent, by differences in usage. Norlhumbrian is spoken in the towns, mining-villages, and countryside of Northumberland proper. It is notable for marked vowel mutations and the distinctive sound IR/ . Tyneside vowels are "pure" in that they do not normally form diphthongs or have closure, and the speech is limited to an area not more than about five miles north or south of the Tyne. South of this area, various forms of Durham dialect are spoken until they blend into the North Yorkshire of Teesside, while a similar type of speech extends westwards along WeardaJe to Allenheads (Northumberland), near the Cumbrian border.
D r';PAr.T:iEXT C~: FO:"h!..OI!E MCl! 'orial University of Xc\'.-foundland
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Extent and Division of N .E. English Dialect s
1 Northumberland 2 Tyneside: (A) West; (B ) Mid; (C) Coastal 3 Durham Examples of Speech Differences Differentiation between areas 1, 2 and 3 are illustrated in the following table: English word local "spelling" side side s (i sl id siid school skeul s k u : 0 I s ka ul face fyess t e : s ' f e j a s road road " 0 ' d r o : d ro ' ~ d here heor h i · 0 hi . , ' e ' j a our wor w":) / w:; : w a/ ~ o' w ~ a u /'0uwa ball baal bx- I ba : I biea l cow (:00 k ~ : ku : ka u home hyem j¥m j ~m /h ¢;3 m j :;: m/o '! m The last word in the above table (home) is popularly supposed to be an imported Scandinavian wo rd (ef. iljc/1l, Dan. Norw.), but it is probably a local pronunciation of the Old English form ( ham). This also explains the difference in the treatment of this word and the apparently similar vowel in road.
Also worthy of not(' is the emphatic form of ol/r. Children in area 2:-\ might ask, in their version of the perennial question "Can we have our ball back?", [ka n we hiiv we ba : I ba k ] , If, ho wever, tllPy wpre stating that the ball was theirs rather than someone e l~e 's~ they ~\'ould say " It's ourball", [ .. ts ' L W ~ b ~ : I J ,0r(Areal) [ 1. t s w:; b ~ '1 J.
Specch Di fferences within Area 2 The best example of a word which varies in pronunciation within the Tyneside speech-area is the form do not or dOll 't .
English 2:-\ 2B 2C don't [ ' d \ v ~ t ] [ ' d \ y \ n t? J [ d o : nt ] [d e ' in t J [ ' d·\ n i-t J Such difff'fenees arp, o f course, ind istinct, since population movement has been extensive along both banks of the Tyne. Within this li mitation, howcV('r, it is possible to make certain distinctions. For example, in the South Shields (2C) area, the pronunciation of t he final unstressed syllable in words ending in -day is[ d ], as oPPosf'd to [ d a ] in other parts of Tyneside. Thus, [ ! j t s d -c J yesterday, and [ ' 0:): ZdeJ, Thursday. The four South Shields dialects mentioned above arc no longer in existence, but eomprisf'd, so far as I have been able to establish: (i) Shieldish, spoken in the town, and probably 2C dialect. (ii) Keelish, sroken on the riverside by boatmen (keelmen), and apparently either 2A or, more likely, Northumbrian. (iii) is unnamed, but was almost certainly miners' talk ("Pitmatic") and therefore an area 3 dialect. (iv) may well have been "educated" talk, and similar to 2B. Examples are, for the word "water": (i) [ ' Wo. : t a ]1[ ' wo. : C?a J or r' w~' t ~ J ( ii) [ 'wEt :; J ; (iii) [ ' wd a ] (iv) [ ' w:) : t? aJ .
L-______The mid·Tyne dialect (area 2B) is, in general , much less strongly differentiated from English than others in the reg io n. I\s a child in this reg io n, I did not use [ 'd\ V ~ nt?]but rather [ do : nt J Likewise, children used [j t1 U J rather than e j i : ] (or YO Il , and[j(s J rather tha n[a i] Older inhabitants tended to pronounce th is last word [j'\ S Jas evidenced in the saying [ 1. ! n(VB sec' j ~ a : na n:::> ' a] , "he never said yes, aye, nor no", i.e. " hp said nothing", indicating tha t bo th yes and - aye were known forms of the affirmative. I believe this modification may perhaps be d ue to extensive Irish immigration to this arpa , and it is significant that the percentage of Ho man Cathol· ics in this region is 25%·30% as against 10% natio nally. The whole of area 2 is in gC llPral a fu sion of the accents of areas 1 and 3, wi th local variations. For example, :tn'a 2A bears more resemblance to area 1 than to 3, while in 2C the rpverse is the case. J\'lining in Jarro w, Hebburn and South Shields has bro ught in pockets of area 3 d ial ect, and although the Jarro w and Hebburn pits have been d osed for about a century, this dialect can still be occasionally heard among older people. Most variat ions within area 2 are concerned with pronunciation, and adult usage is almost constant throughout Tyneside. There is however, the occasional variation, as cxamplined by the Children's word for turnip or swede, which may be of interes t.
Longhorsley ( 1 ) baigie [ ' be : g ~ J Newcastl e (2A) snannie [ ' s n a n ~ ] Wallsend (2B) r ! s n an ~ ] (north) Hebburn (28) todger [ ' tod'jo 1 (S W ) Jarrow (28) naggie; snaggie [ ! n ag ~ ] I [ ' snag ~ ] (SE) N.Shields (2C) nammie [ ' nam. ] (north)
S.Shields (2C) snadgie [ ! s nad) ~ J (south) Various snodger or snadger l ' snad .j\ ] I [ I snad ')03]
Since fi eld·grown swedes were o ften the object of chi ldren's petty th iev ing, it correlation of many of these wo rds with snatch might not be unreasonable!
Regio nal Usage Apart fro m such exceptio ns, any comments on usage apply equally to all the areas studied. It is not feasible to give an extensive list of dialect words in this study, and, in any case, other so urces have comprehensive lists. (See, for example: Geeson, C, A Northumberland and Durlwm Word Booll - The Living Dialect, Harold Hill Publicatio ns. Newcastle·upon-Tyne, 1969.) Howeve r, a few words which differ extensively from En glish are sho wn below by way of illustration. The pronunciation is that of area 2A, a fair " average" dialect, and the only o ne whi ch shou!d be termed " Geordie". Local spelling Pronunciation Meaning bairn be : an child (cf. Norw., Swed., Scottish etc.) boody , bu : d \ heavy pottery ware (not china) bullet ' bal tt s\.... eet (=bullet); (also [kC t ] in Durham) clag stick, adhere; hence [ I kl a g '. ] darts mud; hence [' k la :1 ,, ] dee d j do deck d i : k (Area 1) look at! sec! (imperative) duneh dflnJ crash into, collide with fadge fad;y flat loaws of bread (see stolly-cahe) femmer , t E' ma fra gile, brittle (0 N fimr) galluses ' galas i z braces for trousers go (cf. Scottish - gang) gan ~a ' glow 9 I 0 : window (Area 1) (=glow, light) gob go b mouth gwaak g wa : k gawk; stare foolishly haad ha ' d hold howway ha. we : come on!; (come) away? hoy h.; i throw (ef. Swedish hoja - raise) lad Idd boy lass I ~s girl lowp I Ciu p jump, leap, get on to (0 E hlallpall) marrer, marrow ' rna r~ mate, friend, pal poss poe wash clothes by heating shuggy·boat ' fag ... bo o t fairground swing stot st:JI bounce, rebound stotty·cake ' 51;)1 1. ke : h. flat loaves; o ven-bottom bread TIl(' use of certain words deserves special mention: [kan . ] (canny). This word has six distinct meanings, indicated by context. tone of voice, facial expressio n, etc. (il quite good. fair (applied to health, etc.) e.g. " How arc you?" "Canny, thanks." (ii) very good (or nice) indepd (applied to people) e.g. a canny soul; . a canny lad. (iii) swpet, eute. good-naturE'd (applied to children, animals, etc.) e .g ... a canny bairn. (iv) careful e.g. "gan canny" (take care) (v) good old ; dear old .. e.g. canny Ne wcastle (slightly dated phrase) (vi) goodly e.g. phrases such as "a canny fE'w" (= a good number) [t should be noted that call1ly is never used on Tyneside to denote 'mean', as is often til(' tease elsewhere, (shorter 0 ED). Its nearest f'quivalent ill English is, perhaps, ' nice'. l w<-' i ] (way). Although often regarded as merely a local pronunciation of why, this word is often used where why would not apply. It serves as an emphatite particle. for example at the beginning of a se ntence, where well might be used in standard English. It is also notable for its use in conjunction with yes and 110, thus: yes = [a ' i ] wh y yes; yes of course = [ """ t; i a i ] no= [ no : ] / [n~ : wh yno,d(>finittolynot = [ wai no : ] I [ wai n ~ : ]
(N. B. an unemphatic or casual form exists for yes and /10, being [a i ] and [ na] respectively.)
Fi nal bul. In many caM'S wlwrl' Iwl would normally he used as a straightforward conjunct ion. North- Easterners movC' It to th(> final position in till' s{,l1t('nc{'. T he example ''' I'I1('y play('(] well: they d idn't score. but!" IS typical. II0w{'vl'L It l'an also 1)(' US('{j at th(' end of SI'ntt'I1\'I'S as ubiquitolLsly as the French n'esl ('I' pos'!. (,X('('I)I t hat it ('an t'nd statements as wI'11 a s qllf'stions. "You're not gOing, Imt'!" "You'n' not going, surely?,' "Will he go, but'?" "\\'ill hI' go. though?" " l le'sgoing, but!" "111'\ ('(,rtainly going."
Indefinite a rtide. 'JormaJly. in English. tl1l' inddinitt' arlidt' is not USl'd \\'1I1l I Ill' nunwral 01]('. (" l ie's got. 0IW": "Not ntH"', 1'1(' .1. T Ill' n'VI'rs('. howev('f. is cummon usa!,!t' throughout the North East ~ a hahit difficult to rid ullbl'lf of. illcidl'nlally. I'hrasl's likl' "11("s got a ol1e" ling('r on ill the speech of the most educated (~l'ordi(', ant.! an ' a goot.! indication of his origins. likt' til(' Midlands final I-g/ in -illg wonJs. or tlH' I,onuon intrusive Ir / \ "droring" for "t.!rawing". etc.].
[ ~~""' '$ J (over) = to? Although words likf' oVI'/"/11I/('h an' in ('Olllmon English llsag:l'. in the North East the word too IS almost non-('Xlstf'nt among t.!iall'ct ;;peakf'rs, Ol'er,{olljf. ol'('/'-sllo/'I. Ol'cr-('(/sy. over-liard - almost any adjf'ctive can 1)(' qualifi('(1 by til<' ubiquitous r' .', l . in tot.al preft'r('J1cf' to 100,
Vocativl' //lall, As in South ,\frkan English :Ind Iwat talk. //lall is t'xtt'nsivply ust'd in all contf';-..ts in t he T ynesidc dialt'cts. ":-iay. :nal1. ,. is oftCIl th(' ]It'ginning uf Sl'llt.etlct'S. and HUlII can O(TUI' any wlwrf', particularly at til(' t'lld of a S(>IHI' IH'I'. for t'mphasis. It i ~ also quitl' SI'xlf'ss. and is used equally commonly hy and to f('malt's
[ ''I. nb<) i ] [ ' u: t7t,,) j ] (Ill·by, ollt·hy). Tllt,W words al'(, llst'd hy miners 10 desnil)(' going into and coming out from ill!' I'oal·fa(·('. [I 'iup q I'id.:: w,) f)J ' ' ... nlJ ;i i 1 'TonH' on. lad~. let's get to work"j.
Concluding Generalisa tio ns
In sut:h a brief arlit-It' it i~ not ]1os.';ibll' to givI' mon' than:J skt'lch of Ihe North-Eastern diall'cts. In conclusion, tI1l'r('[ore, I shall attempt. hy tllt'ans o f some gt'tlt'ral {,Ollltll('nts. to givt' a mor(' complete pidufl' of the regional Sl)('('ch.
English grammatical rul(>s al'(' oft('n ignort'd: [ () : .:: ' ( I isl wa!. quitt' common at 011(' tinw. to 1)(' replaced by [,J('1 ," z ]( I'm is) ill a !.ort of ('omprOmisl' with t'du('ation. The word /Ieve/, is oflPn used in pla('(' of Ilul: r ' n, vv' (I did nOI):[ '.' n VG \'. nl - (Ilt' dit.! not gol.
Stress differs from SouUll'rn English. being mon' reminiscI'nt of Scandinavian o r \\'I'lsh. "llow'rt' you going on tlwn,?" !s pitl.:hed ----.. in standard English. but ------in the North East.
Speech is rapid. with words strung togetlH'r and tl1<' frequent substitut.ion of / r I fur I t / [hauzaga n
The folk play in Scotland has not received mu(:h attention. Indeed, it is almost fifty years since Dr Anna Mill subjected it to scholarly examination.' A major cause of this neglect has been the comparative paucity of material fo r study. Cawte, Helm and Peacock list fo r Scotland only thirty five entries, which comprise sixteen full texts, all of the Hero-Combat type, nine fragmented texts, again all of the Hero-Combat type, and ten references to a performance for which no text exists.2 Whatever supplementary information can be offered on the Scottish folk play and t he context of gui si ng in general will, consequently, extend a relatively meagre store of knowledge. Recently I have come across two accounts of Scottish guising, not referred to in the standard sources, which do just this, and which provide. in one case, an interesting addition to the distribution pattern mapped by Cawte, !-Ielm and Peacock_3 The distribution map shows only one reference mark on mainland Scotland between the Tay and the Pentland Firth and that is just north of the Tay, at Arbroath, in South Angus (although there is also an isolated reference mark for Deerness in Orkney ). About the large white unmarked area the editors say this: " In Northern Scotland ... the lack of population and the fact that English is not the nrst. la nguage must. be considered".4 Whereas this is t.rue o f t.he geographically ext.ensive and o nce completely Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Islands, it does not. apply t.o a sizable portion of the unmarked whit.e area: t.o much of t.he cent.ral coun t. y of Pert.hshire or to the Lowland counties o f eastern Scotland - Angus, Kin cardine, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray, Nairn - or, to a much lesser extent, t.o the li ttoral of the more northerly counties of Inverness, Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland, and Caithness. Except for those o f the northerly littoral. these counties have had relative ly stable, predominantly agricult.ural, and in the past far from sparse populations; in fact. at. the time of Webster's census in 1755, slightly over half the population o f Scotland lived north o f a line from the Firth of Tay to the Firth of Clyde.5 They did not speak English. certainly, but they did speak Scots, as did the other areas of the Lowlands where texts have been recorded; and they share wit.h these other areas a common stock of tradition. It could be that these eastern counties. being on the Highland Line and themselves o nce Ce ltic regions, may have retained Celtic customs which served some of t he functions of the folk play. but it would be a priori rat her strange if these counties did not possess any t race of the dramatic ceremony performed in southern Scotland. Ev idence to suppo rt such a hypothesis comes from a recent book by Amy Stewart Fraser about growing up in the manse at. Glengairn, Aberdccnshire, The Hills of Home, which contains many insights into local folkways. In it she gives this account of I-Iogmanay: " In Ballater, in the early 1890s and possibly later, the chief excitement on i-Iogmanay night was the arrival o f the village lads with blackened faces and wearing weird costumes, who called at every house to perform a traditional play, which had among its characters Galashan with his sword and pistol, Sir William Wallace, and good old Doctor Broon, 'the best auld
1 Anna J Mill, Medieval Plays in SCOtland. Edinburgh. 1927 2 E C Cawte, A Helm. N Peac ock . English Ritual Drama, London, 1967. 3 lbid_. p.32. 4 . Ibid .• p.35.
5. T C Smout. A History of the Scottish People 1560- 1830. London, 1969, p.262; ~ee also J G I(vd. ed Scottish Population StiltistlCS, Edinburgh. 1952.
10 doctor in the toon' G . At the Manse Ellie and I arrayed ourselves in our notion of fancy dress and put on home made masks, 'Jur so-called 'false faces'. First, we went to the study door to serenade my father, and then to carol to my mother, amid explosive giggles, the old rhyme she had taught us Rise up, good wife, :md shake your feathers, Don't thin k that we are beggars, We are children come to play, Rise up and give's our Hogmanay, Up sticks! Down stools! Don't think that we are foois, We are children come to play, Rise up and give's our Hogmanay!" Here, then. is the first definite reference to performances of a Hero-Combat play in the Northeast of Scotland. The other account does not mention a play but provides an engaging description of guising at Crieff in Perthshire. It is contained in an authorless book, Crieff: Its Traditions and Characters wIlh A necdoles of Slralheam, published and seemingly compiled by 0 Macara, Edinburgh, 1881. The section is entitled " Hogmanay in the Olden Times". " This ancient festive evening used to be observed with great ado on the Saturdays previous to Auld Handsel Monday; but since the modern arts of civilisation shifted the New Year's festivities to the first days of the year, guizors have deteriorated from full-grown men and women to children. At one time bevies of young men and maidens decked themselves in the most antic and ridiculous apparel their imaginations could suggest. All the available musical talent was pressed into service, and when at all possible, each squad secured the services of a fiddler, who also donned antic habiliments, of which the following is a sample, worn by a Bridgend fiddler known as 'The Doctor': - Shoes, with spats; blue duffel trousers, with spatter-dashes; long drab vest; drab coat, with short body, high collar, and long tails, with clear brass buttons that would do for lids to ale tumblers, ala mode 1800 - the whole being surmounted by a red Kilmarnock nightcap with a black top as large as a dahlia. To one of the coat buttons hung a staff or cornwell, which dangled on hi!.' knees. These parties generally made it a point to visit the different houses in the country at separate times, where they sung and danced. Jf possible, the members of the household were enticed to join in the reels, which had its effect when the largess was given. For a circle of three or four miles out from the town every house, whether 'gentle or semple', was visited by more than one squad. The gentlemen's mansions were, as a rule, a decided success; but it was often rather a difficult undertaking to 'draw' a farmer more than twice. The songs most in favour were those that had more of the ballad than the sentimental in their composition. Sly, pawkie humour then as now held its own, and the 'Laird of Cockpen', 'Jenn's Bawbec', and 'The Brisk Young Lad' were good
6 A S Fraser. The Hills of Home. london, 1973, p.74. Notes (",I Ballater is 42 mile'S west of Aberdeen in The vallev 0 1 the Dee. to the (bl The rhyme is a Scots one Englished; her mot he. came from Stirling but the tWO .Qua trains have also been recorded Passage' separately embedded in other NortheaSt Hoymanay rhymes (see M M Banks, Srltish Calendar Customs: Scot/and, II, London, 1939. 44- 51.
11 money-takers. Little did the singers o r li steners at that time know that the accomplished lady who wrote the 'Laird o f Cockpen' belonged to the locality, and resided within a few miles of Crieff. Other favourites werc 'Toddlin' !lame', 'Jockie's Content', 'Kate Dalrymple'. ' flora and Charlie', 'The Bonnie I-lo use of ;\ir ti c', ' Blythe, Blythe and Merry was she', '0, let me in this ac nicht!', 'Kind Robin Lo'es me', ' Duncan Campbell', 'Bold Brannin on the Moor', etc. This latter continued long a favourite, and the late Mr l\l ' Levy, the Edinburgh detective. mentions in his reminiscences that it st ill is a favourite amongst the thieving fraternity. It has rather a pretty melody, and the words being: SCaf(;C, three verses arc subjoined to show what rudeness our fath('fs would he pleased to listen to when in humour: As Brannin was wal king on yon mountains high, ,\ coach wi th four horses he chanced to spy; lie robbed them of their riches, which he gave to the poor; I-Ie 's over yon mou ntains, you'll never see him more. Chonts: Bold Bra nn in o n the moor. Bo ld Brannin o n t he moor ; So bold and undaunted stood Bo ld Brannin on the moor. Bu t Brannin was taken and condemned fo r to d ie. And many a fair maid for Brannin d id cry ; But he said all t heir cries will not save me. Nor ta ke me down fro m your gallows tree.
Chorus: Bold Bra nnin . elc. I'm wac for my wi fe a nd my children t hree: My poor aged mother I never will see: l\ly poor aged falher, with grey locks, he crit'd ~ I wish my bold Bran ni n in his cradle he had died.
CllOrus: Bold Brannin. eLc . It was frequently midnight or after erc the diffcrenl ·'skf'aching" parties returned. Sunday was too often spe nt in rehearsing t he incidents of the previous ewning. and all evenings o f tllf' kind in rc«.:o Ileclio n. varied with joyous antkipations of the morrow. On Sundays the pulpits rang with exhortations to drink in modNalion, and on i\'ionday and following days a large proportion of the hearers interpreted the injundion by ge tling 'fou' or 'gcyan drunk· This ac(: otmt includes some noteworthy information in its explanation of why the custom dl'volved from adults to ('hildren. its d csaiption of (: ostume and disguise. and its des«.: ription of the luck·vis it
7 0 Macara Icomp, I Crief!: lIS Trildltions lind Characters with Anecdotes of Stril(heMn, pp, 231·3 (a) Auld Hanusel Mooday ,s t he f"st Mooday after New Yea' OS to the (v) The "accompl,shed lady who wrOle the 'Laird of Cockpen' " was Carolma Ol'phant, Lady Nairne (1766- 1845), Passa 12 to both "gentle and semple" and the warm response of the "gentle". Of particular interest is the insight afforded into the place and importance of the dancing and the singing; the dancing of reels and the playing of fiddles were reckoned specialities of the region. Although the Crieff account contains no reference to a play performance or any guisers' rhymes, just thirteen miles down the Earn in the parish of Dunning, Sir James Wilson recorded some guisers' rhymes to which he gives the title "Mummers' Verses on the Last Day of the Year,s although, unfortunately, he supplies no information about the mumming context. Here are these rhymes in his own spelling system, designed to show the sounds easily and accurately, and his English renderings: MUMMERS' VERSES ON THE LAST DAY OF THE YEAR (Giizur'z vairs at Hugmunay) Dhe-nikht's Hugmunay, !)he-moarn 'z Hugmunaanay. Faar acroas dhe see, Tay see maa Soozeaanay. Sum foaks sex Aa'm daaft, Sum foaks sex Aa'm Craakit: Oafur mee a haaf-a-croon Un see if Aa'it noa taak it. Aa tuik hur tay a baw, A.a tuik hur lay a suppur; She fell our dhe tibbul Un stuk hur noax ee buttur. To-night':. Hugmunay, To-marrow's Hugmunaanay. Far across the sea, To sec my Susiana. Some people say I'm mad, Some people say I'm crazy: Offer me half-a-crown And see if I won't take it. I took her to a ball, I took her to a supper; She fell over the table, And stuck her nose in the butter. (THE SAME) Riz up, guidweif, un duinay bee sweer, Un dail yur gair az laang'z yee'r heer. Dhe day ull cum hwun yee'il bee daid, Yee'll naidhur dhaan need mail nor braid. 8. Sir James Wilson. Lowland Scotch as spOken in rhe Lower StratheiJfn District of Perthshire. Oxford. 1915. pp.226- 7. 13 Rise up. good woman, and don't be reluctant, And deal out your goods as tong as you're here. The day will come when you'll be dead, You'll then need neither meal nor bread. (THE SAME) !teiz up, gu idweif, un shaak yur fedhurz, Yee neednay thcn k ut wee ur beggurz. Wee'r oanlay buirnz cum oat Lay play, Rciz up un gce'z maa I-! ugmunay. Rise up, good woman, and shake your feathers, You needn't think that we arc beggars. We 're' o nly children come out to play, Rise up and give me my Ilugmunay gift. In the OilWf dircclion, seven miles up the river Earn from e ricff. is Comrie, where further guiser adivity has been recorded: "'ilwre the young mcn and boys of t he town dress up in weird and wonderful costumes and parade at midnight through the town carrying burning torches with which a street bonfire is finally lightf'd. ',9 Strathearn, it seems, had a fairly strong regional tradition of guising hut the available evidence does not warrant our assuming performanc('s of th(' men's dramatil: ceremonial; in fact, Strathearn itiustrates how guising may take different forms in different places and how dangerous it would be to assume the presence of a folk play from the existence o f guising. At any rate, that large white arl:'a on the Cawte, Helm, and Peacock map does not now seem quite so forlornly barren; especially when one bears in mind that, besides til{' marked Arhroath reference, :he editors list two not specifically located references, one for Angus and one fo r Perthshire, unmarked on the map. These accounts, then, add to the not very pl entiful stock of knowledge about guising and the folk play in northern Scotland, but, perhaps more strongly, underline that considerable scope yet remains for investigation of S<.;ottish folk d rama and associated customs. 9. F Drake·Ca rnell. lt'san Old Scottl.sh Custom, London, 1939, pp. 21 - 2. 14 The White Lady of the Priest Holes Winifred I Haward PA RT II The stories relating to the White Lady who is said to "walk" in houses thal were secret mass centres are highly improbable and melodramatic. They have no connection with priests or priest hunts. The victim is a woman "wronged" by a husband. lover or stranger. Yet they sometimes yield a shred of truth. Speke lIall, Liverpool, on the hanks of the l\1ersey, was an important "receiving" (;entre for pr iests coming in from abroad. The " Haunted Room" is in a wing specially built for these "guests", and has an elaborate system of hides and shafts. The story is that the owner, a heavy gambler, staked the lI all on a throw at the gaming table. and lost. His wife was overwhelmed by despair when she heard the news, and threw herself and her child out of the window into the moat. The truth is that in 1796, the Hall was sold to pay its owner's debts. There is no evidence for the tragedy. Salm('shury Hall, Preston, Lancashire, provides another amalgam of truth and fiction. The South· worths were devoted Catholics and the house an important mass centre, serving other hOLises in the Ribble Vallf'y. The \Vhite Lady. Dorothy Southworth. haunts the grounds behind the house, where an old sunken lane leads to another Southworth mass centre. Dorothy is said to have had a Protestant lover. and as she went to meet him one night, her brother lay in wait, killed the lover and fell mortally woundC'd. She is variolLsly desLribed as having died of grief, become a nun. or married someone else. The Southworth pedigree knows nothing of her existence, but th('re is a real Dorothy, Dorothy Winckley. the heiress of Pleasington Old Iiall. a small manor-house three miles away. She was married three Limps, first to a Southworth, then to a de 1I 0ghton. then to a lawyer, Thomas Ainsworth, the builder of the house. In the next gf'neration, the Ainsworths became Protestant, which may have giVf'1l rise to the story of a Protestant "lover", If this is the White Lady of Saln1f'sbury, the characters have been "inverted", The heiress becomes tbe victim; the lover is killed on the old priest way. " Inversion" takes many forms. The story of the White Lady of Watton Priory in the East Riding implif's confrontation between Catholic and Protestant, but it is thrown forward to the period of the Civil War. While the husband was away fighting for the king, a band of Itoundheads broke in. They found the lady with her child. in prayer before a crucifix in the secret room, and dashed the child against the wall before murdering the lady, There is no evidence that til£' crime ever occurred. A queer story was told us by a farmhand who had once worked at Mixenden Old Iiall, Halifax , which hints at another aspect of the priest hunts. In many recusant families, the men "conformed" to escape th(' penalties of the law. and went to church on Sundays. The women did not. They heard mass in secret at home, and were responsible for the safety of the priest. Here, the sto ry goes that the family went to church one Sunday, leaving a maid·servant behind. A rough·looking stranger came to the d oor and pf'rsuact ed her to let him in. She gave him food and he fell asleep "with his mouth open". Her fears w('re aroused by seeing a pair of pistols in his belt, so she took a pan o f boiling fat from the fire and "poured it down his throat until he died". However, the ghost of a woman sits rocking in an armchair. Note the implications - the men at church, t he wo man is left behind. She admits a mysterious stranger whose presence spells peril and disaster. Another curious story comes from Ingthorpe Grange, near Skipton, where there is a tradition of recusancy, and a hide, now blocked. It was told us by t he son o f t he house, then aged nin e, who slept in the Haunted Ro om. A maid-st:: rvant was courted by the butler from a neighbo uring 15 nunnery (!) She refused to marry him, so he murdered her. The lad proudly pointed out a rather dubious bloodstain a few feet from the wall of the hide, though he didn't claim to have seen the ghost. T his is an odd inversion. \Vf' should probably read - man with a religious background - nun equals monk equal.<; priest- murders the woman in a spot close to the hiding place. A sense of mystery must have clung to houses which had been mass centres - to Protpstants, the "mass" had sinister implications - and would be passed clown in local folk memory long after tl1(' priest hunts were forgotten. The house, too, would have its own traditions of heroism and danger. concealment and escape. T hese slories would eventually become blurrf'd. ('spf'<:iully if the place changed hands. Out of these two sources, a fresh story would develop, embodying scraps of truth in a background of superstition. The pripst himself had always been an elusive figure; nor was he likely to be acceptable as the hero. Women had always played an important part in the movement; and a woman provided a more obvious and attractive victim. So the mystique of the priest was transferred to a woman. The story was adapted to explain her "tragedy". other characters hrought in as supporting cast, and a common device of folklore. the "haunting", employed to heightr'n the story. Sometimes there is a "mother and child" element in the stories, which may br' a throw· back to Catholi(; reverence for the Mothr'r and Child. But we may haw to look back still further. Many of our ghosts arc folk memories of the "old god s'·. Tlw Whitt.· Lady may be some dim meOlory of the While Goddess of primitiv(' tradition. It helps to explain the importance of "inversion". Inversion is (;ommon in folklore, whpre the old god becomps a demon, and the sacred taboo a curse. So thp woman becomes the victim, and the priest hidt.·s his identity behind the heartless lover or stranger. The stories as we have' them today, do not appear to be very old. Some have obviollsly been polished to accord with the fashion in ghosts and horrors created by the "Gothi(;" novel, and chara\.:tE'rs such as the governess and butler are introduced. The ingenuous "hollse traditions" from J\'lixenclC'tl ancl Ingthorpe seem nearer to the original than the more rounded stories from Speke and Watton. T here is room for further investigation, especially into the earli er period of "inception", roughly between 1600 and 1800. Remember, too, the figures of reality, the steadfast priests ancl Ow heroic men and women who sheltered them. They leaVC' no ghosts. Select referen(;cs: Aveling. Dam Hugh. CJfholic Recusanu of the West Rldmg of Yorkshire 1558- 1790. Proc. ')1 Ihe Lee(J$ Philosophical ~nd Litera ry Society. vol. x. pt. vi. Leeds. 1963. Aveling. Dam Hugh. Post Rdormatioll Catholicism ill EJst Yorks/lire 1588- 1190. E"st YOIksh" ... Local H,story S"'rles No. 11 Blundell. Dam F O. Old Catholic L ancaShire. Burns and Dales. London. 1925 Caraman. Ph,ltp. The Other Foce. Longmans Green. London. 1962 Cliffe. J T. The Yorkshire Gentry /603- /642. Univer~ity 01 London HistOrical Sludies. Athlone Press. 1969 Fea. Allan. S(!cre1 ChamlJws,lIld Hidmg Plilce5. R ichards Pre-ss. London 1923 Gillow, Joseph. ed, View of the County of Lancashire. Catholic Trulh Socrety, lB70 Hawarrl. Winifred I, Secret Rooms of North West England. Dalesrnan Press. Claphilm (Yorkshire). 1964. Haward. Win,fred I. Hide or Hallg. Dalesm~n Press. Clapham !Yorkshire). 1966 Peacock. Edward. ed. A L is t of 11m Roman C,l/holics in the County of York in /604. John Camden. London. 1872 Squiers. Granville. Se<;ret Hiding Places. SI.1nley Paul. london. 1933. Stonor. Fr R J. Livl!rpool's Hldd~'n Story. Bi,chley Hal! Press. 1958 Officral guide bookS· Chingle Hall. Goosnargh; Salmesbury Hall. lanes; Smilhells Hall, BOlton; Speke Hall. LiverpOol; Towneley Hall. Burnley; etc. 16 Some Dutch Proverbs and their Provenance G Newton Recently I had occasion, in connection with a chapter I was writing for a book about the Netherlands, to carry out an analysis of the Dutch proverbs contained in F A Stoctt's Nederlandse Spreellwoordcn en Cezegden (" Dutch Proverbs and Sayings", Thieme and Company, Zutphen, 1902, two volumes. abridged to one volume by C Kruyskamp, Zutphen, 81953), the results of which may perhaps help to give some insight into the Dutch attitudes behind them. An analysi5 of this nature has of course already been conditioned to some extent by StaeLL's (and Kruyskamp's) o wn editorial choice and any arrangement of the proverbs into categories can only be somewhat subjective. Necessarily, there is also a large wastage insofar as many proverbs are simply folk wisdom, quite often antithetical, which often go beyond national boundaries and defy categoriza tion anyway. Nevertheless, some valid points can perhaps be made, on the fairly simple method ology of producing category percentages of the total number of proverbs present in the collection. This, in my case, was done by means of a Prinztronic C35 transistorized calculator, correct to three deci mal places. First of all, there ,vas a non-unifiable category, of 29.205 per cent, which contained material as widely divergent, and generall y as unassessable as the following, I the numbers refer to Kruyskamp's ed ition I : (260) l!ct op zijn dah knjgen "get it on one's roof", 'to come in for a lot of trouble', possibly a reference to hail on the roof; (258) hom aall l1Iijll gmelle zij "come to my green side", said by a man inviting a woman to sit pleasantl y by him, the side originally meant is unknown, but presumed to be the heart-side; (699) lIet Ilind met het bad water weggooien "throw out the bahy with thp bathwatf'r"; (856) Daar helpl gcen iievemoederen aan "no 'dear mother'-ing is any usp", of a situation wh('re flattery or appealing to friendship will not help; (1561) lets in de wind slaG" " kn o(; k something into the wind", 'throw something to the winds'; (1576) E'en goed woord uindt eell goedc plaats " a good word finds a good place", 'kind words are well-received '. One could perhaps force categories, such as "folk-wisdoms", like (151) Nieuwe bezems vcgen schoon, "new brooms sweep dean"; (11 5) Me n moet zijll bed malwn zoals men slapen wil, "one must make one's bed as one would sleep (in it)"; (152) bezilll eer gij begint "refl ect before you begin", 'look before you leap'; or "straight compari sons", such as (161) veral1 17 Thl:' largl:'st group below this, with, howl:'ver. less than half thp frequency, comprised terms USNl originally in su{; h trades as bakery: (98) !.ioor (/(0 /)ahhcr zljn .. to be for the bUkt'r", 'r~ady'; (303) III iets (/oorlm('('d Zljll . ·'tu hl' weii·knt'udpd in su nH'thing" ·wplI·verspd in a subject'; (J 011) Lefl oll/wlmohl plan "an uncuokt'd pbn". 'half·haked plan'; bJacksmithying: (2) allijd 01' hetzel/de uanbedd hUIII('rcll. "always lwat on till' sanw Quotations from literatufl' in gelH'ral gave ;),299 pf'r v('nL and within this cati'gury ilsf'lf, :J(-i,95 per cpnl were from Gf(·ek. 26,08 pt'r cent from Latin, 1;3 ,10 pPr vpnt from LJutch, 6,51 from German, 5,434 each from French and English, :3,2,15 from Italian, and 1.075 per cent each from Spanish, Danish and Arabic, English literaturt' actually cuv('fed no more than four quotations: Baeoll: (fiR5) 1\f'llni8 Is mach(, "knowlpdgf' is pO\\,l'r", from tlw Meditatiolu's Sacral'; (13(:;la) Tljd Is !t('ld, "til\\p is money", in tllp intf'r])ft't;ltion of l3t'(ljamin Fran klin: Johnson. hy way of B05wPI1: (15~10) /Jf' /lI1'!! Iwa/, de hel i8 gl'plal'('ld 11/('/ #oclI(' VO()I'Il(,II1CIl,~, "till' way to Hpll is paved wilh good intentions"; and ,\mericatl journa!1'st' of 1 ~1;3 · 1: (1293) Staat8!'ijand No 1. "Public E,wmy No, 1" of Dillingpl'. .\nglo·,\nwrican litpralure has made less of an impact on Dutt:h than has ,\nglo·Amprican t('chnologi{;al vocahulary, The largest group below this, at 4.896 p('r 1'('Hi, t'omprispd. perhaps significantly, nautical and shipbuilding terms, Fishing terms werp pXl'iuded and brought by ml' into tlw group of "tr3dl's" above, If they had been induded in the nautical group, t.he overall pen.:C'ntagl' would havl' l1el'n about six, Examples of nautit:al terms arp: (558) !let flOc/lje VIII zijll, "be round the corner" where hoek (diminutive IlOellje), refers to a corner of land, a spit (c,L l'look of Holland), that is, 'to be out of sight of tlH' harbour' = 'dpad'; (606) slerh vall il1hout ZIJI1 , "be strong of il1l1olll", where inhoHl means "ship's inner (;onstructional timbers", 'have a strong constitution '; (805) lemalld de volle laag gevel1, "give someonp the full laag", where [aag is the collective term for all the guns on one side of a ship, 'give someone a broadside', A group {;on{;erning animal lore came next at 4,800 per cent : (571) Van het IlOndje gebelen zi}ll, "be bitten by the dog", 'to be conceited'; (572) Hi} heeft er een hondje zien geselen, "he's seen 18 a dog being whipped there", used of someone who suddenly jumps up out of his seat, and perhaps runs off I hOlldje could be a manifestation of the devilJ ; (672) De Kat Hit de boom bjlwn , "stare the cat out of the tree", again a reference to dogs and their habits of chasing (;ats up trees and wa iting till they come down again, 'bide one's time, await. one's opportunity'; (735) Men han niet welcn hoe eell Iwe cen haas uangt, "one cannot know how a cow caLches a hare", 'how the lIH'xplicabJc occurs' (Stoell mentions the II1cviLable colouring of the Dul<:h mind by this proverb, and the fact. that a 19th century newspaper actually reported its having happened I· The animal lore ~roup was followed at 4.435 per cent by refcrel1l.:cs to obsolete traditions, such as (877) het loodje moeten leggen, "having to put down t he bit of lead ", whC' re the phrase refers to the passing in the 17th century of a lead token as earnest moncy, and is equivalent to 'paying the piper'; also (1297) lcmalld op de stang rijden, "to ride someone on the stang" , where stang is a pole or rod, 'to keep dose wal(:h on someone, I;.eep someone's nose to the grindstone': the phrase bears a marked similarity to the OI1C used of an 18th century and carlier north-cast Cheshire (:ustom of riding adulterers out of the village on a greased pole, "riding the stang". \Vdl helow these, ;n the area of two per cent. military terms un d those drawn from food and drink stand equal at 2.987 per ccnt: (1078) lemalld Zijll paspoorl gevell, "give someone his furlough", 1wlwre I: uriously fur/ollgll is Itself a horrowing from Dutch verlof, "leave"l, 'send someone pac king, give them the brush-off': (122·1) bllitell schol bli}velJ, "keep out of shot" , 'oui of danger': (918) Vccl III de //Jcll. Ie bro!du!/e/! hebben, "have a lot to crumble into one's milk", 'have a lot to say for one's self': (948) A1o.~t c/'d 110 de moaitijd, "mustard after the meal", 'the later supply of something whi(:h at one time was of crucial importance, but now no longer is ' : (1017) iemalld ollgczoulcl1 iets ;::e~gen, "tpll someone something unsaltedly", 'tell them :-,t raight out, make no bones about it'. Items from commerc:.:ial li fc give 2..119 per cent: (~J61 ) lets UOOl' goede /lwlll op"emen, "take something up for good coin", to be credulous, 'take anything in'; ( 1000) NIII up het request hrijgell, "g('t zero on the letier of request", 'get no for an answer'; (1038) opgc/d duell, "do agio", providp an excess of money by changing had and good currency, 'be wry popular' A category coneerning the deceptiveness of appearances came next, such as: (35) Ene/will ('ell odde/' ill 'I gms, "there's an adder hidlllg in the grass"; (157) /J el is cell /JllJllelwellel', "it's an 'inside·fatter' ", ".lsed of people who aPlx'ur to bf' stupid, but are quite the opposite, where bilJllclweller refers to al1lmals like the rabbit. which appear skinny, l)Ut when butchered give substantial amounts of meat. This category accounted for 2.304 per cent. Below 2.304 per cent came "sport", mainly gambling and the Dutch game of !wlf, a sllppos('d antecedent of golf, and historical referenCl's, both rated equally at 2.188, Examples of this latter type are (1134) Van de prtllS peeli hwaad wctell, "admit no evil of thf' Princ(''' (\Villiam of Orange). "be blind to so meone's faults'; (891) M et de Prins OUi'/' de Maas geweest zijn, "to have been with the Prince over the j.... laas". 'to be extrpmely exp('rienced, a man o f the world', where the reference is to William the Silent's brilliant ('fossing of that river in 1568. r-. lany minor categories came below this, tlw largest being law terminology (.1.670 per ccnt): (582) 'Fc hooi ell Ie gras, "at hay and at grass", 'at irregular Linlf's' , a reference to the law courts whi(:h sat in the ('arly summer (hay time) and April (grasstime); (6,10) /l>mand aall de> haoh stellen, "put someone on the pillory", "wash someone's dirty linen in public', where haa!~ is a vNy old word for modern Dut.ch sc/lOlldpaal. Folk-medicine had 1.094 per cent: (794) D aor is gecll Imlid voo/' gcwassell, "No herb is grown for that", 'there's no help for that'; (816) l ets up ZiJl1 lever hcbbell, "have something on one's liver", 'on one's ('onsdenl'e'. Agrit:ulture, 1.036 per cent. : (527a) tatc havcr homl Ooll aI', '"laic oat.s also grow", 'late starters can also do well'; (798) E."ell Ilrlliwagell hcbben, "have a whl'elbarrow" , 'have influential friends'. The arts, 0.921 per cent: (7 50) leis met een zwarle hool aftelwnc/!, "draw something with a black charcoa)", 'paint some- 19 thing black': (.sO l ) l\let hl/Ilst- CII v/i('gIN'r/':, " with IW/l slw('rI~ and flying ropes" , wllC're 1(//lIljlwerl~ in 1 7th century lIsagl' upnotf'd "s{'('Il('ry'~ 'with all tl)(' stops out', J\'locking of bumpkins etc .. O.H21 pN cent: (SOOa) /.0 !'I"fw#IIIH'1l elf' /)(wrclt de I Curiously. ilwre wprC' only two r('[('fences throughuut the entin' work to dik('s and tlwir building. which is quite surprising in vip\\, of till' larg<' amount of nautical tf'rminology. Whether 0111' ('ould, on til(' rpsults of a survpy likc' this, postulate any Duich linguistic 1I' c/lan~d/(lIl11l/f.! is doubtful. Ilowever, it doC's point out ('prtain an'as which h LORE AND LANGUAGE VOLUM E II From t he first issue of Volume II , Lor(' and /,(IIlgllag(' will appear in a new formaL. This is to conform with the metric standardisation of pappr sizl's, The new format will hl' o f A5 size and this will enabl(' us to produce a 72·pagC' journal with a card COVN. Til(' layout of t he material will be similar to that of Volumlo' I and WI:' hope that our rC'adrrs wil! welcome this change to a standard format. T he ullprecedpnted incrf'a~e in the costs of papN and printing inevitably mean thal tl1l' subs<.:r iption to Lor(' and /'(JII{flwge must 1)(' raised . As from Volump I I No.1 tIl(' annual su bscr iption will be £1 (i.e. for two numbers), separate issues 50p eaeh. The subscription and individual issue price will include seconu class postage in the U K and surface mail abroad. New subscription forms for Volume II will be enclosed in Volume I, Nos. 9 and 10 . 20 Reviews In this country at least. falklof£' is still a subject which is generally misiniprprctpd - the pedant, peasant and penny-farthing image acquirf'd in the nin eteenth century enjoying a durability beyond the dreams of advertising executives. Thus. the J{ evicws section of I,ore Qlld Language offers not only a critical ass('ssnwnt of works dass('d as "folklore" by publishers, but also of any o ther book with possiblf' bearing on the subjcc:t-mattcr of folklore as defined by folklorists and of the whole ran ge of language and cullural tradition. Books which present alternative methodologies and approaches in fields fplated to these suhjccls arC' also welcomed for review. GEORGINA SMI T II Reviews Editor NEWALL, Venet'd, ed .• Tile Witch Figure, Folklore Essays by ~ G.oup of Sc h ol~rs in England honounng the 75th B,rthday of K~lha"ne M B.iggs, london, Roulledge, 1973, >< ,il, 239pp, Kathij " ne M B"4qs oS anI! of 1he foremost British tolklole st:hola,s, and thos volume, In honour at her seventy-filth bIrthday, pays homage 10 he. aehoevemenls w.lh a serIes of e> JOHNSON, J S, The N.lqars of RU/lsWlck B<;v. Youlg.ave, De.byshue, Hub Publications, 19 73, 190pp. ThiS collpctlon at person,,' rem,noscences from Runsw,ck Bay, East YOI ksh,re, as mca"ed by Mr Joh"$On who WilS born there ,n 1911, presents a very ,eal p>clure of lIoI l"elc Iole, M, Johnson has an Jm3lon'l knack 01 ,ecold,ng (ocal incidents a nd personalolles typiCill at Runswock and the rearler soon teels that he knows the place almoSt Ioke a natove. Here we halle the n,cknamps or "byname5" - ond M. Johnson homselt has the bynilrne "Jilller" - fasc,nating ",formallon on calendar customs such as New Year "shouling", C",ling Sunday, P,ece say"'g Sunday ami many others. Tlu"", 100, there are dctaols of choldlen's lolklole ",eludi ng "S tick day" when wood was gathered, nOI to menlion detad, 01 the annual pheilsant shoot and ot tocal wedd,ngs and luneralS Mr Johnson frequenlly quotes local saY"'g> ilnd uses d,alect wo,ds '" a sc"'o phonet,c spellmg, and $Orne of these :erms a re added In il glossa ry ~1 the i'nd of the hook The style ,s ratlle, eplsod,c ilnd the shnn pa'agraphs tend to ,ml)ede the 1I0w at the na"Ollve. Occasoonal spell'''g m,stakes dnd m,sp> 21 TlBBLE, Anne, Greenhorn: 4 TWf.'Il/IeI/J ·CenfUrV Cllild/Jood, London, Routledge, 1973, 126pp M r ~ Tibbl e!~ plobably be~t known a~ ~n authorIty on John Cl are, 1 poet whom she and her husband have done much to make beller known, She was born and brought up at Rounton G,angc, Ihe remote Ch,veland eSli1 te 01 a mlllion;;",e balOnm to whom hm lalhe, was coachman. Hille. III an appelll",y book t:ompletely free hom serumenlalrly. she Ie lis 01 hel childhood dU llnq Ihe ew Iy years 0 1 the cen tury, '1ers was evidently a c losely-knIt family , and although we hea, compa,atlvely lIttle ,,( t he peopk 01 East Rounton, Ihe m~ad)y vllli,KJe, :he ch;lr;lc ters of her mUlher and 01 her h rghly IndiVldualrStlC father are sklilully ano lovingly drawn Th"s ~ imen'sled rn lolklo'e a nd In counl,y superSlitlons wi ll lind a ')000 dea l of inlC,est in Ih,s book. and all will enlOY the pictule which il gIves of childhood "' J ,emole VIII;l'je where Ihe old customs Hill CO"I",,,~llmo Ihe twen""lh c\!mUly. The only critlt:lsm 01 lhe Irook 'S Ih;lt rl could well have been longe" we take leave 01 Mrs TIbbie at he, secondary Khool alter having endured Ihe ri!)Ours 01 whal docs not "ppe;l' 10 have heen a very good VIllage sr.hool. nnd" leaves the lead", wanTlny 10 know what happened later. As ,t is wecan only hope lor a lurthe. volume ot these leminlscences R M Wi l50n RAZZELL, P E, ClOd R W WAINWR IGHT, ens., The View""" Wo,kmg CiJs\, SeleCllons from Lellers to the Mor no ng Chronicle, London, Cass, 19 73, xlii, 338pp Itom them has been made and apr>ears II) thrs volum!!, alun\) wdh ~n ,nlroduclIon ily each 01 the ed,to,s and an ~pper)di w qiv rn'l a complele IrSt 01 Ih ~ artrdes;ls they ;lppe,lred in Ihe neWsp(lper. The book wdl be <>1 consl TOLLER, J, COU/H,V Furmture, l\Iewton Abbol, Oav.d and Cha rl es, 1973, 176pp. Th,s is" well-,nfo,med little hook, w"tten !r0m long ewpc, rence In Ihe antIque trJd~, on the CI;lSS,f'C HOWE, B, Antiques 'mm til" V,ew",-", flo"".. London, gatsl o.d, 1973, 232pp. 388 illustratIons. Tasl!!s rn deco.ativc style ch~OIle and if not all the ploducts at OUt V,CIOrrJn ance~tofS can be "~'Sl hetically lust,fled, sufJrcient years have p"ssed 101 uS 10 le!'1 the nosl~lq . c chium and sometl,nc5 to d'Kove' unsuspected beauty m the'r lellcs. 6ewareof Ih,s .ead"hle hook II you have nOI yet been b'tlen by thet:olleClln!1 hU!I, for Bea Howe w,lIes 101 ~nyone rnte,ested ,n the pc"od and WIth a sense o! Ihe true pleasu.e gIven by antIques - rnvolvement and unde,standmq counl more Ih"n acqulsq,on and m,uket value. There IS rnformatlon on draw.ng 100m "al!". obscu.e pallou. I""ft~ and mass plOduct'd artefJC1S. lishscJle embroidery 10 lairground v"scs. Traci"'l1he 0"91OS and 50cial context 01 " lash,on, the,e ~,e apt qUOlal,ons from S" Charte~ Easllak,>, Mrs Haweis and olher arbilers of ViCloriJn liJ5le, " nd thell' ilre refe,ences to mo,e 'ecent speclali~l wo,ks. On Ihe SIde, om' mighl he persuaded 10 look again "nd with a new eye 10 some 01 the Viclor 'an oUlhors - say Mrs GaskH l1 Of Ch<"les Kingsley IIlustralions are lrom per-iod engr;lVrngs Or modern photog,aph5: a le w pa(les In colour wo uld h;l ve ","de In,s" mOre att,active buy Michael Stone 22 WEST, A Wand 0 B, Adink,ra Sym/w/s. London, Bene Books, 1973, "ix, 32pp. Th,s work from the Bene Books private press contains a cOllection of SIxty-lour ,lh,Jslfations 01 designs punted o n Adinkir3 clothS fro m the Ashnnl; Kingdom in Ghana. These clO1hs, usually assocIated with mourning, are made 01 conan , cOloured brOwn or white, nnd Ihen slampeU with a selection of Iradillonal patterns. Each design has a spec,flc name and represents either PSSmlth NASH. W, OIJf Ex/x..,re"ce of Limgu Ot hooks on lilnqua N F Blake WAKE lIN, M F, ed. Pal!erns III lire Folk Speech of Ihl.' 811/J$1, Is/I.'s, london, Alhlone P.ess, 1972, 204p p. ThIS book contams Jl.ne ,'U!hOllIOllve ess"ys on v,,"ous aspects 01 d l"lec1. all of whIch Ihe dl"lec\Olog,sl WIll "nd of conSIderable value. Mo.eove,. foUl of them 01 leasl WIll havea 'jOod deal 10 olfer to the local h,Slor.an. J V Mather uses bOlh Irn!fUISI 'C and non.lm'lu,sllC eVIdence to throw I"Jhl on Ihe tr au",on,,1 d,rll net f,shery of Ihe easl coaSI of Scolland, wh.le Pete. W"ght's "Coal Mlnmq L""!fu,) BE RGERSON, H W, p"lmrlromps ,md An;.gr,JlIIS, New Yo.k, Dove. Pubfrcatlons, 1973, ~'" t 1301"'· Those who do crosswords Wlilluo fam,I'ar With anagrams. palrnd.omes a.e words or senlenLes whIch read the same back wards, such as"A man, a plan, a can"I, Panama" WhIle there IS lottIe scope III developmq the on;)(Jr;lITl, rn th.s book Ihe COnCepl 01 palmd,o"'e IS exlenlled to phonemes and 10 poems whIch .ead "I ,kc b"ckwa.ds ..md fOlwa.ds. ellhe. lone by IlIle Or word by word These arc essentIally garnes of Ihe wnuen worr!, ~nd to my toste they have !rIlle of the e ~Clteml.'nl or SU!lgesliveness assocIated wllh oral wordplay as In puns 0' "ddles. The buok is lTl<,de up prrm;ljl;rlly o f e~Jnrples. there 's nothrn~ til It of I,nguistrc, historical 01 even cultural 11lI eleSI. Those who a'e o!reildy "lrclOllados WIll enlOY II; uther~ ale hl.!t1e. advlsL>d 10 Ulve II a mIss. N F Blake BRADY, Frank , J PALMER and M PRICE, eds. L,wrarv TheQ'V.7tld S/lIJCllJre, New Haven and London, Vale Unive rsily Pr ess, 1973,429pp Th,s book COnTOtllS a cot!eCllon o f essays w"n en 10 celebrale Ihe slxly·"hh bIrThday of W,lIlam K W,msall, whose wo.k on !rterary theory a nd the 1)01 trail S 01 Pope 15 well known. The essays fall Im o IwO catego. les, one COJlSIS llfl!J 01 invesllgations 23 in to variou~ asp(!C1$ 01 the theory of literature and the other of es:;ays on particular aspects 01 literary problems. T he to ne of many of t he a rt icles in the first section is detensive, for after m~ny years of the practice 01 IIter(lf y cnticism t here is still no accepted philosophIc 01 aesthe10c basIs on whIch a practitIoner can support hl~ e ~ eyes i s . Several o f the essays attemp t 10 lind such a baSIS and in tlus bUIld on the work 01 Wimsil11. Olhen deal wIth widel aspecls 01 literature. Thus Alv", B Kernan suggeSts that sil,ire milY br' an attempt by man 10 direct his agq resslve tendencies ",\0 an acceptable cultural outlet so that they can be conta ined and managed wilhout detrimenl 10 Ihe hUffi T he reader will lind more stlmul;ltlon m Ihe essays devoted to palt icular literary problems. These Vilry from a consideration 01 enjambement to an investigatIon of the work 01 Wilililce Stevens, thouqh Ihe bulk of them deill wl1h IOpics ,n Ihe eIghteenth and twentieth centuries, JS IS only to be e~p(!Cled sInce these ayes are the DnM WIth which WImsat t is himsl)lf most closl)ly HORDEN, J, ed. Annual Blb/iograplly uf t'nglisli L"'9uage and L'/I!r;I/UfP for 7971, Vo l. 46, london, Mode.n Hu manities Researc h Asso ciatI o n , 1973, 797pp. At a !line when the plethola of IIcademic publicatIons m~kes ,t e~tremely diffICult 10 tr~ck down mOSI, let alone all, publlcatlon~ relevant 10 om's interests, lhls bIbliographIcal SerWS IS of par!lcul~r importance. Ranq"'g over 11101 fields of bIbliography, bioglaphy, English language. pho netics and phonology, le~Icography, gramm,,,, vocabulilrY, sy nt a~, orthography, punctuatIon and EngliSh li terature I,om Old English to the present d"y, the volumes In thIS serws '''P- an invalu"ble referl)nce sOUlcl'.Although it IS "'evllable thaI some Items escJp(lthe rwt, the coverage is rem.l'kably comprehenSIve and takes nO\l), fa. e~ample, of articlcs In kindred dIsciplines whIch have a be;]rlnlj on Enogllsh language and lI1eril\lIre. Ml)ticulousty reSl)archoo, listed and md{)~l' DAMON, S Fo ster, A BI,J/(" DICIIOIJary, london, Thames and Hudson, 1973, 460pp + ~II illus. A dIctionary IS an alphabetical alranyClIlenr o f the words III " lan(1Ua91) which are then glossed Fo' th.s book 'dIctionary' IS perhapS a wrong lerm since although some references are given Iltlel explanations, othe's are ill)ill{)d lit length in ttw manner 01 encyclopaedias. The IJoim IS wo,th rn.lklng, for some rCllders may mlslmderstand the n~1Ure of thIS book , wtllch is to providfl e~planatlons 01 the various strands of Blake's philosophy. This Involves comrnenllng on Ihe v""ous people and places mentIoned in Blake's \I\IIilings "s we+! as expl~lning the images and COnCl)pts germane to his symbolism. S,nce thIS IS the teatureol hIS writings which many hnd puzzling, :hls book Should help readers 10 corne 10 terms WIth ~omc poems. In some ways, therefore, it dupllc<1tes the notes of a good e<;lllion, Ihough it IS natur"lIy mOfe comprehenSIve. As a rule the beglnne, would probably be adVIsed to Steer clear of this book since It m.w only help 10 confuS(! him. It is much hetter SUIted to those who already have some familiarity WIth Blake's poems, for It presents a great deal of Informal Ion in a succinct and accessible way. In VI~'\I\I of the difficulties in readIng Blake this hook,s a weicomeaddition to Blake scholarshIp and Should prove a help and" comfort to marlY N F Bla ke COST NE R, H l, ed . Soci%gical Methodology 7972, San FranCIsco/Washington/london , Jo ssey.Bass, 1972, 2 1Bpp. DICKINSON, G C, Statistlca/ Mapping and thc Pres"ntation of SlaIlSfic;, 2nd ed., l o n don, Edward ArnOld , 1973, 19 4pp. Anyone who unde,t<1kesany formol empnicallnvl)stlq.1110n is confronted wllh IwO, often I!!noreO, problems. first. how to process and 24 The presentation of results from empirical research is admirably dealt with in Dickinson's Sla/istical Mapping and Presentation of SlatiHies_ Wrth The growth In Thrs country of large archives concerned with folklore and language, and a swing from macro to micro studies in these fields, it is becoming more a question o f what data to leave OUI of a study than wha t to include. With this in mmd Dickinson·s volume should enable the researcher to indude more information in his study by making the most of sorting and ordering a mass of data that has to be presented to show pattern and relationsh'p, rather than isolated events. T he book cov<:rs every aspect of presentation, from simple graphs and h"r charts !O comple)( computer mapping and can be highly recommended as being one of the most useful, and for that matteI, at £1 .95 paperback, one of the cheapesf volumes deilling wtth this subject, available IOday. PS Smith de VRIES, L, H,story as HOI News 1865·1897, London, John Murray, 1913, 160pp RI CKARDS, M, Tile Public Norice, Newton Abbo t, David 8. Charles, 1913, 128pp, Arr to! Comme,Cf.', Londonlllkley, Scolar Press, 1913, 352pp. Folklorists and lingUIsTs nowadays me Tenning to caST lheir nets fUrTher and fUrTher afield, searchIng for sources of information to ohTaln J greater underStandIng of lhe everyday socia! Influences aCling on Inform Hlsrory <15 Hnr News 'eprtt1ts iI selecllon of eXTracts from "The IliuSTr~Ted London News" and "The Graphic". It covers a WIde varIety of toP'CS from lhe somewhat "ivial "~Shooting in WeSt Africa" {p_141110 the more important social and political issues of rhe day - "The Franco Prussian War" lp.261, "The East London Hospital for Children" (pp_ 84,88) and "The Opening of the SUf'~ Canal". The use of "Hot News" in the title is perhaps unfortunate in this instance, not in the sens.e th~t the volume is not concerned with the mo,e imporTant events of The lime, which II undoubtedly IS, bUT Ihattoday's .. eaders WIll perhaps find It dIfficult 10 equate our perceptIon of the reportIng 01 "Hot News" and the accompanying "action" photographs which we are used to nowaduys, WiTh whaT could be termed lhe ",mprt'Ssionisltc" eng,avmgs of events alter their occurrence with which the journal ,eaders of the nlneleemh cemury were pre!;f'nTed. This "reconstructIon effect" exhlhiTed in the pictures begs the questIon O,d the a",st ever ,1clually sec the event or is he work,ng from thi'd or fourth h~nd accounts? Perhaps the same question could be Hsked aboul some of Ille te)(t. With this in mlfld lhe value and usefulness 01 the illustrations as documentary sources could be questIoned Howeve, > wllat we ale p,esented WIth in these rc.::onsl,uctions IS an inSight into nineteenth century artists and the attitudes uf Iherr SOCIal groups, or aT least the aTttludes whIch They WIsh to make known. TIm volume could therefore be cons,de,ed as a co ll ect'on o f popular attitudes of tile day, some mOle e)(treme than others. For example, the Illustration "Sport ,n Ceylon - Shooting a Man-EatIng Crocodile" (p.130) show> the hunter using a native child tied by a rope to a tree as b~it. How Clmen\ this ",acist" alTitude was is dIfficult to ascer tarn, hut" IS nO ! difficult to judge !he outcry that such an action, or even Its sU[JgeSt lon, would p'oduce todilY_ We mUST, however, not ignore the f 25 "------With such a volume as A rt for Commerce, a recent rep rint by Scalar Press, one could perha~ wonder whal market such a book was aimed a t . On the lace 01 il a reprint 01 Ihe slack book of illustrat,ve designs olfered 10 customers by Ihe BrIStol prll1ters, E S & A RobInson at the end of the nmeleenth ce ntulY would appear to have II"le value other than as a coffee table book. The v~lue 01 such ~ reprint, howevel, is pe,haps In the lact thai the book IS a compendIum 01 IlIuslfal lons of V,cto"an Itle slyies. tastes In desIgn and altItudes towards commelce, and therelore 01 g,eat ImpOf\ance 10 anyone Inlelested In the socIal. cultural or economic h,story of thIS perrod. The concise foreword is ,n two sect Ions. the I,rs! dealtng w,th Ihe form of Robinson. and Ihe second with the siock books themselves, therr purpose and Ihe orig,n ollhe deSIgns. and both Illustrated sectIons are mOSt mformatlve. The v,lrlety 01 the illUStrations exhIbIted In the stock book IS qu,te sUlpllsmg. II ranges from IIiUSTr(lIed VIews 01 contemporary buildmgs and machines, to ind,vldual merchants' des'gns lor paper bags and packagIng, and dluStrat,ons of folk tales. probably for "'clUSion in chapbooks and cheap IlIelallJre. For example, thele ale pl,lIes to Illustrate the slory of Clnder..,lIa and the Glass Slipper. All laid "'S a splendid volume, though whether the ",divl(lual WIll he prepared to pay £8.00 to pUrCh3$e a copy w,1I probably depend on hIS Of her "'terest and use of such a book f IElER. fran k B. The David McCandless McKel/ Col/ecllol" A DeScrrpllye Cala/oyof Mart(Jscrrpl s, Early P"'"t'{J BaoAs, .md Children's Books, Bost o n, G K Ha ll, 1973 , 243pp. One of the constant prohlems laced by researchers IS the gal""''1 01 access to InformatIon held", speclJI colleCtIons", Ilh""les bOTh ,n Eno:Jland and abrood. Thelefole the present InCrease In prlnt~d catalogues 10 such collect,ons .5 greatly welcomed. One recent work 01 partIcular note IS the Oescllptlve CatalOtJ 01 Manuscllpls, Eiuly Printed Books and Children's Books In Ihe DaVId McCandless McKell ColI~ctlon held by lhe Ross County H, slo' ,cal SocIety. OhIO. It IS 01 pal tl~ula. IntereSt 10 sludenlS of Inlklmfl ,n that out 01 the 2324 descrlpllVe enl"es a large proport Ion conSIStS 01 narratIve mater ial thai h~s Since IJ;JSsed Into or,ll t,,,d,tlon and it is extlemely uselullO be able 10 locate the wheteabouts of early Il'rnlL'd edItIons o f these tales. lIkewise the stuuent 01 language. and lor that rnaller. the educalionalrst, w,1I frnd much of ,nterest In that the ColleCTIon also holds a conSIderable collection of eady chddren's le~tbooks. It IS, however. peth.lpS unfmlun,lIe that the volum!' does nOl com ... ,n" bellet subtect Imlex. the bulk of 11 LJf)lng lrufexed uflder typeol book, I e 'Novelty Books'. rather thnn by content of ti,e volumes PSSmlth YEATS, W B, ed., Farry ,md Folk Tales of Ire/;md, Gerr ards Cross, Co lr n Smythe. 19 73. 3B9pp. S T EEL, F A, Tilles of the PUr/bIb. l o ndo n, Bodley Head . 19 73, 310pp. Allempts tu combonfl yenelal InteteSI with scholarshIp ", folk lore ralely produce halanced books - the usual resu ll IS ~ collc~tlon o f anl'Cdotes ,rnd "'accw,",c'es or desperale strlvln!)s on the I""t of Ihe a uthor to expl.un thUI the hloken urn mottl on Ashantl funera l chants is fUN. The ed,tors of F,IIFY and Folk Tales of h eland and Tales of the PUnlab, however. altholH]h thelf appr();.. ; ht!s to thelf SUbJ(l(:l dIffered. succlwer:1 ,n makIng J colle~110nol S10nes which are b oth entettJln,ng and to a large eKtent tepreSl'ntil \lveof many facets of Hadltlonal narratIve In his IntroductIon to Fdrry .1I,d Folk Tales of the In.h Pe"S,'r1/rV (now publrshed WIth I"sh F""y T"lt's as Farrv ""d Folk T,'les of lrelimdl. W B Veilu wron, Ihatthfl colleclors 01 hish folklore had not tabulated their tales scientrf,cally lIke ""racers' bIllS". but had "m3 A "wncl.'rs· hd!"' dPproach 10 folk!"le IS not necessarily IIml1e 26 lin!e to Ihe book. bUllhis IS Ihe on!y dlawback in wh~t is olherwlse a thoroughty admirable cont"bu1lon to the m3te"31 avariable to Ihose who read lolkloles lor sludy o r enioyment . GSmlth SHAH, A. Folk Tale5 o lCenfral A sia, London, Octagon Prl!'Sl!, 1910. 148pp AmIJl;) Shah tell5 uS thaI Ihe wles contaIned in Folk Tales 01 Gen/ral Asra have been collecled from "the oraluad,l,on 01 Central ASIa. from Ihe people 01 Bokhar~. I(horassan, Samarkand, Tashkent, Herat. K"bul and Kandahar ilroml dervIshes III lea' houst'S, (andl shuphe,ds all Ihe 10l1ely sleppes" Unlonunately. she Inris 10 specily, even In an appel1dl". who has collected whal. Iromwhom;:rnd whe.e The tales ;:r,e enleflomlng enough. 31 1hough moslly of simolar tVpe, and it st'Cms a pIt V Ihal 3 w,del spectrum 01 stories was not used. Thus. ,n sp,te of Ihe ch;:rrm of 'ndlvldu31 stories ;:rnd the more Ih;:rn usu311y e"olic Glossal v, Ihe ma,n Impression lell by the book IS nOI so much 01 lolk tales collectt'<.lf,om shepherds on Ihe Sleppes O! Tashkent leahouses as calefullv conSlrucled storIes 01 magIc for Ihe consumpllon of 4u'el choldren wllh clean hiJmls. GSm,l h UNDERWOOD, P, A G,uf!rw//r of SCOIIIS/r alld IflSh GIWSlS, London. Souvenl' Press, 1913, 252pp. ThIS comp.mlon 10 Peter Undelwood's p,evlous volumeon B"l,sh GhOSIS, A Ga.'elteer of Scorl/sh and /,,$h GlwSls does iUSI what It selS out to do prOVIde 3n alphabetlcallist"'9, I.V order 01 10cahlV. ot ghost ly happen,ngs In Scolland and I.eland. We Should nlll from Ih,s inler Ih~tlhes" happenIngs are olilaclual. M. Underwood makes Ihe ,Jo int Ih3lth,s Isa selectIon Irom bolh trad,tlonallales at ghosls and well documenled ",stances 01 such phenomena. Although Ihe ent"es themselves a.e very concise Ihe value ot Ihe volume could have been conSIderably "'creased If the aU lho, had prOVIded details of the sourceS of ,nformat'On Imtheentlles P SSmilh BACHMANN, M and C HANSMANN, Dolls Ihl.' Wide World Over, London. Harra p . 1973, 204pp. Th,S I~"esl book by U, Manlr~..:j Bachmann purpo'IS 10 be a hlslorical accou01 01 dollS the WIde world over.!1 IS perhaps unlo.t un;]tl.' thaI 10 Ihe reade, " aPl.oea.s as B ICC HI ERI , 'VI G, ed . Hunwrs and Garhf!rI!rs Tod BURRIDG E, K. Encounrl.'rm9 AIJOrt9111l!S, New York. Pergamon Press. 1973, 260pp. WILSON, P J. C,ab AIlIIC5, New Haven/ London. Yale UP. 1913, 258pp. The torSt at these recenl volumes. HUl1wrs and G..rilerl.'r5 Totby. IS a socIoeconomIC study at eleven such cullUles Ihat have SUIVIVed ,1110 the IWenlieth centul v. The t.'$saYs, based ,n tl1e I.eld of tradlllOnal a01hfopologV, vary Iremendously in scope and rang!! tram Walanabe's hlstonca! reconst'UCI IOn 01 lI1e AInu "Iestyl", 1'110' '0 their chan!jC Iroma lIadlllonal subSIstence pattern 103<)' Icul l ure, 10 pa.llclpanl observal,on fIeld Sludles by Rodgers on Ihe M,stass,ni Cree 01 the Labrado' PenInSula and Damas on Ihe Coppe. Eskimoes 01 NO.lh Ame.,ca. There is an IntereSlll1!)l!!l'dency tor each arlicle to emphasIse a different phenomenon wlthon the cultures and ,n addllion each a!ucte hlghl'ghts whal Iheilulho, conSIders 10 be some 01 the mUSI imponanl facto.s II' the development of the pa.l,cula. culture he 's conce.ned WIth for e""mple. 3erndt Slresses Ihe d"eci bea"l1gol myt h and rilual 011 the social and economIc organrsatlon at I he Walmadlefl and Gugadla '" Notthern AUSlf .. lia ; TIndall, on th", other hand. w,th hIS s ludV o f the Pit)andjara 01 Southe.n Australia, allhough essenllally dealing w1\h Ihe same weSle·n desert cullu re Iype and acknowledging the importance of myth and lltual, emphasises the ,mporTant relallonship between the phySIcal envllonment and Ihecullure'ssoc;alilnd economlcilctivltieS A lter natIve and cflucal views ot 'he anthropolog,sl al his work are p.esenled by Burlldge on £IICOUI1II."lI1g Aboriglm,s and Wrlson's Crab AnticS. Both these studies quesllon the subjeclive bias o f Ihe anlhropologist bOlh in lerms 01 hIS field of Sludy a nd h,s methodology. Burridge is particularly concerned w'lh why Ihe Western EuropeanS c hose to study Ihe AborIgInes and how Ihe socia l and religio us cl!J1k)te Ihal has e",sted in Europe du.ing Ihe evolulion 01 a nthropology as a f'eld 01 Sl udy h as aftected Ihe 27 "UpStalrs,l)ownstairs": V,ctorran and Edw,,,d/iln Esst!x, Vlcwrran 1/ml Edwardian Hampsh"e, V,ctoflan illld Edwardran Edmburgh, London. Batdord, 1973 - three further volumes in the Batslord Se"es from old photographs What a least 01 VIsual h,slory thIS se"es continues to prOVIde, evokmg hom lottie mOre than two Theqeneratlon that came to maturity hefore Ihe f,rst World War IS that especi311y recorrleri In thiS series, ,lnd It IS I",rtlcul"rl~ appropriate to 1001<. I"sl ar Ihe volume on Essex, fo' these years were crUCIal yean 01 ch~nrjl! In 0", a!J"cultural countoes, ye.;'~ Orl the eve oj rhe development of the Internal combustoon engIne, the last years of an unbroken pattern 01 ;r In our lecent LorealJd Lmguagl! review we notIced the B"tsford volurne on Sullolk. The neighhow,ng county 01 Esse~ h~s p'ovlcloo .; I,rstrate selection of photographs and a ,alher mare successfully documenred volume: ST The photographs In Ihe volume, I-famp$hlre, seem to be 01 a sharper reproductIve qual,ty Iha" those ill the volume on Esse ~ perhallS more good (IUahty prrnts were readIl y avaIlable from thIS less remOTe county In Ih,s volume, 100, his lor" seems to move on, for there Isa greater represenratlOn 01 Signs of the times. "rhe Army and N"vy" and Ihe SeaSIde ("Beside th'l Sea") are represenred In a P3rtlculady Edwardian way "nd sectIons on "Transport" and "Towns" reveal Ihe less provlncI"lleel of tl-,e southern county: we have evt!n an 3eroplanet And "PaSII~" now can re<::ord "The ElectriC P'Cture Hail" No. 87. In thiS volume Ihere are many photogfaphs that represent Wells bemle those thaI represent Hardy. Holidays "Bes,de the Sea", Nos. 45-50, seemed 10 achIeve a zenlt h In Ihese ye.lrs. Journeys hy Iram to small coostal resortS, decorous ".trOIlS" alo"y rhe pIer, Ihe pleasure cruise on the paddle steamer - :;ncrowdt"l1 delights all - are well reCilptUled In a small selection 01 pictures, w hI le at "Ryde Pier" No. 44, a clustel of amusement machInes benealh a gas·lamp takes on an arresllngl)ersonality, a chorus 01 characters In a strfkJpper-!.p bUT EdwiHdl,ln reView. Privilege m English soclery IS nowhere more commuously revealed Ihan In our ecfucation system. One need not emphaSIse the dIfference between the "BritIsh School, BaSlngstoke" No. 67, and the college, 69-72, Irnm Winchester, but one may welllXluse 10 no te No. 73 How many 01 our new education,sts, Ilushed WIth the "discovelY" 01 co-educaTron and dO~1Ic cralrs for boys, would have been pr e pared for the P'CtUf e from Booales 19071 The stalus of Edinburgh '"s a capItal crty seems In p"rl 10 delracl Irom Ihe success of this volume. The photO Prepared by Paul Smith, with ass istance from Trevor Bishop, ,Joyce Cook, Irene Cox and John Roper This Inrkx is organisNi in four sl'ctiot1s. The first two arrangpd alphahl'lically by au t hor. giw list.ings of the articles contributed to Lore and rall~lIagl' and tlll' hooks, journals, <"'k. fevit'wc'd. This is fo\!owf'd by a Geographical In(\(':\ . AUTHOR INDEX 2 (6-8) nil) Black Oog III the NOllh CountlY B l own. n",,, 10 (10·14) Bud'Jn. 'J TI", Folk Play, GUlslng, nnd No,the,n Scotland 7 (261 C~wte. E C Tire Hobby Horse IOueIY) Ch ,nesc Reslal"am Sto,y (NoI,,1 9 (201 C.,wlC, to C 5 (11·15) Chiimoe,s, T fu,ther NOles on A"lIobus Soulcakels and mhe, Chest",c Souling Plays 4 (12·141 DcwhIPst, I"" In S"",cl1 of Ihe Wilte,-Woll £ (3-41 Evans, G"OI'Ie Ewall Looe and tile Matellal Culnne Fu''''lIlPouUh, & EI'7aben, "ele' 9116·191 Alk,m T,,,d,I,OoS alld La"!luage ,n Qrl"ansand dw Val de LOlle A 01 il 3 (4-9) Gree", I\, E McCaffery Study IlIlhe VarIation a mi FUnctIon Ballad McCaffery: A Sludy in Ihe V,,"allon and Funcl,on 01 a Ballad P".t II 4 (3·12) G,een, 1\ E 5 (5·11) G,,,,,n, A E McCaffery: A Study IIllhe Vallal,on and FunctIOn 01 a Ballad Pa'i III 5 (1 ~I GIl'lll, Ro, y The Social Conte~t o f TradItional Song: Some NOlI'S o n Collectll1g 61141 G'elq, Hmy PI~ce Legends 9 (7 ·101 G,eiq,llory We H"v" a Poor Old Horse 9 (14-15) Hawa,d, WIIIII,ed I The Wh,te Lady of the Priest-Holes Part I 10 (15 161 H~wald, Wllllfred I The Wh,le lady 01 Ihe Pr lesl-Cioles Part II 2 (1 ·3 ) HEllm, Alex The Uramat 'c Action "'Ihe VIcinity of Sheffield 2 (9 -10) Jel,nkov", MilIa", ChrIstmas ,n Boh"m;a - Traditional and Prll'Sent Day 8 (2£·28) K,lw,n,Willlilm BI:)ckmure - Creator of ProverbS (Now) 1 (8-9) Lest"', Geoff The Usc 01 E~mlng Dialocl GlossarIes In ConnC{;tlon WIth the SheffIeld Survey How Broad was my "u" 9 (3--6 1 6 (12) Telimg the a"es M~",'and, W f 7 (25) M,,,nland, W F Proverbial Saylllgs (Query) Wooding Cusloms (Ouery) 7 (2£) Mongel, G 213-5) M" K"'vie, 00,,,,1<1 Proverbs "nd Proverb Collectmg 10 ( 17·20) NeWlOn, Ge,,,ld Some DUldl P,overbs and Ihe" Proven"ncf! Eggs - Easl'" Food and Folk Belief 3 11-3) N"wall, Venella J 7 (2£ ) Nyman_ Asa Supernal",,,1 Milk -Ste,lI,ny Beings 10,,,!ryl P,eSlon,:vI J, M G S,mll1 & 7 (3 ·5) P S Sn"th S l F Research Proje.::ts · Trad'ilonal D,am~ 3 (12-15) flussell,lan C~rol-S"''l",g III the Sheffield Area 8 (13-25) RuSWlI, Ian A Survey 01 a Chtl SIJJlaS Sing,ny Tradil,on III Soulh Yorksh"e - 1970 10 (3·9) ShIelds, M,ke Dialects 01 NOlth·Easle' n England Ch,nese Restaurant Sto, y (Note) 8 (28) Sho"ocks, Grah:)m 3 ( 15) Smith, :::;"IlIUlnJ Wh,lsunl,de HOllse Visitat ion 8128-29 ) S 'Wlh, :::;eorglna Action son9 "My nmne IS Dinosaur" (Query) Colle<;tlng Mummers' Plays Today 1 (5-8) S"lItl1, Paul S 9 (1 1-131 Sm,th. Paul S The ArchIves 01 Cult",al T , ad,tion M,,"" ,,,I Cult'"'' Colle<:\lon and D,s!-, Iay Se.vice 9 (20) Smith, Paul S ChrIstmas GtHsers (Note) (141 Sm,lh, ?aul a nd G"org,nll Swallowi"'j Lizards (Notel 6 Ch,nese Restau rant Stories (Query ) 6 (14·15) Smith, Pa ul a nd Geor~pn" 7 (25) Smith, Paul and GeorgiM Chlllese Restaurant Stor ies (Notel 1 13-5) Stork , F C Child I",,, in Sheflield £ ( 10 -12) Storr, Jeremy and Denise Nottingha m Goose Fair 29 Todd. Loreto County Tvrone Folk·bellels 7 (6-141 Todd. Lorew Childhood on Countv Tvrone B (3·12) Thomas. Gerald McCaHerV: A Soldocr's Song 01 Protest 7(15·19) Widdowson. J 0 A Some Notes on CuslOm and Bel,el 2(10·12) WIddowson. J 0 A S L F Research Proje.::lS: Systems 01 SocIal Control 4(2·3) Wrddowson. J 0 A Tr BOOKS, JOURNA LS AND ARTICL ES REVIEWED Bachmann. M.& C Hansmann Dolls the W,de World Over 101271 Satslord Publlshc r~ V,clOrran and Edwardran Essc)< 10 (28) V,ClOr",n and Edwardian HampShore 10 (281 Victorran and Edward'an Edmburuh 101281 Bergerson. HW Palindromes and Anagrams 101231 Bemen. S. & R Bcrnen A GUide to Mvth and Rel.gion in EUropean PaintIng 1270-1700 9(241 Berrv.J Talcs ol thcWcst 01 Ireland 31171 Brech,e". M G ....'(l Hunte.s and Gatherers Todav 10127-28) Bradv. ~r"nk. J Palmer & M Price. ods Luerarv Theorv and Structure 10123241 BraIn. R. & Ad"m Pollock Bangwe Funerarv Sculpture 9125) Brooke. Iris A H,storv 01 E:nylish CoStUmll 81321 Buchan. DavId The Ball,~d and the Folk 71271 Burchllrdd. R W.l' Chllstlan. ~ov GhoslS il nd Legends 8131) ClaxTon. A 0 D The SuffOlk D,,,lect 01 the Twentoeth Cenrurv 91231 COllIson. 1':1 The SlOrV 01 Sueet Luerilture 8(35) CoStner. H L,ed SOCIOlogIcal MethodologV 1972 10(2425) Dallas. K !compIler) The Cruel Wars 91251 Damon. S Foster A Blake D,ctionarV 10124) de Vrr es. ' H,storv us HOI News 10 (25 26) Dlckonson. G C StatIstIcal M"PPlng and the Present"t'On of SliItlSTICS 10 (24-251 Dorson. Richard M The British Folklolists: A H, storv 1(10) Oorson. R,eh;:rrd M Peas.;;tnt CUSToms and Savage Mvths Vol. 1 2(1 4) Ev.1ns.G EW;J1t Where Beafds Wag All 6(13) Evans . G Ewart Aekv 81301 Evans, G Ewar! & D Thomson The Leap Ing Hare 81301 EvreMethucn Publoshers A Dtctlonarv of Mnemonres 9 (29) Faris. James G Nub Fudge. E C.ed PhonologV 8(35) Goodm"n. F 0 SpeakIng ,n Tongues 9 (291 Greene.J M PSVcholrngUlsllCs' Chomsky and Psvcholo[lV 9 (29) Gregorv. LadV A Book of SaInts and Wonders Gregorv. Ladv The K,lIan"n Books 8(34) GrC 30 8(31) Hoskins,W G Local H lsto,y u, England 10 (221 Howe. 8 AntIque> loom tl,e Vi(lUn~n Home 9 (281 J ,'nlireson. J C. ed Middlese~ County Records 101211 Johl1son. J 5 The Nag,lts 01 Hunsw'ck Bay 9 (2 41 The Heavy HOlsL'. :IS Hal ness and H:" ness Oe(OIal,On KL.... gan. T 8 (33) Myth ' It ~ Mean''''land rUPlct'On In Anc ie nt and Othe, Cultul es Kllk. G 5 7(27) Kunenl). 0 P Hero,.. Po .. try 01 the B"solho 8 (34) Laver. J & Hutcheson, '>. I!tts ComPllU'"C,I1,on ,n FilCI~ to Face Int"I;"'tIOI1 8 (33) Ma'and". :"e" .... ~I Mylholo'!y 81301 Mcintosh, '< H ••,.1 5tu"y' .he Ct"i!IUmgS(cl1e 8 (311 McQuail . O .. n,s. cd Sociolo'lY 01 Mass Corlllnun'Ciltlons 101231 Nash. 'N 0 " , E~pel ,e nce 0 1 Lanquaqc 10 (211 Ncwatt. Vene1l" .. '<1 TtwWm:h I lquoI> 2 (141 Ople. I. !I" P Ch.td ..:n', (;'''''''s '" 5\11>('t and I'lay~",,,nd 6 (121 Mor .. Folk S0I1'15Iro", L,ncolnslllle O·Sh'''''Jhnessy. ;>. ~d 9 (31) 5 ~ 1 (;) 9 (301 R,'L/ell. P E, & R W Wainwtlqht. 10 (221 Th .. VlCtolldl1 Wor k,n9 Class ~t.ls. 9 (22-231 R(',,,tms D,qest Assn, "olklol". Myths and L"' 31 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 1( 4)2(616(5) Chesterfield 1(10)3116) 4(14) Coal Aston 9181 A RCTIC CIRCLE 3(2) 9(81 AUSTRALIA 1 (4) Hathersage 7(25) Kimherley 6(4) 2(7)9ml Hope 1(9) 6(12)7(15) Ladybower 811 41 GhenT 6(12) 210 BR ITISH ISLES 3(04(215(1 4) 5(15) 6(5) 712) 7(3) DEVON 8(26) 7(6) 10(2) OtteryStMMY 5(15) 8(261 2(3) 3(1)6(5) 9(3) 916) 6(6) 10(3) DORSET 8(251 BRISTOL 7(25) CO DURHAM 2(816(71 Chester-Ie-Street 4(13) CAMBRIDGESHIRE Darlington 218)7(25) ISeealso East Anglial Durham Cambridge 2(6) 217) HCbhurn 10(6) CHESH IRE 2(11212) 3(9) 3(10) 30 1) 5(131 10(6) 10119) South Shields 1013) 10(6) ACTon Bridge 3(9) Tees. River 10(31 Alv,mley 319) Weardale 10131 Antrobus 3(915(1115113) Birkenhead 3(4)915) EAST ANGLIA 21116(3) (SeealsoCamb"dgesh,re. Budworth Heath 3(9) Essex Comerbach 3(9) 5(11) Norfolk Frodsham 3(9) Sullolkl GOOS\ley 3(9) ESSEX 2(6) Great BuuW{)rth 3(9)5(12) ISeealso East Angl'a) 5(11) HAMPSH IR E 7(5) Marbury Park 3(10) 7151 Norley 3(91 5(14) PreSton Brook 3(11) Isleol Tha"et 5(14) 3(9) Willal 5(14) ISLE OF MAN 8(25) CORNWALL 2(8) 8(25) LANCASHIRE 2(1) 2(7) 3(71 311114(8) 5(13) 9(141 5(131 9(151 Bolton. CUMBERLAND 2(6) 2(7) 2181 10(3) Smithnclls H~II 9(151 WhiTehaven 7(5) Balta". Turton Tower 9(14) DERBYSH IRE 111) 1(6) 2(1)2(2) 216) 3(161 8(15) 8(36) Burnley 2(6) Ashbourne 3(1 6) Carnlorth. Barwick Ha ll 9(14) Bury Hill.l-!olJTHc!sfield 2(6) Cheetham Hill 2(7) Buxton 2(1) Colne 2(8) Castfeton 3(16) 4(15) 9110 32 LANCASHIRE Berwick 2(7) 2(8) Black Heddon 2(8) 2(7) 9(11) BrOClmlev 2(7) L,verpool 414) 4(9) Coquet, Hiver 10(3) Liverpool, Speke Hall 10(15) Longho,sley 10(61 2(7) 7(5) 7(25) 8128) Newcastle 2(7) 7(5) 7125) 8(29) 10(6) Me,sev, Rive, 101151 North ShIelds 10(6) PleaSlOljlOn.Old Hall 10(151 Stamfordl",m 2(8) Preston 2(7) 218) 3(5) 7(5) 7119) SlOcksfreld 2171 PreSion, Fullwood 31517(191 Tyne, River 2(71 10(3) PreSion, Low Tvneside 2(6) 2(7) Salmesbury Hall 9(1 4 1 1016) P,enon, Salmesbuov Hall 9(14110(151 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 1(1)4(13) 6110·13) R,bble Vallev 101151 Erewash Vallev 6171 7(51 Mansfield 6(11) St annicliffe. Nottingham 6(10) M,ddleton 218 1 Re.ford 1(101 Tho,nlOn Clevelevs 8(28) Selston 6(11) W"shbu,n Valley 2(8) Wo,ksop 1(10) LEI CESTERSHIHE OXFORDSHIRE 3(1) 6(7) 5(15) PENN INES 2(618( 13) 6(12) 7(2) 7125) 9120) 3(10) SOMERSET M;l!km H",borOUljh 91201 5(13) LINCOLNSHIRE 111) 2(6) 2(71 21121 3(16) 5(2) STAFFORDSHIRE 2(1) 212) 5(14) 6(6-m SUFFOLK 2(6) 8(25) 81261 B,ilj'l 5(3) ISee also East Angloa) Ga,nsborough 3( 16) Eastb'idge 3(4) Grlmsbv 5(3) 5141 Ipswich 4(13) Ha)(ev 3(16) 5(15) 3116) SURREY 314) Crovdnn 2(3) 2(4) 5(3) SUSSEX 8(25) Hothwell, Nr Caistor 51 4) Rotlinydean 3(15) Scumhorpe 1(9) 2(13) 4(14) 3(161 WESTMORLAND 2(7-8) W,lIouqh,on 9(11) 2171 LONDON 21312(4) 3(101 6(9)7(5) 7(18) 7(25) Bela. River 2(7) NORFOLK 2(6) Bela-side Hill 2(7) (See also Easl An'llia) 2(8) NorwIch 7(25) Kell Bank DobbV 2(7) 2(8) NORTHAMPTONSHIRE Kendal 2(7) Pelerborough 9(5) Ki,kbV Lonsdale Krrkbv S.ephen 2(7) NORTHUMBERLAND 2(6) 2(7) 6(7) 10(3) Lv.h Vallev 2(7) 10(3) 33 WESTMORLAND 9(8) Milnthorp e 2m Dun.yworth 3(12) 8(14) Stainmorein Easingwold, Kirkby Stephen 2m Brandsby Hall 9(141 Eccleslield 1(8) 2(218( 14)8(15) WILTSHIRE 8(25) Ewden Beck 8(21) WARWIC KSHIR E 6(9) Great Horton 2(4) Birmingham 3(4)9(5) Green Moor 8(14) YORKSHI RE W) 2(7) 3(4)3(7) 5(13) 6(6) 7(15) Gr enoside 1(10) 3(15) 8(14) 9(6) Guisborough 9(11) YORKSHIRE, Gunthwaite 3(16) EAST RIDING 2(8) 10(15) Ha lifax 2(5) 2(6) YORKSHIRE, Halifax, Mrxenden NORTH RIDING 9(19) Old HJIl 10(1 5) Harley 8(14) YORKSHIRE, SOUTH 3(15) 6(6) 6(14) 8(13) Harr og~te 2(61 YORKSHIRE, HiJrtshead 71 15) WEST RIDING 2(4) 3(7) 4(3-12) 5(10) 71191 Helsby 3(91 YORKSHIRE !cont'd) Higher Marsh, Oxenhope 4(131 Alvert horpe 2(8) 2(4)8(131 2(2) 9(11) Horbury 216) Barns ley 8(13) Hoyland Common 8(14) Batley 3(4)4(3) 2(4)8(131 Boisterstone 8(13) Ilkley 216J Bradlield 3(1218(141 Ingbrrchworth 8(14) 7(5) 5(6) KeIghley 2(6)4(131 8radlord,Idie 2(4)2(5) 2(21 8urghwallis 9(14) KirkbyOverblow 2(6) 8urghwallis, Woolley Hall 9(14) Langselt 8(14) 8(14) 2(6) 2(713(5) 5(8171517(251 8ridlongton, Burton Leeds, Kirkstall 4(5) Agnes Hall 9(15) Leeshaw 4(12) Chapeitown 8(14) Liversedge 7(15) Cowling 2(6) Lodge Moor 81141 Cowlin.y, Baywood Loxley 8(141 2(6) Mexborough 2(2) 8(14) Middlesborough 1110) 2(6) MIdgley 3116) Deepcar 8(14) Midhopestone 8(141 Dewshury 5(9) 9(111 Newburgh Priory 9(14) Don, River 8(21) 918) 1(10) 3( 15) 61717(25) Oakworth 4(131 Doncaster,8alby 3( 15) Osselt 2161 Doncaster, 8arnborough Hall 9( 14) Otley 2(2)2(6) 7(5) Doncaster , Oughtibridge 3(12) 8114) 8(22) Cusworth Hall 1(10) Oxspring 8(14) 34 10( 151 YORKSHIRE Watton Pr ior y Oxwells, Leeds 2( 6) Wentworth, "Ir Rotherham 8(14) Penistone 811318(14) WharfeDales 2(61 Penistone, Flouch I nn 8(14) Wharncliffe Side 8(14) 2(2) Pilley 8(14) 1( 10)2(13) 7( 25)9(13) Pontefr~ct 2(8) Whitby Pudsey 2(5) Whit e Lee Moor 8m) 1(6) Richmond 5(14) RinglOglow 8(14) Worrall 3(1218(14) 8(221 Rivelin 8(14) Wortley, Nr Rotherham 81 14) Rotherham 1(10) 3(151 Yeadon 9(14) Rothwell 3(414(5) Yeadon, Low Hall 9(14) Scarborough 5(9) 5( 15) 2(7) 7(25) Sedbmgh 2(7) York, Fulford 3(5) Sheffield 114) 1(6) 1(10)3(12) 3(15) 3(16) 4114) 5(8) 5(15)6(14) 7(51 7(25) 8(13) 8(2919(7) IRELAND 3(41 4(41 4 (5) 4(8) 4( 11) 5(7) 6(5) 6(917(617(11) 7(15) 7(17) Sheffield, Neagh, Lough 7(11 ) !l..hbeyd"le 1(10) 8114) 8(241 Crosspool CO ANTRIM Gleadless 1(9) 7(5) H SHines 8(141 CO LOUT H SVlinton 2(21 Durnlalk 7(17) Thirsk 9(14) OFFAL Y Thirsk, Sarrowby 6(3) Bridge 9(14) Shannon Br idge 2( 5) Thornton, Bradford CO T YRONE 7(6) 8 (3) Thorpe Hes ley 6(14) 8(14) Coo lisland 7(6 ) 7 (1 3)8(4 ) Thorpe Salvin 2(21 Dungannon 7(6) 8(4 ) Thurgoland 8(14) Thurlstone 8114) SCOTLAND 2(11 2181 6(5) 617) 10( 10) Tot ley 9(8) Clyde, Firth oj 10(10) Wakefield 2(8) Pe ntland F irth 10(10) 35 SCOTLAND CANADA Tay, River 10(10) Tay, Firth of 10(10) NEWFOUN DLAND 4(2) 615f 7115f Cow Head 712m ABERDEENSHIRE Daniel's Harbour 7(20) 1011n Gander 7(20) Glengaim 1011m Portland 7(20) ANGUS 10(10) 10(14) StJohn's 7(15) Arbroath 10(10) Stephenville 7(15) 10(10) BANFF 10(10f CZECHOSLOVAKIA Bohemia 2(9f 3(2) CAITHNESS 10(10) Prague 2(9) INVERNESS 10(10) KILMARNOCK 10( 12) ESTONIA 3(2) KINCARDINE 10(10) EUROPE 2(613(1) 6(12) 7(2) Glasgow 7(5) 7(151 MIDLOTHIAN FIN LAND 3(2) Edinburgh 7(25) MORAY 10(10) FRANCE 3(n 7(15)7(231 9(16) 810is 9(17) 10(10) Contay 7(17) ORKNEY Jura 9(18\ Oeerness 10(10) LOire River 9(18) PERTHSHIRE 10(10) 10(14) Orleans 9(16) Comrie 10(14) Port au Choi ,. 7(23f CrieH 101ln Rouen 31n Strathearn 10(14) Seine, River 9(18) ROSS AND CROMARTY 101l0) Tou~ 9(17) STIRLlNGSHIRE Warloy-8aillon 71171 Falkirk 8(29f GERMANY 2110) 3111 3(3) 7(15) SWEDEN Silesia 3(2) Skedmose, West Eifel 3(3) Island of Oland 5(14) 31n 3(2) 6(4) WALES 2(1)8(25) GREECE Dodecanes 3(2) ANGLESEY Simi 3(2) Holyhead 7(17) Skyros 3(n GLAMOAGAN 5(14) MONMQUTHSHiR E 3(2)10(18) Newport 9( 11) 3(113(2) PEMBAOKESHIAE 5(14) BULGARIA 31n 7(18) 36 SCANDINAVIA 5(1 4 ) ITALY 3(2) C~latma 3(2) S INGAPORE 7(15) Pont', Alcssamlria 3(1) POIenla 3(21 SPAIN 3(11 3(3) USA 1 (4 ) 3(4) 3(71 4 (2) 5(6) NETHER LANDS 6(12110n7) DelawilreR , ~e' 5(5) New Je,sey 5(5) NORWAY 3(2) New y",k 5131e 5(51 PAK ISTAN Quellil 7118) USSR 4( 10) PORTUGAL 3(31 ROMANIA 3(1) 37 SUBJECT INDEX Adult to Children Rhyme5 8~ 11) &!sket Making 9(11) 9(13) Aynculwre Proverbs 10(9) Sats 7(SI Alliterat,on 1 (3) 8 (4) Battle of the Somme 7(17) All Saints' Day 3(10) 6(121 All Samts' Eve 3(10) See-keeping All 50ul1 Day 1(2) 3( 10) 5(12) 6112) Anecdotes 1 (01 (2) 1(6) 6 (2) 117) 2(2) 3(9) 3(10) 5(131 Angels 2(9) Behaviour 412) Anglo-Saxon Three· Field System 2( 1) Belieh 1(1) 1121 1 (3) 1 (5) 20) 2(4) Animals 1 (2) 7( 12) 2(6) 2(10) 2(11) 2(12) 3(1) Disguise Customs 9(7) 4 (3) 4 (13) 6(2) 6(3) 6(6) Lore 10(18) 6!716(12) 6(14) 7(6) 7(10) Anthropology 1(1) 8(2) Bibliography 2111 Antrobus Soulcakers 5(11) BiographIcal Oma 4(41 9(12) Birds 7(8) A potnl!l;ary 2(1) 1(2) 7(6) 7191 Apr;1 Fool's Day 1 (4\2(10) Bishops 3(1) Archi\e{;lUre 6 (6) Blackbeny Vinegar 61m Archives of Cultural Trildition 9(2) 9111) Black CatS 1(5) 2(12) Arts and Crafts 1(2) Black Dogs 2(6) Ash-Hole 6 !71 Black-leading 6(G! 6(7) ASh-Nook 6 !71 Blacksmiths 10(181 Ash Wednesday 3(1) 9(17) Blackt horn Stick 614) Assonance S(4) Black Watch 4(3) 4(4) 4 (6) 5( 4 ) 5!71 6(2) 6(3) 3m 7119) 6(5) 6(6) 6(12) S(13) Blason Populaore 6(12) Audience 5( 4) 5(7) 511 1 ) 6(2) 9 ( 10) BWl"v men 2(12) Participation 5(101 Bonfire Night 1(4) 2110) 5(12) Reaction 1(6) Bonfires 10(14) Auld Handsel Monday 10(11) BostO(:k'S Animal Show 6(10) Auld Lang Sync 3( 12) Bottle KIcking 5(15) Authorship 01 Songs/Rhymes 1(4) Boyfriends 7(10) Brass Bands GllOJ 6(S) Bad Luck 2(12) 6(6) 6(71 7(12) 9(14) 6(61 Baking 6(6) 10( l S) 6!71 Baldness 7(12) Bread making 6m Ballad 3(4) 4(3) 5(10) 7(15) S(36) 9(32) Breakfast 6m Anglo-irish 4(9) Brewing Boor 6(7) Function 3(4) 4(31 5(5) Brewing Tea 6m 5(6) Gaelic Bride Knots 7(22) Historicity 3(4) Bridcscake 7~8) Moral Structure 4(10) Bride's Garter 9(19) NarraliveSlruclure 4(5) British Army 4(3) 4 (11) 711S) 4(5) Broadsheets 513) S(29) 8(3619113) 9(20) 4(3) 515) 9132) Banshees 7(8) Buffing Wheels 9(11) Baptism 2(1 1) 7(91 Burial Customs 7(23) Bargueu 2(6) 6 m 38 -, By res 1(71 Civ il Wars IOllSI Clamping Turf ,,., ~ Calendar Customs 1(21113) 1(4) 2( 10) 6(611(71 Classification 1(1,4t'II! S!l:11ij.,'1f1(.J,I (see also Name of Custom I 1()(11' Bonli,eN 39 D;Ull; ... ·SOllg 5(4) Edi torial5 1( 1·212(1) 3(ll 4(2) 5(1) 6(2) Dea{h 1121 5(G! 6(5) 6(G) 7(7) 7(13) 7(2) 8(2) 9121 10(2) 7(22) Education 8(2) Dl.'b{s 7(6) Egg-; 7(1312110131213(31 Dcc, ~ mh ... r 5{ h 2(9) Eli;abethans 2(3) 9(14) December 31st 6 (6) English DialecI Dictionary 4 112) 6(8) English Folk Dance 'IIorthern 9(61 2(1 1 ) 7(8) ge Dolls 61( 1) 6(1 2 1 F ather C h r i~l m as 21101 Dol ly ·:>eg:> 6(6) F ~~Sl of Corpus Chri~ { , 3131 Dolly,SI,eks 616) Fertdity 2121 Dolly_Tubs 6 16 1 FeS TI val of Meat. The 3( 1) Donkeys 7( 12) F ... st i"als, Whitby 1( 10) 2(13) 9(13) Doors 6(5) Fwld Wor k 115) 4(3) 418) 4 (13) 4 (14) 5(1) 6 ( 10) 5171 6(3) 6(10) 7(2) 8(418(13) Dra'JOn Cake 3121 918) 1(2) 115) 2(11 3(9 ) 31 10) 5(11) 8(13) (s!: ... al50 Traditional Drama) 7(26 1 10(10) Record'ng5 1(3) 2( 1)9181 Foil.' Tang,ng 9(12) 7(6) F ireplaces 6(6) 6(71717) 6(7 110(1 9) Firew orkS 9(17) F"s{ Footing 6(6) D"nnong 10(13) Finlof May Dwellings 6 (6 1 2110) Fishermen 7111) Ears 7(11) Folk Sel'ef 3(1) 7(6) Folk Carats Ear!lH.'nwilrc 9( 11 ) 2(9) 8(251 1( 2) 21101 3(1) 8(6) Folk Cu lT u re 4(5) 3(2) 1(1) 112) Day 31 213( 3) Folk Drama Isee T rad,t lonal Oram~1 Eflgs 2 110) 3 12) 3 (3 ) FO lk L'fe 9 ( 11 ) ,n Es tonia 312) Fo lk Life E " h,ultlon 11 10) Fes t ,val 3 13) Folk Lile of a Ci ty 21 4 1 Food 3 ( 1 ) Fol k L,feStud,es 3( 4 13iI2) 8121 Grecl ongs 3131 Fofkfor ... (see a l ~ Specihc T O P ICS) 1111 2( 1) 4 (2) 4(3) 5(3) 6(51 3(2) 7(3) 716 1 10(19 ) ~,s ;n !J, The 4171 40 Folklore Goner Kingal Arms 3(1) Analysis 11 51 4(2)5( 10)7(3) Gener ous Doy 2(9) Colie<:,ing 1 (If 1 (5) 2(3) 4(14) 5(1) 5(6) Geographical Analysis 9(3) 10(10) 5(15) 612) 6(3) 10(2 1 Ghostlore 9(1 4 ) CoIle<:!Ors 215) 4(3) 2(6) 2(11) 9(14) 10(15) 3(lm GhOStS Methodology 1(3) 1(5) 2(1) 2(4 ) 3(4) 3(151 Ghost Train 6(11) 4(2) 4(3) 4(9) 5( 1) 5( 11) 6(2) 2(12) 10(3110(201 Gmge 41 HistOlical Evidence 7091 Knill' Gr inding 9(13) History 7(218(2) 10(201 Hobby Horse 5(12) 5(14) 7(26) Lacemaking 9( 11) Hogm~nay 10110) Ladders 1(5) Holly Bush 3(10) Ladi ng·CaniTin 6(7) Holy SJlurday 3(2) Lamffii\s 5(12) Holy Week 3(11 6(5) Home Li le 6(519(11) Language 1(114(216121611216114) 7(231 Honeymoon 2(11) 9121 9(16) 911S) 9n2) Hooden Horse 5(14) Last Supper, The 3131 Hop·Scotch 8(9) 10119) 5(11) 5(13) 6(3) Leave-taking Formulas 6( 519(18) 7(241 Leclere Collection 9(12) 5(14) Leh Hand 71111 D,,,, 7(61 Legends 1(1 I 11216(2) Hair 7(12) Lent 2(1 0) 3(1) Magic 6(3) Letting in the New YeJr 5(13) 6(6) 6(3) Lightning 7171 Sa.:rol icial 5(14) Linguisllcs 1(114(218(219(2) 9(17110(3) Ho t Cross Buns 6171 10(201 6(5) 9(5) Household Customs 112\ Asso<;iation 9(13) Household Routine 6(7) BehaVIOUr of Chrldren 1 (3) Household ViSItation 6(6) 8(22) 10tt2) P"SlImeS 1(4) Hunter. Joseph 1(8) 2(0 1(5) 2131 7(3) 7126110(1S) Husbands 7( 10) Little People 2(1 11 Husvet 31H 6(14) Hydra 3(2) Lord Mayo' 3(1 I 6(101 Hymns 6W) 7(231 8(171 'Love's Labours Los,' 7(26) Luck 112) 2!111 2(12) 7(7) 9(10) Illness 7(10) 10(12) Immigrants 3121 LuliablCs 1111 InlOllTklnts 2(515(21 5(3) 6(21 6(3) 6171 Inherited Tradlllons 6151 Initiation 6(5) Magic Cures 115) Interviews 4(31 5(3) 8( 13) Magpies 2(12) Irish Folklore Commission 4 12) 6(14) ' I Spy 8(4) Manchester Free LIbrary 9(20) ' It' 8(5) Manuscripts 311219(219!11) ITMA 2(3) Marbles 1(4) 8(4) Mardi Gras 9(171 Jacks 8(4IS(S) Mari Lwydd 5(1 4 ) Jack the RIpper 2(121 Markel D 42 Maypole 2(10) Noncon formist Hymn Sill9ing 3(15) 5(1) 6(14) 7(25) 8(26 ) 9(201 MayOueen 2(10) Notes and Queries 3(12) Meals 6i61 Melodeon 5(3) Novemb"r 5th 3(10) 5(12) Melhod,st Hymn Book 3(151 Nursery Rhymes 1 1111131 8(23) Nutmeg 2(12) 7(12) MIddle English 2(31 Oak and Nettle Day 2( 101 Midnight Mass 2(9) Oak Apple D~y 21 10) M,dsummel 2(101 OccujXltions 9(4) MliitalyLo,e 7(19) 6 (81 Molk 6(7) 7(9) Old English 10(5) 10(181 Milk Churn 7(9) Old Horse, The 92919(7) Milkill9 7W) Old Horse's Lamentation, The 8(29) Minehead ' Alcomb Horse" 5(13) Old '055 5(131 Minehead' Sailors' Horse" 5(13) Old Ramol D erby 8(291 Mining 4(3) 10(6) Old Tup 1(7)2(219(7) M ,rrors 6(6) 7(7) 7(12) Oral Culture 5(4) MIschief Night 2(10) Oral History 7121 M,slelOe 2(9) 6(9) Oral History Conference 7(21 Moccaslils 7(231 Oral T radition 2(3) 3(4) 302) 3(16) 5(7) 5(1 1 ) Monday 6(6) Oral T ransmission 4(2)41414(914(1115(3) 7(6) Money Sp,der 2(12) Origins 115) 7171 Oschter Haw.; 3(21 Morlls·Dances 1(2) Our Lady 7(11 ) Mothe 43 Physical Deformilles 7(10) Recipes 6(8) Pictures 6(6) Recreational Customs 1(2) Pigs 6(8) Recruiling Sergeanl 7(191 Placenames 1 (1) 1(9) 2(4) 2(5) 717)7(11] Planting 8(4) Religion 719) Planu 1(2) Re ligIOUS Belief 10(17) Playing 5(13) 6(6) Religious Customs 6(6) Playing CanJs 7(12) Religious Group 4(3) Ploughing 8(4) ReligIOUS Proverbs 10117) Plough Monday 1(2) 2(10) RemedIes 1(2) 1151 2112) Plough Plays 2(10) 5(3) 5(1 4) Resea .. ch FellowshIps 812) Policemen 7(23) Research FundIng 3116) 41131 Polish 6(8) 31213(3) Poor Old Horse 1(5) 8(29) 9(7) 1(10) 2(13-14) 3(17) 5115-16 Pope F ire 7(11) 6(12-13) 71271 8(30-351 Pope Gregory the Great 3(1] 9(22·30) 10121 -28) Postgraduate Research 9(2) Rhymes 1 (I) 1 (316(121813) 8(5) Potatoes 6(7) 8(26) Counting out 1(3) POI -Hooks 6(6) SkIpping 1 (3) 1(4) 8(6-8) Pot Mould 6(7) Ribbons 2(2) PO"Cf"Y 9( 1 1) 1(117113) Prayers 6(6) Riding the Stang 10(19) Pregna ncy RighI-Handed 71111 Priest Holes 9(14) 10(15) R ing-a-R i ng-a-Ros les 8111) Priest Hunts 10(15) Ring Games 8(10) Priests 7(11) 10( 15) Rites of Passage 2(10) 2(11) 7(3) Ritual 6 (5) Processions 9(17) Ritual Custom 5112) 5(14) 4(2) Roberts and Belk Collection 9(1 2) Pronunc,at ion 9(2) Robin Hood 7(4) Protestants 4(5) 7(9) 7( 12) 9(15) 10115) Aoman Catholic 3(3) 4 (4 ) 7(13) 9(14) 10(6) Pr overb Analysis 10(17) 10(1 5) Proverb Collecting 2(3) ROlherham PublIC LIbrary 1(10) Proverbial Comparisons 8(27) Roundabouts (i(11) Proverbial SaYfngs 7(25) Roundhearls 10(151 Proverbial Speech 2(4) Royal Flemish Academy of ProverbIal Wisdom 2(5) language and llleralUre 6(12) Proverbs 1(1) 2(3) 2(4) 5191 711 41 Royal Navy 4(31 813) 8(261 10(17) Rubbing Slone 6(5) 6171 Psychology 1(1) 8(2) Rug-making 6(8) PubliShers 7(3) Aural Communities 9(2) 7126) 10(20) Rural DepopulatIon 2(1) Put -!)Ifs 1(1) 4 (2) St Brigid's Cross 7(71 QUllner Days 5(12) SI Crespin 3DI Queen-s Birthday 2110) 51 Goorye 2(1) 2~11) 3(10) 7(4) Questionnaires 412) 4 (3) 4 11 4 1 6 (2) 7(2) 51 George Plays 1(8) 3(10) 8(2) 9(2) 10(2) St Nichol~s 2191 SI Patrick's Day 7(7) Rabbits 2( 1216(4) St Stephen 2(9) 2(4 ) 7(6) 7(7) 6(7) Raspberry Vinegar 6(81 "'''Sanctions 4 12) Reckans 6(6 ) Santa Claus 2(9) 44 Saturday 6(6) Songs l U11(2) 3(3) 3(12) 3(14) 4 (3) 5(5) 8(28) 9(8) 10(12) S3yings no 11317(6) Anglo-American 5(5) School 7(12)7(21) Function 4(71 School Playgrounds 1(3) Narrative 4(4 ) 4(9) Scullery 6(6) Truth In 4(7) Sealskin 7(23) Soul, The 7(8) Seasonal Games 1(4) Soul-Cakers 3(10) 5(11) 5( 12) Semantic Contest 1(3) Southworth Family 9(14) Set Pot 6(6) Spa Sunday 3(16) Seven 7(11) Spectacles 6 (10) Shakespeare 21317(26) Speeo::hCommunilies 10(3) Shaw (Magnets) Collection 9(12) Spirits 7(10) Sheffield City Library 1(101 Spirilsof the Dead 7m Sheffield Polytechnic School of Spring-heeled Jack 2(12) Art and Design 9(13) Springs 4 (12) Sheriff of Nott ingham 6(10) Slannington Local History Group 9(11) Shipbuilding Terms 10(18) Stannington Musical Fest i val Shoes 2(12) 617)7(11) Societ y 3(13) ShroveTide 3(1)5(15) Status, of Guests 6(5) Shrovet,deSinging 5(15) Sleel Fo,k Making 1(6) Shrove Tuesday 2(10) 3(1)5(15) 9( 17) 6(7) 3(1) Shrove Tuesday Foothall G~mes 5(15) Stories 1(2)1(6)5(4 ) SideShows 6(10) Story-Songs 5(4) Silver 6(6) StoveS 6 (6) 9(121 Strangers 6(5) Simile 2(3) Street Names 9(16) Singers 3(7)3(14)4(3)4(8)5(2) Street Performances 9(8) 5(5-715(10171 1£,) Striptease 6(10) Singers RelXlrtory 413)5(3) Structural Analysis 4 (3)5(11) Singing 4181514) 7116) 8(13) 4(10) Song,ngSWle 4(5)5(4)8(211 StyleofPerformance 5(3) S,nnFeon 7(17) Suburban Communities 3(12) Skipping 5(1518(41 Sunday 6(6) 7(11) Sk,pping Rhymes 1(3) 8(61 Supernaturat Phenomena 6(3) Sk,ttles 6(101 Supernatural lnlervention 6(7) 10(181 Sky-Hooks Supernatur~ 1 Milk-$tealing Beings 7(26 ) Sleep 7(6) SupernaluralWortd 1(2) Soar)S 6(8) SuperStitions 1(5)2(4)6(2)6(8)7(25) Social Backgrounds 51215(4) Supper 6(7) Social Conte~1 5(1) 5(8) 6(3) Survey of Language and Folklore 1(1)1 (8) 2(10)2(13) 3( 16) Social Control 4(2) 4(2)4(3) 4 (1415(15) 6(2) Soc,al Groups 4(3) 7(2)7(20)8(13)9(2)9(11) 10(2) Social Order 1(2) Archives 11114(2) 7(2) 912) 9(111 514) Soc'al Prest'ge Colle<:tingprogramme 5(15) Social Provenance 9(4) Correspondents 1(9) SocialStotus 4(6) 5(8) 9(3) 9(4) E"hihitions 1(9) 5(15) 91111 Socio_EconomicChanges 3(12) Le<:turesand Courses 1(9) Library 1(9) Sociol ,nguistiC!> 9(4) Material Culture Collection 9(2) Sociology 1(114(2) 7(218(2) Museum Service 3(16) Solar Mythology Theory 1111 N,~ 119·10) 2(13) 3( 16) 4(14) 5(15) Soldiers 7(151 6(2) Song Sheets 5(31 Publication Biographical series 8(36) 9(32) Song Structure 4(9) Occasional 8(36)9(20)9(32) 45 Survey of Language and Folklore Typologies 5110) Publications: Research Guides 6(2) 8(36) 9(32) Umbrellas - Indoors 1 (5) 2(12) 6(9) 7(11) Tape Archive Handbook 9(32) Research ProjeCtS 4(2) 7(3) Universities Survey Team 1 121 1(3) 1 (9) 4 (1 4 ) 5(15) Exeter 7(2) 8(2) Swallowing, Lizards 6(14) Keele 3(12) Leeds 2(11 3(4) 8(2) 8(131 S\I\IOrd Dances 1(2) 9(13) Leeds: Institute of Dialect and Folk Life Studies 8(13) Taboo 10(16) London College 8(2) Tape-Recording 4(3) 4(14) 5( 15) 6(2) 7(2) Newfoundland, Memorial 7(21)8(13) 9(2) 9(10) 10(2) University of 4(3) 7(15) 7(20) Sheffield 2(1) 2(13) 3(16) 4(3) 4(13) Tape-worms 4(13) 6(2) 7(2) 7(20) 8(2) 8(13) Teo 617) 9(2) 9(12) 9(32) 10(2) Teachers 7(12) Dep;:rrtment of English Temporal E)( pressions 9(18) Language 9(12) 9(32) 10(2) Department of E> 46 Wedding Night 91191 Whit Si ngs 31151 WeddlngPII!'sentS 6191 WhitSunday 31151 Wel l-Dressings 3 (16) WIllows 7(12) Werewolves 9( 191 Wine-GrOWIng 9(17) Wetting Tea 6171 Witchcraft 2(12)6171 WhipS and TopS 114) Witches 2( 12) 6( 3) 6(6) Whist li ng 7(11) Wombwell's Animal Show 6(10) Whitby Festivals 100) 2(13) 9(131 Work Techniques 1m 4(3) 7(\5) Whi lSuntide 2(1 0) 312) 3(1 5) Wodd War I Whi\Suntide House VIsitatIOn 3(15) WhitCIOlhes 3(15) YOIkshire Dialect SocIety 9( 13) WhIt Monday 3(151 YorkshilePudding 6(7) 47 DEPAP.THE:\T OF F OLKLORE Mf'morial Pni\' , ':::,y of Xe', ·L'm1(!l~.nd Survey of language and folklore publications LORE AND LANGUAGE: The Journal of the Survey of Language and Folklore. Lore an d Language is published jointly by the Departments of English Language and Extramural Studies and the Language Centre at the University of Sheffield. It is issued t wice yearly in January and July. Back issues are available from the address below, and can be o btained by filling in the enclosed subscriptio n form. Volume L Numbers 1-3 l 3p each Numbers 4 onwards, l5p each (postage and packing 6p per number) SLF OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS No. 1 Castleton Garland - 5p (postage and packing 4p) A descriptive study of the Garland Ceremo ny held o n May 29th each year in Castleton, Derbyshire. NO. 2 Christmas Greetings - lOp (postage and packing 4p) An illustrated examination of variety and changes fo und in Christmas customs. S L F RESEARCH GUIDES The Survey of Language and Folklore is preparing for pUblication a series of Research Guides on vario us as pects of folklore and the first of these is now available. NO .1 Traditional Drama - 5p (postage and packing 4p) The object of the Guide is not to act as a questionnaire, but rather to give a series of starting points and guidelines through which a particular topic or aspect of folklore may be investigated. The suggest.ed areas of investigation into Traditional Drama o utlined in the pamphlet incl ude performance, disguise, costume, attitude of performers and audience, and relevant bac kground information o n informant, performers and community. Forthcoming: No.2 Archives of Cultural Tradition, Tape A rchive Ha ndbook S L F BIOGRAPH ICAL SERIES Forthcoming: No. 1 Ballads in the Charles Harding Firth Collection at the Un iversity of Sheffield A descriptive and indexed catalogue. Orders, material for publication, oooks for review, and all other enquiries should be add r e~ed to: J D A Widdowson, The Ed itor, Lore and Language, Department of English Language, The University. Sheffield SID 2TN. © The Survey 01 Language and Folklore, 1974. No part of this journal may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permi$sion from tha Editor. DEPART~n:~;T OF FOLKLORE Memonal UniVCl'sity of ~ewroundlan d