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Ocean Circulation As a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina

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Ocean Circulation As a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2018 Ocean Circulation as a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina Miles Anthony Henderson University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Henderson, Miles Anthony, "Ocean Circulation as a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4885 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Miles Anthony Henderson entitled "Ocean Circulation as a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Linda C. Kah, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Christopher M. Fedo, Jill M. Mikucki, Andrew D. Steen, Colin D. Sumrall Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Ocean Circulation as a Driver for Changes in Ocean Chemistry in the Middle Ordovician of Argentina A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Miles Anthony Henderson May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Miles Anthony Henderson All rights reserved. ii Dedication To the many educators that have shaped my passion for learning and knowledge over these many years. Especially to my wife, the librarian, for her unending support, encouragement, and allowing me to spend many years in the pursuit of this knowledge. iii Acknowledgments First, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Linda Kah, who welcomed me back to Tennessee and has provided endless support, encouragement, and insight throughout these past five years. I’d also like to acknowledge my committee, Drs. Chris Fedo, Jill Mikucki, Colin Sumrall, and Drew Steen, and Ania Szynkiewicz for their support and encouragement at all stages of this dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge my many friends and colleagues in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences over the years, especially Ashley Manning-Berg, Kennan Golder, Jason Muhlbauer, Sarah Sheffield, Joseph Panzik, Cameron Hughes, Jen Bauer, Joy Buongiorno, Robert Jacobsen, Latisha Brengman, and Geoffrey Gilleaudeau. Lastly, I’d like to acknowledge my wife, Viktoria, for her encouragement, patience, and support that allowed all of this to be possible. iv Abstract The Ordovician is a critical period of Earth evolution where we observe a dramatic increase in the diversity of marine organisms called the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). Major pulses in biodiversity of marine phytoplankton are identified in the Middle Ordovician during the GOBE suggesting dramatic changes in nutrient budgets of the shallow oceans. Additionally, carbon isotope evidence suggesting changeover from a greenhouse climate state to an icehouse climate state is also identified in the Middle Ordovician. Disruption of the Early Ordovician stratified ocean with invigorated ocean circulation associated with global cooling through the Middle Ordovician would lead to increased ventilation and upwelling of nutrient rich anoxic deep-waters potentially driving the biodiversity trends observed during the GOBE. Evidence of such a mixing event in the Middle Ordovician may recorded as the globally recognized Middle Darriwilian Isotope Carbon Excursion (MDICE). In this study, I explore the potential for disruption of ocean stratification driven by global cooling in the Middle Ordovician by investigating the isotopic compositions of carbon, sulfur, strontium, and neodymium from the Precordillera of Argentina, which contains distinct marine facies representing coeval, yet distinct, water depths. In Chapter 1, I evaluate the carbon isotope composition of marine carbonate and organic carbon. Paired C-isotope profiles show decoupling of carbon isotope compositions between shallow- and deep-water environments and confirms the presence of a strong chemocline in the Darriwilian. In Chapter 2, I characterize potential changes in redox conditions in the Precordillera through the sulfur isotope record of carbonate associated sulfate (CAS) and pyrite. Variation in the behavior of marine sulfur between shallow, more oxygenated v surface waters and between deeper-water environments, below the marine chemocline is consistent with increased oxygenation of the deep-ocean in the Middle Ordovician. In Chapter 3, I determined the isotopic compositions of neodymium and strontium to explore the potential for physical stratification of the Middle Ordovician water column. Neodymium and strontium isotope compositions show decoupling between shallow- and deep-water environments suggesting physical stratification of the water column in addition to dynamic stratification indicated in the biogeochemical records of carbon and sulfur. vi Table of contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1. The Ordovician ocean .............................................................................................. 1 2. Overview of the present study.................................................................................. 3 2.1. Chapter 1 – Examining heterogeneity in the carbon isotope record .................... 4 2.2. Chapter 2 – Evaluating redox conditions with the sulfur isotope record ............. 5 2.3. Chapter 3 – Investigating physical records of paleoceanographic mixing .......... 6 References ................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 Paired isotope records of carbonate and organic matter from the Middle Ordovician of Argentina: Intrabasinal variation and effects of the marine chemocline ... 14 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 15 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 16 2. Geologic setting and age ........................................................................................ 19 2.1. The Argentine Precordillera ............................................................................ 19 2.2. Middle Ordovician Strata ................................................................................ 20 2.2.1. The Las Chacritas Formation ....................................................................... 21 2.2.2. The Las Aguaditas Formation ...................................................................... 22 2.3. Biostratigraphic correlation of the Las Chacritas and Las Aguaditas formations .............................................................................................................................. 24 3. Analytical methods ................................................................................................ 27 3.1. Petrographic screening .................................................................................... 27 3.2. Isotopic analyses of carbonate phases.............................................................. 27 3.3. Elemental analyses .......................................................................................... 28 3.4. Isotopic analyses of organic matter ................................................................. 28 4. Results and interpretation ...................................................................................... 29 4.1. Petrographic characterization .......................................................................... 29 4.1.1. Evidence of secondary components .............................................................. 31 4.1.2. Cathodoluminescence petrography ............................................................... 32 4.1.3. Interpretation ............................................................................................... 33 4.2. Geochemical characterization of carbonate phases .......................................... 35 4.2.1. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions ..................................................... 35 4.2.2. Elemental signatures .................................................................................... 36 4.2.3. Interpretation ............................................................................................... 37 4.3. Carbon isotope compositions of organic matter ............................................... 41 4.3.1. Interpretation ............................................................................................... 42 4.4. Chemostratigraphic profiles ............................................................................ 43 5. Discussion ............................................................................................................
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