PRIVATISASI BUMN DAN REORIENTASI PERAN NEGARA DI SEKTOR BISNIS PASCA ORDE BARU (Studi Komparasi Tiga Masa Pemerintahan) Syamsul Ma’Arif 45

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PRIVATISASI BUMN DAN REORIENTASI PERAN NEGARA DI SEKTOR BISNIS PASCA ORDE BARU (Studi Komparasi Tiga Masa Pemerintahan) Syamsul Ma’Arif 45 PRIVATISASI BUMN DAN REORIENTASI PERAN NEGARA DI SEKTOR BISNIS PASCA ORDE BARU (Studi Komparasi Tiga Masa Pemerintahan) Syamsul Ma’arif 45 Research, Lawrence Erlbaum journalism, Oxford, Reuters PRIVATISASI BUMN DAN REORIENTASI PERAN Associates, New Jersey, 2004 Institute for the Study of Maswadi Rauf dan Mappa Nasrun (ed.), Journalism, 2010. NEGARA DI SEKTOR BISNIS PASCA ORDE BARU Indonesia dan Komunikasi Nimmo, D. D., & Sanders, K. R. (Eds.), (Studi Komparasi Tiga Masa Pemerintahan) Politik, Gramedia Pustaka Handbook of political Utama, Jakarta, 1993. communication. Beverly Hills, Syamsul Ma’arif Newman., UK Election 2010, CA: Sage, 1981. Staf Pengajar FISIP Universitas Lampung Mainstream Media and the Role Richard M. Perloff, The Dynamics of Email: [email protected] of the Internet: How social and Political Communication: Media digital media affected the and Politics in a Digital Age, business of politics and Routledge, New York, 2014 Abstract This research describes dynamic of inter actors relation during process of privatization of Indonesia’s state owned enterprises in the post New Order era. Privatization means govenment policy aimed at enabling private sector to take over state owned enterprises. Privatizations can also be defined as a set of stage taken to minimize the role of government in order to step up the role of private sector in economics and assets ownership. Privatization as an economical policy doesn’t exist in “empty room”. Privatization policy must be viewed a product of political process. So, the success or failure of this policy is highly influenced by political context. In case of Indonesia, privatization policy did’nt succeed to achieve the goals because of many political constrain happened during the implementation. Keyword: privatization, state owned enterprises, politics srak Penelitian ini menggambarkan dinamika hubungan antar actor selama proses privatisasi Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) di Indonesia pada era pasca rezim Orde Baru. Privatisasi bermakna kebijakan pemerintah yang dimaksudkan agar sektor swasta mampu mengambil alih kepemilikan Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Privatisasi juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai serangkaian langkah yang diambil untuk meminimalisasikan peran pemerintah demi meningkatkan peran sektor swasta dalam kehidupan ekonomi dan kepemilikan asset. Privatisasi sebagai suatu kebijakan ekonomi tidaklah berada di ruang hampa. Kebijaka privatisasi harus dilihat sebagai suatu produk dari proses politik. Oleh karena itu, kesuksesan atau kegagalan kebijakan ini amat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan politik. Dalam kasus Indonesia, privatisasi Badan Usaha Milik Negara pasca rezim Orde Baru tidak berjalan sukses disebabkan banyak hambatan politik selama proses implementasi kebijakan. ata ui: privatisasi, Badan Usaha Milik Negara, politik PENDAHULUAN status hukum BUMN dari perusahaan Program privatisasi BUMN di jawatan (perjan) menjadi perusahaan Indonesia telah berlangsung sejak umum (perum), dan dari perum menjadi keluarnya Inpres No 5 Tahun 1988 yang perusahaan perseroan (persero). Selain disusul Keputusan Menteri Keuangan itu pada tahun yang sama pemerintah tentang Tata Cara Privatisasi BUMN. melakukan klasifikasi BUMN atas Kebijakan itu dilaksanakan sebagai kategori sangat baik, baik, kurang baik, bagian dari satu paket program dan tidak baik. Akibat perubahan bentuk deregulasi dan debirokratisasi nasional. badan hukum BUMN dari perjan Titik tekan program privatisasi ketika itu menjadi perum, dan dari perum menjadi adalah untuk memperbaiki kinerja persero tersebut, jumlah BUMN persero BUMN. Pelaksanaannya dilakukan pada periode 1988-1994 meningkat dari dengan cara merubah secara gradual 120 unit menjadi 142 unit. JURNAL ANALISIS SOSIAL POLITIK 46 VOLUME 5, NO 1, JULI 2019 Menyusul terjadinya krisis sebelumnya hanya menekankan moneter di tahun 1997, Pemerintah perbaikan kinerja, maka privatisasi sejak meminta bantuan IMF, Bank Dunia, dan 1998-2004 tak hanya menekankan badan-badan internasional lainnya untuk perbaikan kinerja, melainkan pula memperkuat sektor keuangan Indonesia. langsung diarahkan untuk merubah Memenuhi permintaan pemerintah status kepemilikan BUMN menjadi Indonesia, pihak IMF mensyaratkan perusahaan swasta. Privatisasi BUMN perubahan fundamental dalam hubungan sejak 1998-2004 tentu berbalikan dengan antara negara dengan pasar. Persyaratan- konsep “nasionalisasi” yang pernah persyaratan ini disebut IMF ditempuh Pemerintah pada tahun 1950- conditionality. Dalam kasus Indonesia, an. Perubahan tersebut layak dikaji IMF conditionality tersebut dituangkan karena terkait dengan penempatan peran ke dalam Letter of Intent (LoI), yakni negara dalam konteks pembangunan program-program yang disepakati oleh ekonomi dan peran pasar dalam kedua belah pihak (pemerintah Indonesia perekonomian bangsa. dengan IMF) untuk melakukan perubahan ekonomi secara fundamental. KONTEKS POLITIK PRIVATISASI Penandatanganan LOI yang Privatisasi menurut Savas (1997) mensyaratkan perubahan berbagai didefinisikan secara sempit sebagai kebijakan ekonomi telah menyebabkan “menjadikan privat” mengalihkan sebagian besar nasib bangsa ini menjadi kontrol dan kepemilikan dari publik ke tergantung pada agenda Washington privat. Namun istilah ini telah Consensus. Konsekuensinya, Pemerintah mendapatkan pengertian yang lebih luas. harus menyetujui sejumlah persyaratan Istilah privatisasi melambangkan suatu reformasi ekonomi, terutama komitmen cara baru dalam memperhatikan untuk melakukan privatisasi BUMN kebutuhan masyarakat dan pemikiran seperti tertuang dalam Letter of Intent kembali mengenai peranan pemerintah (LOI). Sektor BUMN yang selama ini dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. merupakan salah satu andalan Hal ini berarti memberikan kewenangan penerimaan negara kemudian turut yang lebih besar kepada institusi menjadi target privatisasi. Desain masyarakat dan mengurangi kewenangan privatisasi dirancang oleh institusi pemerintah dalam merumuskan keuangan internasional di bawah kebutuhan masyarakat. Dengan panduan dwitunggal World Bank-IMF demikian privatisasi merupakan tindakan dengan sokongan penuh ADB dan mengurangi peran pemerintah atau USAID. Hal ini tetap berlanjut meski meningkatkan peran sektor privat dalam kekuasaan Pemerintah Orde Baru aktivitas atau kepemilikan asset publik. akhirnya jatuh dan beralih ke Pemerintah Studi ini berargumen bahwa Orde Reformasi. setiap kebijakan lahir tentu bukan berada Jatuhnya pemerintah Orde Baru pada situasi vakuum. Ada tarik menarik pada tahun 1998 yang kemudian di antara kelompok-kelompok yang digantikan pemerintah Orde Reformasi saling berebut kepentingan dan selalu tak membuat program menjadi ingin menjadi aktor yang diuntungkan. privatisasi terhenti. Meski demikian, Perubahan kebijakan yang didesakkan substansi program privatisasi sejak tahun IMF/Bank Dunia dalam kerangka 1998-2004 memiliki perbedaan structural adjustment programs (SAPs) mendasar dengan privatisasi pada era sejak tahun 1998-2004 juga tak lepas sebelumnya. Jika privatisasi pada era dari adanya tarik menarik kepentingan. PRIVATISASI BUMN DAN REORIENTASI PERAN NEGARA DI SEKTOR BISNIS PASCA ORDE BARU (Studi Komparasi Tiga Masa Pemerintahan) Syamsul Ma’arif 47 Menyusul terjadinya krisis sebelumnya hanya menekankan Studi yang dilakukan oleh Karyana kebijakan publik bukan semata-mata moneter di tahun 1997, Pemerintah perbaikan kinerja, maka privatisasi sejak (2000) menunjukkan bahwa privatisasi proses teknis, melainkan pula bersifat meminta bantuan IMF, Bank Dunia, dan 1998-2004 tak hanya menekankan BUMN pasca Orde Baru diwarnai oleh politis karena diwarnai dengan konflik, badan-badan internasional lainnya untuk perbaikan kinerja, melainkan pula pertarungan antara kelompok yang tawar menawar, negosiasi, dan tarik memperkuat sektor keuangan Indonesia. langsung diarahkan untuk merubah melihat BUMN dari sisi free market menarik kepentingan. Fenomena tersebut Memenuhi permintaan pemerintah status kepemilikan BUMN menjadi liberalization dan kelompok nasionalis sangat relevan dikaji melalui studi Indonesia, pihak IMF mensyaratkan perusahaan swasta. Privatisasi BUMN yang masih berpikir dalam ranah Pasal ekonomi politik. Menurut Grindle dan perubahan fundamental dalam hubungan sejak 1998-2004 tentu berbalikan dengan 33 UUD 1945. Kelompok pertama Thomas (1991), di dalam studi ekonomi- antara negara dengan pasar. Persyaratan- konsep “nasionalisasi” yang pernah berpendapat bahwa selama ini kinerja politik dikenal adanya dua pendekatan, persyaratan ini disebut IMF ditempuh Pemerintah pada tahun 1950- BUMN hanya mencatat berbagai yakni: radical political economy (the conditionality. Dalam kasus Indonesia, an. Perubahan tersebut layak dikaji inefisiensi. Karena itu, kelompok ini Marxist School) yang mengutamakan IMF conditionality tersebut dituangkan karena terkait dengan penempatan peran menginginkan agar BUMN secepatnya peran kelas sosial dan New Political ke dalam Letter of Intent (LoI), yakni negara dalam konteks pembangunan diprivatisasi karena dengan privatisasi Economy (the public choice framework) program-program yang disepakati oleh ekonomi dan peran pasar dalam tersebut negara bisa berhemat banyak yang mengutamakan peran aktor kedua belah pihak (pemerintah Indonesia perekonomian bangsa. dana dan pasar bisa kembali normal. individual. Sintesis di antara keduanya, dengan IMF) untuk melakukan Sedangkan kelompok kedua merasa menurut Frieden (2000), memunculkan perubahan ekonomi secara fundamental. KONTEKS POLITIK PRIVATISASI keberatan dan cenderung mengambil pendekatan Modern Political Economy
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