Hoque F, Et Al. Effect of Water Salinity Levels on Growth Performance and Survival of Copyright© Hoque F, Et Al

International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2577-4050 Committed to create value for Researchers

Effect of Water Salinity Levels on Growth Performance and Survival of Catla Catla, Genetically Improved Labeo Rohita (Jayanti Rohu) and Cirrhinus Mrigala

Hoque F1, Adhikari S1*, Hussan A1, Mahanty D1, Pal K1 and Pillai BR2 Research Article 1ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Regional Research Centre- Rahara, India Volume 4 Issue 2 2ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, India Received Date: June 01, 2020 Published Date: June 30, 2020 *Corresponding author: Subhendu Adhikari, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, DOI: 10.23880/ijoac-16000190 Regional Research Centre- Rahara, Kolkata-700118, West Bengal, India, Tel: +91-9419541546; Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In the present work, the salinity tolerance level of Indian major carp, Catla catla, genetically improved Labeo rohita (Jayanti rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala levels of salinities for 45 days. Overall analysis of the result showed that, the severity of impact of increasing salinity was were ascertained in terms of weight gain and mortality by exposing the fishes gradually to different C. catla L. rohita the decrease in weight gain significantly higher (P<0.05) in Catla compared to other two species (Jayanti rohu and Mrigal). In case of significant C. mrigala the growth retardation was noticed from 4 ppt onwardsdecrease compared(P<0.05) in to weightcontrol. gain In case was of noted Catla, from mortality 1 ppt started onwards, at salinitywhereas above in case 5 ppt, of and reached to 100% at salinity level ofwas 8 pptfound , whereas, significant Jayanti (P<0.05) rohu showed from 3 pptno mortality onwards upand to in 6 pptcase salinity, of though the survivability got reduced to 40% in salinity

result obtained in the present study had given an account of the level of salinity tolerance in Indian major carps. of 8 ppt. Interestingly, in case of Mrigal no mortality were recorded at salinity level up to 8 ppt on 30 days post experiment. The Keywords:

Salinity; Tolerance; Indian Major Carps; Weight; Survival Introduction precipitation or evaporation. This is pronounced in tropics where the climate is characterized by wet and dry seasons Fish is considered as one of the major source of Labeo rohita, Catla animal protein contributing 63% of the available protein catla, Cirrhinus mrigala) comprises the dominant portion of in the diet. Salinity is one of the environmental factors that [2]. In India, though Indian Major Carps ( and survival of the species needed to be investigated to meet change and global warming resulted in continuous melting cultured fish, but the impact of increasing salinity on growth ofinfluence glacier theand growth sea level performance rise. In turn, of many salinity fish intrusion[1]. Climate in without hampering the production. Salinity is considered as natural fresh water sources has been reported as one of the athe limiting demand factor of thefor fishesthe survival in future and with growth changing of freshwater climate serious problems that are exacerbated by rising sea-levels, owing to climate change, and other contributing factors, on growth and feed utilization of potential saline tolerant fish species. Little work has been reported on salinity effects shrimp farming along the coastal areas. Due to the increasing like changes in fresh water flow from rivers and increased cultured fish species [3]. Although farmers in India raise in ponds and other fresh water bodies especially in coastal beenfish, the carried potential out to for investigate increasing the production impact of utilizing salinity saline-on the water salinity with the sea level rise, it impacted fish culture tolerant fish remains untapped. Thus the present study has zone. Pond water salinity also changes during periods of high most dominant group of freshwater fishes in India i.e. Indian Effect of Water Salinity Levels on Growth Performance and Survival of Catla Catla, Genetically Improved Int J Oceanogr Aquac Labeo Rohita (Jayanti Rohu) and Cirrhinus Mrigala 2 International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture major carps. Results

Materials and Methods Growth and Survivability of IMC under different Salinity Levels Experimental Site Overall analysis of the result showed that, the severity The experiment was performed at the wet lab of Regional research station- Rahara, West Bengal of Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute of Freshwater of impact of increasingC. catla salinity was significantly higher Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA). in(P<0.05) weight in gain Catla was compared noted tofrom other 1 ppttwo speciesonwards (Jayanti (Figure rohu 2), whereasand Mrigal). in caseIn case of ofL. rohita thesignificant decrease decrease(P<0.05) in weight gain Fish Species 1) and in case of C. mrigala the growth retardation was Labeo noticedwas found from significant 4 ppt onwards (P<0.05) compared from 3 ppt to onwards control (Figure rohita), Catla (Catla Catla Cirrhinus mrigala) 3). In case of Catla, mortality started at salinity above 5 weighingTotal 10.50±1.35200 numbers g were of fingerlings collected from of Jayanti Regional rohu Research ( ppt, and reached to 100% at salinity level of 8 ppt (Figure Centre- Rahara, ICAR-CIFA,) andWest Mrigal Bengal, ( India. On receipt, 5). In case of Jayanti rohu no mortality was recorded up to 6 ppt salinity, though the survivability got reduced to 40% the fish were acclimatized separately for 15 days prior to the no mortality were recorded at salinity level up to 8 pp ton experiment in theStarter fibre feed glass code: reinforced 2432512) plastic containing tanks (FRP) 32% 30in salinity days post of 8experiment ppt (Figure (Figure 4). Interestingly, 6). In case ofin allcase the of species Mrigal of 1000L capacity.TM The fish were fed with commercial floating weight gain was found decreased with increase in salinity. feedaeration (Growfin was provided and 30% replacement of water with In case of Jayanti rohu, reduction in weight gain was not freshprotein, bore 5% well fat, water5.5% fibrewas doneand 11.5% daily tomoisture. avoid deposition Continuous of nitrogenous wastes. and then it reduced at a rate of around 10% with each ppt ofsignificantly salinity increase different up (P>0.05) to 6ppt fromsalinity; control but upin tocase 2 ppt of Catlalevel Experimental Design reduction in weight gain with increased salinity was found inconsistent and even at 2 ppt salinity average weight gain The salinity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 ppt) was maintained reduced to nearly 50% compared to control (0 ppt). But in by mixing desired levels of commercial sodium chloride (NaCl) to freshwater. Total 10 numbers of the acclimatized gain was found up to 3 ppt salinity. Overall analysis of the resultcase of showed Mrigal, nothat, significant the severity difference of impact (P>0.05) of increasingin weight fingerlings were subjected to each of the salinity regimes of water in triplicates. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was used in this to other two species (Jayanti rohu and mrigal). In case of C. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 ppt in FRP tanks containing 200 L study instead of seawater due to theirfrequent use to raise catlasalinity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Catla compared from 1 ppt onwards, whereas in case of L. rohita from 3 ppt and insignificant case of C. decrease mrigala (P<0.05)from 4 ppt in weightonwards gain compared was noted to salinity during husbandry practices of these species [4]. The control. weresalinity examined level was on measured the initial usingday of Labman the experimentation Multi-parameter and water quality meter LMMP-30, India. The water parameters raised in their respective tanks for 45 days. Sampling was doneon weekly on 0d, interval 15 d, till30 thed and final 45 day d of sampling.Thethe experiment, fish which were

(gm). included recording survival rate (%) and weight gain of fish Data Analysis

DataThe were survival expressed percentage as mean ± was standard recorded deviation. (No ofThe fishes data survived after 45 days/Initial no. of fishes stockedx 100). Figure 1: Weight gain of genetically improved Labeo rohita were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) [5]. Statistical (Jayanti rohu) with increasing salinity. software SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyse data with the levels of significance at P<0.05.

Hoque F, et al. Effect of Water Salinity Levels on Growth Performance and Survival of Copyright© Hoque F, et al. Catla Catla, Genetically Improved Labeo Rohita (Jayanti Rohu) and Cirrhinus Mrigala. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2020, 4(2): 000190. 3 International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture

Figure 6: Survival of Cirrhinus mrigala with increasing Figure 2: Weight gain of Catla catla with increasing salinity. salinity.

Discussion

salinity,Every morphological, fish species has biochemical different optimum and endocrinological salinity ranges for growth and survival. With fluctuations in environmental

inalterations salinity havemay beenprovide evidenced a bio-energetic in fish leading basis to to increasing evaluate demand of energy [6]. Growth and survival to changes This is also relevant for the culture of salinity-tolerant Figure 3: Weight gain of Cirrhinus mrigala with increasing aquacultureperformance candidates of fish under which different could be culturereared at conditions. different salinity. gain was reported in C. catla whereassalinities. in In case the presentof L. rohita study, the significant decrease indecrease weight ingain weight was (P<0.05) from 1 ppt onwards, of C. mrigala the growth retardation was noticed from 4 ppt onwardsfound significant compared (P<0.05) to control. from Recent 3 ppt studies onwards demonstrated and in case that salinity change can induce stress in aquatic animals by interfering with physiological homeostasis, routine biological

decrease in weight gain. This study reported that in case of Catla,processes mortality and accelerating started at salinity oxidative above damage 5 ppt, [7], and resulting reached in to 100% at salinity level of 8 ppt. In case of Jayanti rohu

Figure 4: Survival of genetically improved Labeo rohita (Jayanti rohu) with increasing salinity. salinitythe survival level ofup fish to 8 gotppt reducedon 30 days to post40% experiment. in salinity ofFiúza, 8 ppt. et Interestingly, in case of Mrigal no mortality were recorded at effects on the growth, survival, haematological parameters andal. [8] osmoregulation reported that salinity of tambaqui higher than(Colossoma 5 ppt has macropomu significant)

juveniles. James, et al. [9] studied that the maximum salinity tolerance was 11 ppt for channel cat fish, 12 ppt for blue cat fish and 13 ppt for white cat fish. Ghosh, et al. [10] observed that common carp can be profitably cultured up to 5 ppt salinity and there was no adverse effect on Oncorhynchus the fish even mykisswhen the that salinity were reared was raised for 6 months to 7 ppt. in Mohammadi, underground et brackish al. [11] waterrevealed (11 that ppt) broodsuccessfully fish of matured Rainbow and Trout, spawned and their Figure 5: Survival of Catla catla with increasing salinity.

gonad quality was better than the broodfish in freshwater. Hoque F, et al. Effect of Water Salinity Levels on Growth Performance and Survival of Copyright© Hoque F, et al. Catla Catla, Genetically Improved Labeo Rohita (Jayanti Rohu) and Cirrhinus Mrigala. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2020, 4(2): 000190. 4 International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture

The earlier studies indicated that juveniles of rohu could 4. grow upto 4 ppt salinity level, but less growth was observed theTsuzuki freshwater MY, Aikawa silversides H, Strüssmann Odontesthes CA, bonariensis Takashima and F (2000) Physiological responses to salinity increases in uptoas salinity 8 ppt increased without abovehampering 4 ppt [12].the production,Based on the whereas present 48(1): 81-85. investigation, we recommend culturing Mrigal in salinity O. hatcheri (Pisces, Atherinidae). Rev Bras Oceanogr 5. Catla was found to be least tolerant to salinity fluctuations. thatThe Jayantiimproved rohu rohu can Jayanti be cultured was foundin salt toaffected grow areassignificantly upto 8 Weissgerber TL, Garcia-Valencia O, Garovic VD, Milic pptat salinity and there upto is 3great ppt. potentialContrarily, to Murmu,incorporate et al. this [6] species reported in e36163.NM, Winham SJ (2018) Why we need to report more low saline aquaculture. However, this comprehensive study than ‘Data were Analyzed by t-tests or ANOVA’. eLife 7: 6. serves as the basis to sustain the aquaculture production in et al. (2019). Effect of salinity on survival, hematological the climate change scenarios with reference to saline zone andMurmu histological K, Rasal KD,changes Rasal inA, geneticallySahoo L, Nandanpawar improved rohu PC, and useful in preparation of management plan for carp culture, where water salinity varies within the study level. of Animal Research, pp: B-3801. (Jayanti), Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Indian Journal Acknowledgement 7. cope with salinity stress. Journal Experimental Biology The funding of NICRA (National Innovation on Climate 218:Kultz 1907-1914. D (2015) Physiological mechanisms used by fish to Resilient Agriculture) for conducting of the present investigation is gratefully acknowledged. The authors 8. are also thankful to the Director, ICAR-CIFA for providing al. (2015) Effects of salinity on the growth, survival, research facilities at the Institute. haematologicalFiúza LS, Aragão NM,parameters Junior R, Pintoand H,osmoregulation Moraes MG, et of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum juveniles. References Aquaculture Research 46(1): 1-9. 1. 9. James KR, Cant B, Ryan T (2003) Responses of freshwater Saltwater culture of the Florida red tilapia and other biota to rising salinity levels and implications for saline Watanabe W, Olla BL, Wiklund RI, Head WD (1997) water management: a review. Australian Journal Botany Rokocy JE, (Eds.), Tilapia aquaculture in Americas, World 51: 703-713. saline-tolerant tilapias: A review. In: Costa-Pierce BA, 10. Ghosh AN, Ghosh SR, Sarkar NN (1973) On the salinity 2. Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA 1: 54-141. Journal of Inland Fisheries Society India 5: 215-217. Boyd CE, Tucker CS (1998) Pond Aquaculture Water tolerance of fry and fingerlings of Indian major carps. Quality Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 11. 3. London, pp: 700. forMohammadi reproduction M, Sarsangi and larviculture H, Askari M, of Bitaraf Rainbow A, Mashaii Trout, Likongwe JS (2002) Studies on potential use of salinity OncorhynchusN, et al. (2011) mykiss Use. ofJournal underground of Applied brackish Aquaculture water to increase growth of tilapia in aquaculture in Malawi. 23(2): 103-111. In: McElwee K, Lewis K, Nidiffer M, Buitrago P, (Eds.), pp:Nineteenth 167-174. Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/ 12. Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, of salinity on growth and survivality of Labeorohita in Baliarsingh MM, Panigrahi JK, Patra AK (2018) Effect

captivity. International J Scientific Res 7(4): 28-30.