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Manal Sweidan Department of Statistics Jordan Main Messages

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Manal Sweidan Department of Statistics Jordan Main Messages Manal Sweidan Department of Statistics Jordan Main Messages Not enough opportunities for the women in the middle, either by education or by social class. Job creation efforts too much focused on the micro/poor/uneducated and the educated/upper class. Middle class married women with secondary education are the forgotten middle. A major barrier to women’s work inside or outside the home are social norms and conservative attitudes. A high share of men are still opposed to women’s work. Being married is a higher barrier to women’s work than child and elderly care. The perception is that if women don’t work in formal jobs, they are economically active from home or in the informal sector. Not so. Home‐based and informality far less prevalent than expected –no substitute for formal opportunities. Ratio of actual to predicted FLFP Ratio of actual to potential FLFP Countries below the line underutilize Countries above the line over-utilize investments in female capacity female capacity relative to relative to actual FLFP actual FLFP 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 1980 0.20 2000 0.00 2005 Male & Female Labor Force Participation Rates within the Survey Across Three MENA Capitals (15‐64, Excl. Students) 100 90 80 70 60 50 MLFP % 90 FLFP 40 84 82 30 20 10 25 23 14 0 Amman Cairo Sana'a Source: “Behind the Barriers: Women in Informal Work and Home-Based Entrepreneurship in Selected Cities in MENA”. World Bank Survey, 2008 A. What are the factors behind persistently low FLFP? • Hypothesis: Education positively impacts female labor supply, but gender‐based social norms and conservative attitudes have a negative impact. B. Are Home‐Based economic activities an option? • Hypothesis: FLFP may be low, but women are economically active through informal home‐based work, self‐employment, and entrepreneurship. Average Years 15 of 10 Schooling 5 0 Amman average years of schooling 0 15-19 by 20-24 Sex 25-29 30-34 and 35-39 15 40-44 Age Men 45-49 10 age 50-54 5 55-59 60-64 15 0 65-69 average years of schooling Sana'a 70-74 10 0 Women 75+ 15-19 5 20-24 0 25-29 average years of schooling Cairo 30-34 0 35-39 15-19 40-44 20-24 45-49 Men 25-29 age 50-54 30-34 55-59 35-39 60-64 40-44 65-69 Men 45-49 70-74 age 50-54 Women 75+ 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 Women 75+ 6 Employment status by sex and income groups 30 25 Female Employed Female Unemployed 20 Female OLF 15 Male Employed sample 10 Male Unemployed total Male OLF 5 of % 0 Amman Cairo Sana'a Attitudes and Empowerment, by Gender and Marital Status Amman ‐ Attitudes towards women working outside, by gender and marital status 100 80 total 60 the 89 83 40 78 72 79 75 69 70 70 75 72 74 69 of 65 62 64 % 20 0 single single children children children children divorced divorced no no with with married married married married widowed,separated, widowed,separated, Accepting idea of women working outside Thinking that people are empowered by earning their own money star denotes statistical significance men women Reasons for concern with female outside work, Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside (15‐64) (by capital and sex) 40 100% 8 7 11 11 35 women 13 19 of 30 80% 49 idea 17 27 52 56 25 79 53 the 60% 22 26 11 20 13 15 outside 40% 5 15 12 10 accepting 15 8 4 56 10 not 20% 56 19 41 working 35 35 32 13 13 5 9 9 7 0% 0 individuals MFMFMF MFMFMF total Amman Cairo Sana'a of % Amman Cairo Sana'a social norms and traditions potential sexual harrassment not good for quality of family life no economic need Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances differences arestatistically significant for Amman & Sana'a differences arestatistically significant FLFP in household accepting/not accepting the idea of women working outside 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Amman Cairo Sana'a Not accepting Accepting differences arestatistically significant Descriptive Statistics, cont’d: Attitudes Towards Women Working Outside, by Gender, Age and Income Amman: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by income, age, and gender 50 45 40 35 25 30 15 18 24 25 11 13 20 7 5 15 5 5 3 6 22 24 10 19 18 15 14 17 16 16 5 12 12 13 0 Sana'a: Non acceptance of the idea of women working 29 44 29 44 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ outside, by income, age, and gender low low 45+ 45+ high high 50 45 15 30 15 30 40 35 medium medium 30 25 26 22 22 20 18 17 25 15 4 4 10 6 4 3 9 5 13 13 12 11 8 15 14 10 MFMF 0 7 7 7 6 29 44 29 44 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ low low 45+ 45+ high high 15 30 15 30 medium medium income groups age groups MFMF income groups age groups Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances Descriptive Statistics, cont’d.: Attitudes Towards Women Working Outside, by Gender and Education Cairo: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by Amman: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by education and gender 50 education and gender 45 40 35 50 30 25 36 31 28 45 20 15 16 19 16 13 40 10 8 5 10 11 8 8 6 9 9 4 35 0 28 19 30 Education Education Education Education Education Education Education Education 25 No No Low 17 Low High High 8 9 Medium 20 Medium 73 15 MF 23 10 20 1 17 16 16 15 14 Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances 5 9 0 Sana'a: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by education and gender 50 45 40 35 Education Education Education Education Education Education Education Education 30 24 25 No No 29 17 Low Low 20 High High 15 18 9 10 3 2 Medium Medium 16 13 5 10 6 10 9 8 0 1 MF Education Education Education Education Education Education Education Education No No Low Low High High Medium Medium MF Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances Female participation by characteristics of mother‐in‐law Female participation (15‐64) by education of mother‐in‐law Female participation (15‐64) by whether mother‐in‐law worked or used to work outside home 2 100 3 6 5 2 7 2 8 2 6 100 90 9 5 5 90 7 80 80 70 70 60 % % 60 91 95 93 95 50 96 96 50 40 95 92 89 86 87 30 40 81 20 30 10 4 5 4 5 9 7 0 20 Participating Not Participating Not Participating Not 10 participating participating participating 0 Participating Not Participating Not Participating Not participating participating participating Amman Cairo Sana'a Amman Cairo Sana'a Mother in law not worked or used to work outside home Mother in law worked or used to work outside home Basic education Low education Medium education High education 40 Characteristics of Married & Non‐married Women Amman: Married & Non‐Married Women (15‐64 years old), by Age, Education & Wealth Quintiles 100 women 80 12 41 60 married ‐ non 40 73 22 23 & 30 26 22 17 19 20 20 29 47 29 11 27 26 18 21 18 18 19 20 2 married 7 5 0 of 24 34 44 64 % ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 15 25 35 45 quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Education Education Education Education 5th 1st 4th 3rd 2nd No Low High Medium Age Group Education Wealth Quintiles Married Non‐Married 41 Intra‐Household Analysis Amman: Educational pattern in the couple, number of children, female labor force participation, and attitudes Living in HH with W<H at least 1 person W>H against women working outside W=H W<H Average number of children W>H W=H W<H FLFP W>H W=H 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Does Home‐Based Work Provide an Option to Women’s Economic Empowerment? Occupational choices of employed Distribution of males and females by employment status 100% 90% 20 22 80 23 32 35 80% 1 44 70 5 6 6 70% 60 8 2 60% employed 50 51 50% 62 44 64 totale 64 43 ‐ 40 40% 35 the 15 64 63 30 of 30% 55 % 2 2 3 total 2 20 20% 6 4 7 18 3 14 17 17 the 10% 10 5 10 16 15 2 4 of 7 1 8 3 5 8 0% 1 3 2 % 0 male female male female male female male female male female male female Amman Cairo Sana'a Amman Cairo Sana'a employer self‐employed working home‐based employee in the private sector working outside unemployed home‐based employee in the public sector Characteristics of Home‐Based Workers Distribution of male & female H‐B workers, by age groups Distribution of male & female H‐B workers , by marital status 3 1 100 3 2 100 2 1 3 3 8 90 11 90 24 22 26 80 38 80 70 31 70 workers B ‐ H 60 60 78 workers 87 of 50 81 % 50 B 57 62 ‐ 40 H 40 64 51 47 of 30 30 20 % 20 10 16 10 21 12 8 12 12 9 0 7 0 MFMF MFMF Amman Cairo Amman Cairo Never married Married Wid/Div/Sep 15‐24 25‐44 45‐64 65‐74 75+ Distribution of male & female H‐B workers, by children<6 years old Distribution of male & female H‐B workers, by income groups 100 100 11 90 90 22 22 22 80 80 50 29 58 70 70 63 63 34 30 60 60 41 workers workers 50 50 B B ‐ ‐ H H 40 40 of of 30 60 30 % % 48 20 44 50 37 20 42 10 37 37 10 0 0 MFMF MFMF Amman Cairo Amman Cairo Low Medium High Living in presence of children<6 Not living in presence of children<6 Educational level of the individuals involved in Distribution of home‐based activities by sector home‐based activities, by gender 100% 1 5 6 10 100 90% 8 26 33 90 80% 29 25 4 80 70% 56 2 70 48 60% 16 60 25 50% 30 50 40% 16 40 67 30% 7 12 47 30 13 15 20% 40 39 17 20 4 3 27 10 10% 29 26 10 17 11 11 14 13 0% 3 0 male female male female male female male female male female male female Amman Cairo Sana'a AMMAN CAIRO SANAA manufacturing construction retail trade services other Medium High 18 Amman Cairo sole proprietor* sole proprietor started him/herself (vs inherit.)* started him/herself (vs inherit.)* learned from family/friends learned from family/friends no business registration no business registration no social security no social security* not paying taxes not paying taxes* not keeping regular accounts not keeping regular accounts* principal buyer individuals* principal buyer individuals receiving payment only in cash receiving
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