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The Boston Marathon Bombing in the New York Times and Le Figaro University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2014 News and the Public Sphere: The Boston Marathon Bombing in The New York Times and Le Figaro Ioana Alexandra Coman University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, Journalism Studies Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Coman, Ioana Alexandra, "News and the Public Sphere: The Boston Marathon Bombing in The New York Times and Le Figaro. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2812 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ioana Alexandra Coman entitled "News and the Public Sphere: The Boston Marathon Bombing in The New York Times and Le Figaro." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Peter Gross, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Elizabeth Hendrickson, Suzie Allard, Michael Palenchar, Harry Dahms Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) News and the Public Sphere: The Boston Marathon Bombing in The New York Times and Le Figaro A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Ioana Alexandra Coman August 2014 ii Copyright © 2014 by Ioana Coman All rights reserved. iii Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my parents (the original Doctors in the family J), Dr. Cristina Coman and Dr. Mihai Coman, and to my brother, Tibi. Your never ending patience, encouragement, support and when needed, tough love made my journey, accomplishments and the successful completion of this project possible. Thank you! Va iubesc! iv Acknowledgements This project would have not been possible without the support and guidance of the five professors who served on my dissertation committee. To Dr. Peter Gross, my committee chair: thank you for having faith in my academic destiny, for guiding me through the Masters and the Ph.D. life, and for helping me find the right path in the untangled world of ideas. To Dr. Elizabeth Hendrickson: thank you for being a mentor, a role model for teaching and researching, and for encouraging me in the ‘dark’ moments of the Ph.D. quest. To Dr. Michael Palenchar: thank you for supporting my passion for crisis communication research, and for helping me improve my critical thinking and qualitative research methods and inquiry skills. To Dr. Suzie Allard: thank you for encouraging my interdisciplinary side, for always sharing anything new in the social media field, and for your warm support. To Dr. Harry Dahms: thank you for introducing me to my new passion – the public sphere field, and for your constant guidance in the labyrinth of social theory. Many thanks are due to a few other members of my UTK/CCI family. To Dr. Catherine Luther: thank you for your constant advice and encouragement, and especially for opening the door to what became my research path, path that started in your Masters class. To Deborah Douglas: thank you for always being there for me and when needed, offering me some of your special tough love. To Dr. Maria Fontenot: thank you for being a great mentor, research partner and friend! To Dr. Ed Caudill: it was a pleasure being your TA and student! Thank you for helping me develop the strong roots of quality research methods and teaching. To Dr. Karen Freberg: thank you for mentoring me, for the numberless coffees, and for being such a good friend. To Jody Rightler, Margaret Grigsby, Mike Wiseman, Katie Reno, Sabrina Page, and Dr. Monica Colon-Aguirre: thank you for being fabulous friends, brainstorming partners and ‘editors.’ v Abstract The current dissertation explores the online mediatization of the Boston Marathon bombing crisis by an American newspaper (The New York Times) and a French one (Le Figaro) and their publics’ reactions to it. The research was conducted along two main analysis axes: (1) the main frames and themes through which the journalists and the publics gave meaning to the event, and (2) the characteristics of the online public spheres therefore created. The comparative perspective on the journalistic frames showed a strong tendency of homogenization, as the same main frames appeared in both analyzed newspapers. However, the online comments analysis revealed that in both cases, while the publics debated the event within those journalistic frames, they also negotiated or assigned new meanings, therefore creating new themes. The comparative perspective on the online public spheres showed that the major normative conditions of a public sphere were achieved. Nevertheless, certain differences were found that could be explained as pertaining to different cultures: the French debates were characterized by more moments of subjective personal involvement and flaming. From a journalistic practice standpoint the findings indicated that both the American and French publics critically scrutinized every piece of news information, addressed precise requests, and expected journalists to reply and fulfill their informational needs. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and General Information…….…………………………… 1 The Project…………………………………………………………………………… 2 Statement of Purpose and Rationale……………....………………………………… 3 Chapter 2 Theoretical lenses…………………………………………………………..9 Media and crisis………………………………………………………………………...9 Media and disruptive events……………………………………………………..9 Crisis…………………………………………………………………………... 12 Media’s multiple roles in crisis............................................................................14 Crisis communication in the online and social media context……………………....20 The public sphere………………………………………………………………………22 The Habermasian public sphere: conceptualization……………………………..22 Critiques and alternatives to Habermas’ public sphere conceptualization………26 The public sphere and the new media…………………………………………...31 Framing theory…………………………………………………………………………36 General overview………………………………………………………………...36 Framing in a crisis situation; emotions-as-frames……………………………….41 Framing theory in the new/social media context………………………………...46 Chapter 3 Methodology and data analysis……………………………………………48 Chapter 4 Findings and analysis………………………………………………………61 The New York Times & Le Figaro journalistic frames and themes………………….61 Frame 1: Terrorism………………………………………………………………61 Frame 2: The Horror……………………………………………………………..67 Frame 3: Heroes………………………………………………………………….74 Frame 4: The Hunt……………………………………………………………….76 Frame 5: Justice………………………………………………………………….81 Considerations: findings in the light of the proposed theoretical lenses……………84 Themes and frames in The New York Times & Le Figaro comments……………….85 Frame 1: Terrorism………………………………………………………………86 Frame 2: The Horror……………………………………………………………105 Frame 3: Heroes………………………………………………………………...111 Frame 4: The Hunt……………………………………………………………...118 Frame 5: Justice………………………………………………………………...128 Considerations on the interplay of frames - media to publics……………………...133 The New York Times & Le Figaro online public spheres: rules and procedures of deliberations…………………………………………………………………………...136 Rational-critical debate…………………………………………………………137 Cooperative search for Truth…………………………………………………...142 vii Reflexivity………………………………………………………………………149 Chapter 5 Conclusions, limitations and future research directions………………..180 List of References……………………………………………………………………...185 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….212 Vita……………………………………………………………………………………..214 viii List of Tables Table 1. Media & publics’ frames and themes in The New York Times & Le Figaro….133 Table 2. Online public spheres’ characteristics in The New York Times & Le Figaro…168 ix List of Figures Figure 1. The four situations within the framing interplay characterizing both The New York Times & Le Figaro……………………………………………………………….184 1 Chapter 1 Introduction and General Information The Project This dissertation explores the online coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing by The New York Times and Le Figaro, and the resulting reactions by their respective publics in the public spheres created by the two newspapers.1 This crisis began on April 15, when two bombs exploded near the Boston Marathon finish line, on Boylston Street during the race, killing three people and injuring over 100 others (Levs & Plott, 2013). On April 18, The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), asked the public for help and released photographs and surveillance video of two possible suspects, later identified as Chechen brothers Dzokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, who were U.S. residents. The same day, the suspects allegedly killed a police officer on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) campus, carjacked an SUV and exchanged gunfire with police in Watertown, Massachusetts, injuring
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