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Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production

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Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production Forschungszentrum Julich in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production Karl Verfondern (Editor) Energietechnik Energy Technology Schriften des Forschungszentrums Julich Reihe Energietechnik / Energy Technology Band/Volume 58 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Institut fur Sicherheitsforschung und Reaktortechnik (IEF-6) Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production Karl Verfondern (Editor) Schriften des Forschungszentrums Julich Reihe Energietechnik / Energy Technology Band/Volume 58 ISSN 1433-5522 ISBN 978-3-89336-468-8 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . Publisher Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH and Distributor: Zentralbibliothek, Verlag D-52425 Julich Telefon (02461) 61-5368 • Telefax (02461) 61-6103 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fz-juelich.de/zb Cover Design: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Printer: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Copyright: Forschungszentrum Julich 2007 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Julich Reihe Energietechnik / Energy Technology Band / Volume 58 ISSN 1433-5522 ISBN 978-3-89336-468-8 The complete volume is freely available on the Internet on the Julicher Open Access Server (JUWEL) at http://www.fz-juelich.de/zb/juwel Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Abstract With the recent worldwide increased interest in hydrogen as a clean fuel of the future, Europe has also embarked on comprehensive research, development, and demonstration activities with the main objective of the transition from a fossil towards a CO2 emission free energy structure as the ultimate goal. A major hydrogen economy exists already today and is expected to grow further. Largest near-term markets will be the petrochemical industries requiring massive amounts of H2 for the conversion of heavy oils, tar sands, and other low-grade hydrocarbons, as well as the fertilizer and steel industries. In the near and medium term, fossil fuels are expected to remain the principal source for hydrogen. In the long term, H2 production technologies will be strongly focusing on CO2-neutral or CO2-free methods. Nuclear with its virtually no air-borne pollutants emissions appears to be an ideal option for large-scale centralized H2 production. It will be driven by major factors such as production rates of fossil fuels, political decisions on greenhouse gas emissions, energy security and independence of foreign oil uncertainties, or the economics of large-scale hydrogen production and transmission. A nuclear reactor operated in the heat and power cogeneration mode must be located in close vicinity to the consumer ’s site, i.e., it must have a convincing safety concept of the combined nuclear/ chemical production plant. A near-term option of nuclear hydrogen production which is readily available is conventional low temperature electrolysis using cheap off-peak electricity from present nuclear power plants. This, however, is available only if the share of nuclear in power production is large. But as fossil fuel prices will increase, the use of nuclear outside base-load becomes more attractive. Nuclear steam reforming is another important near-term option for both the industrial and the transportation sector, since principal technologies were developed, with a saving potential of some 35 % of methane feedstock. Competitiveness will benefit from increasing cost level of natural gas. The HTGR heated steam reforming process which was simulated in pilot plants both in Germany and Japan, appears to be feasible for industrial application around 2015. A CO2 emission free option is high temperature electrolysis which reduces the electricity needs up to about 30 % and could make use of high temperature heat and steam from an HTGR. With respect to thermochemical water splitting cycles, the processes which are receiving presently most attention are the sulfur-iodine, the Westinghouse hybrid, and the calcium-bromine (UT-3) cycles. Efficiencies of the S-I process are in the range of 33-36 %, if operated at 950°C which is judged as a feasible upper temperature limit for the reactor and related heat transfer devices. Process optimization and material qualification still require considerable R&D efforts beyond 2015 with regard to the potential of higher efficiencies and more compact chemical reactors to be optimized for commercial use. Technical and economical feasibility, however, remains to be demonstrated; since production processes have not yet been tested beyond pilot plant scale. A new, perhaps revolutionary nuclear reactor concept of the next generation will offer the chance to deliver besides the classical electricity also non-electrical products such as hydrogen or other fuels (e.g., methanol). In a future energy economy, hydrogen as a storable medium could adjust a variable demand for electricity by means of fuel cell power plants (“hydricity ”) and also serve as spinning reserve. Both together offer much more flexibility in optimizing energy structures. In China, France, Japan, Korea, and the USA, ambitious programs have been started within the GIF initiative with the main objective to bring nuclear hydrogen production to the energy market. In the European Union, a respective engagement by research, industry, and policy is mainly given by the participation in activities within the Framework Programmes (FP) of the EU. Kurzfassung Das weltweit gestiegene Interesse an Wasserstoff als sauberen Energietrager der Zukunft hat auch die Europaische Union veranlasst, ein umfangreiches Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- und Demonstrationsprogramm zu starten mit dem primaren Ziel, den Ubergang von einer uberwiegend auf fossilen Brennstoffen basierenden Energiestruktur auf eine neue mit redizierten CO2- Emissionen zu gestalten. Eine Wasserstoffwirtschaft in groBerem MaBstab existiert bereits heute und sie wachst weiterhin stark an. Die groBten Marktchancen bieten sich derzeit in der petrochemischen Industrie, die enorme Mengen an Wasserstoff fur die Raffinierung schwerer Ole, Olsande oder anderer Kohlenwasserstoffe niedriger Qualitat benotigt, ebenso wie in der Dunger- oder Stahlindustrie. Kurz- und mittelfristig werden die fossilen Rohstoffe die Hauptquelle fur Wasserstoff bleiben. Langfristig allerdings wird die Produktion auf CO2-neutralen bzw. -freien Methoden (regenerativ, nuklear) basieren mussen. Die Nuklearenergie ist aus mehreren Grunden fur eine Wasserstoffproduktion im groBen MaBstab geeignet. Dies sind zum einen die geringer werdenden Forderquoten fossiler Rohstoffe, klimapolitische Entscheidungen, die gesicherte Energiebereitstellung bei starker Abhangigkeit von Olimporten, zum andern aber auch die Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Produktion und Transport groBer Mengen an Wasserstoff. Als kurzfristig verfugbare Option fur eine nukleare Wasserstoffproduktion gilt die heute im IndustriemaBstab betriebene Niedertemperaturelektrolyse, falls billige Elektrizitat aus Nuklearreaktoren verwendet werden konnte. Bei weiter ansteigenden Preisen fur fossile Energietrager wurde Nuklearenergie auch auBerhalb der Grundlast zunehmend attraktiver. Die Dampfreformierung von Erdgas auf der Basis nuklearer Primarenergie stellt eine weitere, mit heutigen Verfahren kompatible Alternative dar. Die Verwendung von Prozesswarme aus einem HTR verspricht dabei ein etwa 35 %iges Einsparpotential beim Rohstoff Erdgas. Sie konnte mittelfristig industriell machbar sein, da bereits alle wesentlichen Komponenten entwickelt und in Pilotanlagen in Deutschland und Japan unter nuklearen Bedingungen erfolgreich demonstriert wurden. Ganz frei von CO2-Emissionen ist die Wasserstofferzeugung durch die Spaltung von Wasser. Bei der Hochtemperaturelektrolyser verringert sich der Bedarf an Elektrizitat um rund 30 % gegenuber der konventionellen Elektrolyse, wobei die benotigte Prozesswarme von einem HTR bereitgestellt werden konnte. Letzteres trifft ebenfalls auf die thermochemischen Kreisprozesse zu, unter denen der Schwefel-Jod (S-I) Prozess, der sog. Westinghouse Hybridprozess (HyS) sowie der Calzium-Brom (UT-3) Prozess als besonders viel versprechend gelten. Bei Temperaturen von 950°C werden Wirkungsgrade von mehr als 35 % erwartet. Jedoch sind noch umfangreiche F&E Arbeiten zur Prozessoptimierung und Materialqualifikation notwendig, um die technische und okonomische Machbarkeit zu demonstrieren, so dass die kommerzielle Anwendung erst weit nach 2015 gegeben sein durfte. Neue Konzepte von Nuklearanlagen der nachsten Generation werden in der Lage sein, neben Elektrizitat auch Prozesswarme (Kraft-/Warmekopplung) und andere Produkte zu liefern wie z.B. die Energietrager Wasserstoff oder zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff (oder anderer, synthetischer Kraftstoffe) Methanol. In einer kunftigen Energiewirtschaft konnte Wasserstoff als Speichermedium dienen und - in Kombination mit Brennstoffzellen-Kraftwerken - die variable Nachfrage nach Elektrizitat regeln, um so flexible Energiestrukturen zu schaffen. Ehrgeizige Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprogramme sind in den Landern China, Frankreich, Japan, Sudkorea, oder den USA bereits angelaufen mit dem Ziel, nuklearen Wasserstoff auf den Energiemarkt zu bringen.
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