DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Borders of Friendship: Transnational Travel and Tourism in the East Bloc, 1972-1989 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01z3n1qx Author Keck-Szajbel, Mark Aaron Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Borders of Friendship: Transnational Travel and Tourism in the East Bloc, 1972-1989 by Mark Aaron Keck-Szajbel A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor John Connelly, Chair Professor David Frick Professor Yuri Slezkine Professor Jason Wittenberg Fall 2013 The Borders of Friendship: Transnational Travel and Tourism in the East Bloc, 1972-1989 Copyright © 2013 by Mark Aaron Keck-Szajbel Abstract The Borders of Friendship: Transnational Travel and Tourism in the East Bloc, 1972-1989 by Mark Aaron Keck-Szajbel Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor John Connelly, Chair The “borders of friendship” was an open border travel project between Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Poland starting in 1972. The project allowed ordinary citizens to cross borders with a police-issued personal identification card, and citizens of member countries were initially allowed to exchange unlimited amounts of foreign currency. In this episode of liberalized travel – still largely unknown in the West – the number of border-crossings between member states grew from the tens of thousands to the tens of millions within a very brief period. This dissertation analyses the political, economic, social and cultural effects of this open border policy. It first clarifies what motivated authorities in Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia to promote unorganized foreign tourism in the 1970s and 1980s. Then, it explores how authorities encouraged citizens to become tourists. Governments wanted the “borders of friendship” to be successful, but they were unsure how to define success. Each government had different understandings about what the project was supposed to entail. Whatever the case, officials worked to ensure that their population reaped the greatest rewards from the open border. For ordinary citizens, the “borders of friendship” were popular, but were fraught with problems. They liked being able to go abroad, but felt uneasy about foreigners entering their own lands, often plagued by shortages. Additionally, border guards and custom officials harassed people going abroad. Furthermore, people had not forgotten unpleasant chapters of World War II, including forced population movements and genocide. Finally, even if people gained a greater sense of “freedom” through open borders, few forgot the looming presence of the totalitarian state. Yet the open border project (like the travel it was meant to encourage) was not organized by the state. Contrary to commonplace views of the East bloc, officials did not act in unison, but rather struggled unsuccessfully to control undesirable travel and to gain reliable information to disseminate to socialist neighbors. Additionally complicating matters was the fact that everyone had different understandings as to what the open border project 1 was meant to entail. Nevertheless, even if locals were chagrinned by shortages in their supermarkets, the open border project provided everyday individuals with a new social environment. By 1989, travel had become engrained in the habitus not only of citizens in the West, but of East Central Europe, as well. In sum, I paint a picture of late state socialism which, on the one hand, alters our commonplace perceptions of life behind the “Iron Curtain,” but on the other, which also confirms views of governments hyper-sensitive to change. 2 Table of Contents Tables and Charts_____________ __________________________________________ii Images_________________________________________________________________iii Abbreviations_________________ _________________________________________v Acknowledgments_______________ ________________________________________vii Introduction____________________ _______________________________________viii Chapter 1: Integration, Socialist Cooperation, and the Borders of Friendship____________1 Chapter 2: Performing the Border__________________________________________ 20 Chapter 3: The Baltic Gives me the Runs!_____________________________________ 44 Chapter 4: Crossing the “Borders of Friendship”________________________________72 Chapter 5: Don’t think the World’s Yours_____________________________________ 91 Chapter 6: The Politics of Travel and the Creation of a European Society____________ 116 Conclusion: Legacies____________________________________________________ 137 Sources_______________________________________________________________144 Endnotes_____________________________________________________________ 156 i Tables and Charts Chart 1. Illegal Departures of GDR Citizens from the East Bloc____________________xiii Chart 2. Czechoslovak and East German Travel Statistics________________________ _11 Table 1. Czechoslovak and East German Travel Statistics________________________ _11 Table 2. Visitors from Other Countries to Eastern Europe in 1971__________________ 12 Chart 3. Poles in socialist countries, 1955-1988_________________________________ 29 Chart 4. Arrivals in Poland ______________________________________________ _ 29 Table 3. Border crossings, GDR to Poland, 1971-1980___________________________ 29 Table 4. Border crossings, GDR to Poland, CSSR to GDR _______________________ 30 Chart 5. Polish travelers to Czechoslovakia, 1978-1981__________________________ 30 Chart 6. Annual wage growth (in percentage) since 1970 by country________________ 55 Chart 7. Net growth in wages by country____________________________________ 56 Chart 8. Consumer prices, 1972-1975_______________________________________ 56 Chart 9. Labor income, 1972-1975___________________________________________56 Chart 10. Price of East German marks in Polish złoty____________________________ 59 Chart 11. Percentage of goods purchased and exported to Czechoslovakia____________ 63 Table 5. Amount of goods “exported” by citizens of the GDR and CSSR in one month__ 64 Chart 12. Czechoslovak koruna (in millions) spent by East Germans________________ 67 Chart 13. East German marks (in millions) spent by Czechoslovaks_________________ 67 Chart 14. Comparison (in koruna) of spending ratio______________________________68 ii Images Image 1. David Černý’s Quo Vadis (Prague)_____________________________________ix Image 2. Cars lining up for miles to enter the foreign country______________________ _x Image 3. East Central Europe, 1949-1989_____________________________________xvii Image 4. “Socialist Friendship”______________________________________________ 2 Image 5. ““From Correspondents around the World”____________________________ 4 Image 6. “What is your position on the Oder-Neisse?”__________________________ 10 Image 7. Willy Brandt’s Kniefall______________________________________________10 Image 8. Duna Intercontinental Hotel_______________________________________ 13 Image 9. The Panorama Hotel in Oberhof____________________________________ 21 Image 10. The Bastei in Dresden___________________________________________ 21 Image 11. Pioneer Greetings at the Monument of the Polish Soldier________________ 23 Image 12. Front page of Trybuna Ludu on 25 June 1972___________________________ 24 Image 13. Shoppers as the Centrum-Warenhaus in Berlin________________________ 33 Image 14. Josef Abrhám in Vrchní, prchni! _____________________________________ 40 Image 15. A rendition of Brno in a Hungarian travel brochure _____________________ 40 Image 16. “Dederonski” crossing the Czechoslovak border_______________________ 42 Image 17. “The Baltic gives me the runs!”____________________________________ 45 Image 18. At the Polish market ____________________________________________ 50 Image 19. An East German cartoon ________________________________________ 52 Image 20. A service route close to Zittau _____________________________________ 53 Image 21. “What if everyone returned a few kilos slimmer?” Scene from Miś__________ 54 iii Image 22. Closing scene from Die Architekten__________________________________ 74 Image 23. Position at the Czechoslovak border________________________________ 76 Image 24. Mauled sheep on the Polish-Czechoslovak border______________________ 77 Image 25. Approaching the border to Czechoslovakia from Poland__________________77 Image 26. A stamp (albeit to the West) to cross the international borders of Poland_____ 81 Image 27. A gasoline coupon for twenty liters of diesel in the GDR__________________82 Image 28. “Warmer, Warmer… Hot!”________________________________________ 84 Image 29. “A little present” ______________________________________________86 Image 30. East German and Polish youth groups in Frankfurt Oder_______________ 94 Image 31. Scene from Die Schlüssel________________________________________ 99 Image 32. Scene from Die Schlüssel_________________________________________ 101 Image 33. Scene from Nuit et brouillard_______________________________________ 101 Image 34. “Don’t get irritated that the natives aren’t singing”______________________104 Image 35. Karel Gott at the alter in a Czechoslovak kitchen______________________ 105 Image 36. Angela Davis at the World Youth Festival__________________________
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From the History of Polish-Austrian Diplomacy in the 1970S
    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI I, 2017 AGNIESZKA KISZTELIŃSKA-WĘGRZYŃSKA Łódź FROM THE HISTORY OF POLISH-AUSTRIAN DIPLOMACY IN THE 1970S. AUSTRIAN CHANCELLOR BRUNO KREISKY’S VISITS TO POLAND Polish-Austrian relations after World War II developed in an atmosphere of mutu- al interest and restrained political support. During the Cold War, the Polish People’s Republic and the Republic of Austria were on the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain; however, after 1945 both countries sought mutual recognition and trade cooperation. For more than 10 years following the establishment of diplomatic relations between Austria and Poland, there had been no meetings at the highest level.1 The first con- tact took place when the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bruno Kreisky, came on a visit to Warsaw on 1-3 March 1960.2 Later on, Kreisky visited Poland four times as Chancellor of Austria: in June 1973, in late January/early February 1975, in Sep- tember 1976, and in November 1979. While discussing the significance of those five visits, it is worth reflecting on the role of Austria in the diplomatic activity of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). The views on the motives of the Austrian politician’s actions and on Austria’s foreign policy towards Poland come from the MFA archives from 1972-1980. The time period covered in this study matches the schedule of the Chancellor’s visits. The activity of the Polish diplomacy in the Communist period (1945-1989) has been addressed as a research topic in several publications on Polish history. How- ever, as Andrzej Paczkowski says in the sixth volume of Historia dyplomacji polskiej (A history of Polish diplomacy), research on this topic is still in its infancy.3 A wide range of source materials that need to be thoroughly reviewed offer a number of 1 Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski, Informator, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Tabak Und Zigaretten Der Vegan News-‐Einkaufsguide
    Tabak und Zigaretten Der Vegan News-Einkaufsguide VEGAN* Imperial Tobacco Quelle: www.imperial-tobacco.at/component/itrfile/?view=download&id=209 Davidoff JPS Drum R1 Ernte 23 Rizla Gauloises Route 66 Gauloises Brunes Stuyvesant Gitanes Van Nelle Golden Virginia West Von-Eicken Quelle: http://www.von-eicken.com/de/umweltschutz/ Allure Dockers Burton Manitou Organic Denim Pepe Dimitrinos St. Pauli Pöschl Tabak Quelle: E-Mail Anfrage Black Hawk Manila Bounty Pontiac Brookfield Pueblo Holland Art Red Bull JBR Turner *Vegan in Zusammenhang mit Zigaretten/Tabak meint an dieser Stelle, dass in den Produkten keine tierischen Inhaltsstoffe vorhanden sind sowie seitens des Unternehmens keine TierversuChe durChgeführt werden. Vegan News Stand: 31. Dezember 2015 NICHT FÜR VEGANER GEEIGNET Lorillard Tobacco Kent Old Gold Maverick Satin Max True Newport R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Barclay Monarch Belair More Capri Natural American Spirit Carlton Now Doral Salem Eclipse Tareyton GPC Vantage Kool Viceroy Misty Philip Morris Accord Diana Number 7 Alpine Dji Sam Soe Optima Apollo-Soyuz Eve Papastratos Assos English Ovals Parisienne Jaune Basic f6 Parliament Belmont Fajrant Peter Jackson Best Fortune Petra Bond Street Hope Philip Morris Boston Juwel Players Bristol Karo Polyot Bucks L&M Red & White Cambridge Lark Sampoerna A Canadian Classics Longbeach Saratoga Chesterfield Marlboro SG Classic Merit Sparta Collector’s Choice Moven Gold Start Commander Multi DeLuxe U Mild Daves Multifilter Vatra Delicados Muratti Virginia Slims Vegan News Stand: 31. Dezember 2015 British American Tobacco Dunhill Prince Fair Play Samson HB Schwarzer Krauser Javaanse Jongens Vogue Lord Vype (E-Zigarette) Lucky Strike Westpoint Pall Mall Japan Tobacco International Benson & Hedges Nil Camel Old Holborn Club Overstolz Coronas Peter I Ducat Reyno Export 'A' Ronson Glamour Russian Style M Salem Magna Silk Cut Mayfair Sobranie Memphis Sovereign Mi Ne St George Mild Seven Tawa Mercedes de Luxe Troika Monte Carlo Winston More Winchester Vegan News Stand: 31.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMISSION DECISION of 10 October 2008 Concerning Certain
    L 272/16EN Official Journal of the European Union 14.10.2008 COMMISSION DECISION of 10 October 2008 concerning certain interim protection measures in relation to highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype H5N1 in poultry in Germany (notified under document number C(2008) 6026) (Text with EEA relevance) (2008/795/EC) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, holdings and to wild birds. As a result it may spread from one Member State to another Member State and to third countries through trade in live birds or their Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European products and by migration of wild birds. Community, Having regard to Council Directive 89/662/EEC of (4) Council Directive 2005/94/EC of 20 December 2005 on 11 December 1989 concerning veterinary checks in intra- Community measures for the control of avian influenza Community trade with a view to the completion of the and repealing Directive 92/40/EEC (4) sets out measures internal market (1), and in particular Article 9(3) thereof, for the control of both the low pathogenic and highly pathogenic forms of avian influenza. Article 16 of that Directive provides for the establishment of protection, Having regard to Council Directive 90/425/EEC of 26 June surveillance and further restricted zones in the event of 1990 concerning veterinary and zootechnical checks applicable outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza. in intra-Community trade in certain live animals and products with a view to the completion of the internal market (2), and in particular Article 10(3) thereof,
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Labelling -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws
    Council Directive 89/622/EC concerning the labelling of tobacco products, as amended TAR AND NICOTINE CONTENTS OF THE CIGARETTES SOLD ON THE EUROPEAN MARKET AUSTRIA Brand Tar Yield Nicotine Yield Mg. Mg. List 1 A3 14.0 0.8 A3 Filter 11.0 0.6 Belvedere 11.0 0.8 Camel Filters 14.0 1.1 Camel Filters 100 13.0 1.1 Camel Lights 8.0 0.7 Casablanca 6.0 0.6 Casablanca Ultra 2.0 0.2 Corso 4.0 0.4 Da Capo 9.0 0.4 Dames 9.0 0.6 Dames Filter Box 9.0 0.6 Ernte 23 13.0 0.8 Falk 5.0 0.4 Flirt 14.0 0.9 Flirt Filter 11.0 0.6 Golden Smart 12.0 0.8 HB 13.0 0.9 HB 100 14.0 1.0 Hobby 11.0 0.8 Hobby Box 11.0 0.8 Hobby Extra 11.0 0.8 Johnny Filter 11.0 0.9 Jonny 14.0 1.0 Kent 10.0 0.8 Kim 8.0 0.6 Kim Superlights 4.0 0.4 Lord Extra 8.0 0.6 Lucky Strike 13.0 1.0 Lucky Strike Lights 9.0 0.7 Marlboro 13.0 0.9 Marlboro 100 14.0 1.0 Marlboro Lights 7.0 0.6 Malboro Medium 9.0 0.7 Maverick 11.0 0.8 Memphis Classic 11.0 0.8 Memphis Blue 12.0 0.8 Memphis International 13.0 1.0 Memphis International 100 14.0 1.0 Memphis Lights 7.0 0.6 Memphis Lights 100 9.0 0.7 Memphis Medium 9.0 0.6 Memphis Menthol 7.0 0.5 Men 11.0 0.9 Men Light 5.0 0.5 Milde Sorte 8.0 0.5 Milde Sorte 1 1.0 0.1 Milde Sorte 100 9.0 0.5 Milde Sorte Super 6.0 0.3 Milde Sorte Ultra 4.0 0.4 Parisienne Mild 8.0 0.7 Parisienne Super 11.0 0.9 Peter Stuyvesant 12.0 0.8 Philip Morris Super Lights 4.0 0.4 Ronson 13.0 1.1 Smart Export 10.0 0.8 Treff 14.0 0.9 Trend 5.0 0.2 Trussardi Light 100 6.0 0.5 United E 12.0 0.9 Winston 13.0 0.9 York 9.0 0.7 List 2 Auslese de luxe 1.0 0.1 Benson & Hedges 12.0 1.0 Camel 15.0 1.0
    [Show full text]
  • Annual-Report-2020.Pdf
    LAPORAN TAHUNAN LAPORAN TAHUNAN 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 2020 ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL Kantor Pusat Headquarters Jl. Rungkut Industri Raya No.18 Surabaya 60293, Indonesia Telephone: +62-31-8431-699 Tbk. PT HM SAMPOERNA Facsimile: +62-31-8430-986 Kantor Perwakilan di Jakarta Corporate Representative Office in Jakarta One Pacific Place, 18th Floor Sudirman Central Business District (SCBD) Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav.52-53 Jakarta 12190, Indonesia PT HM SAMPOERNA Tbk. Telephone: +62-21-5151-234 Facsimile: +62-21-5152-234 Website: www.sampoerna.com 2020 Email: [email protected] LAPORAN TAHUNAN | ANNUAL REPORT LAPORAN TAHUNAN LAPORAN TAHUNAN LAPORAN TAHUNAN 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 2020 ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL Kantor Pusat Headquarters Jl. Rungkut Industri Raya No.18 Surabaya 60293, Indonesia Telephone: +62-31-8431-699 PT HM S Facsimile: +62-31-8430-986 Kantor Perwakilan di Jakarta Corporate Representative Office in Jakarta AMPOERNA One Pacific Place, 18th Floor Sudirman Central Business District (SCBD) Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav.52-53 Jakarta 12190, Indonesia Telephone: +62-21-5151-234 Tbk. Facsimile: +62-21-5152-234 Website: www.sampoerna.com Email: [email protected] 2020 LAPORAN TAHUNAN | ANNUAL REPORT Daftar Isi Contents Ikhtisar Highlights Sekilas Sampoerna 4 Sampoerna at a Glance Fakta-fakta Penting 2020 6 2020 Key Facts Ikhtisar Utama 2020 8 Key Highlights 2020 Kinerja Utama dan Ikhtisar Keuangan 14 Key Performance and Financial Highlights Ikhtisar Saham 15 Stock Highlights Penghargaan dan Sertifikasi 16 Awards and Certifications
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of Moravian Missionary Photography in Labrador Hans Rollmann
    The Beginnings of Moravian Missionary Photography in Labrador Hans Rollmann he Uni ty Archives of T the Moravian Church at Herrnhut, Saxony, include a collec­ tion of mor e than 1,000 photo­ graphic plates taken by missionar­ ies in Labrador, besid es a smaller co ll ec tio n that comes from Greenland. These historic photo­ graphs, takenbetween the late 1870s and the early 1930s, cover themati­ cally a wide range of missionary, aboriginal, and settler existence on Labrador's north coast, from loca­ tions and settlements to Inuit life and labor. The photographs complement earlier artistic and ar­ chitectural depictions of the Labra­ dor settlements that were made to record the Moravian presen ce in Labrador. Unlike the earlier art, the photographs reached an increas­ ingly wider public in print through major German and English peri­ odicals, notably Missions-Blatt, Pe­ riodical Accounts,and MoravianMis­ sions. In addition, these phot o­ Walter Perrett photographing Inuit w omen from Labrador on a bundle offish. graphs were used sys tema tically in Photograph by Paul Hettasch; early twentieth century. Courtesy of the Unity print and slide pr esentations de­ Archives, Herrnhut, Germany. signed to maintain the link between the mission field and the home congregations and raise aware­ found there were ethnically related to the Inuit of Greenland, ness and funds in church circles for the Labrador Mission. whom the Moravians had begun evangelizing in 1733. With the This essay does not aim to interpret the content, aim, or approval and support of the British government, Moravian artistic merit of the photographic representations by Labrador missionaries settled perman ently in northern Labrad or begin­ missionaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Ce179p4 – Qualist Improving Quality of Life in Small
    2CE179P4 – QUALIST IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE IN SMALL TOWNS Status report Work pa- WP Nr. 4 – Demography oriented mobility concepts for small towns ckage Action Nr. – 4.1.4 Status and Best practice report on Small Towns mobility Output in PP Regions – Saxony/South Bohemia/ Lower Austria Result Status report (Analysis) PP Nr. 5 – Author ZVON Transport Federation Upper-Lusatia – Lower Silesia Date June 2011 Status and best practice report on Small Towns mobility in PP regions- Saxony/ South Bohemia/Lower Austria Preliminary remarks This “Small Towns Mobility Status Report in the PP-regions” grew out of two sub-reports: - Small towns mobility status Report (data collection, analysis of regional small towns mobility status reports, development of report for all RR regions incl. Best best practices) Responsible: Saxony Ministry of Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport - Mobility Report (Status and Best practice report on Small towns in the PP regions) Responsible: Transport Federation Upper-Lusatia – Lower- Silesia (ZVON) The editorial process was carried out by the consulting engineers - LUB Consulting GmbH, Dresden - ISUP Ingenieurbüro für Systemberatung und Planung GmbH, Dresden 2CE179P4 - QUALIST Status and best practice report on Small Towns mobility in PP regions- Saxony/ South Bohemia/Lower Austria Index 1 Introduction................................................................................ 1 2 Brief description of study area.................................................... 2 2.1 Saxon Vogtland ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Establishment Responds Power, Politics, and Protest Since 1945
    PALGRAVE MACMILLAN TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY SERIES Akira Iriye (Harvard University) and Rana Mitter (University of Oxford) Series Editors This distinguished series seeks to: develop scholarship on the transnational connections of societies and peoples in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; provide a forum in which work on transnational history from different periods, subjects, and regions of the world can be brought together in fruitful connection; and explore the theoretical and methodological links between transnational and other related approaches such as comparative history and world history. Editorial board: Thomas Bender University Professor of the Humanities, Professor of History, and Director of the International Center for Advanced Studies, New York University Jane Carruthers Professor of History, University of South Africa Mariano Plotkin Professor, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, and mem- ber of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Argentina Pierre- Yves Saunier Researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Ian Tyrrell Professor of History, University of New South Wales. Published by Palgrave Macmillan: THE NATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, 1870–1919 By Glenda Sluga COMPETING VISIONS OF WORLD ORDER: GLOBAL MOMENTS AND MOVEMENTS, 1880s–1930s Edited by Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier PAN-ASIANISM AND JAPAN’S WAR, 1931–1945 By Eri Hotta THE CHINESE IN BRITAIN, 1800–PRESENT: ECONOMY, TRANSNATIONALISM, IDENTITY By Gregor Benton and Terence
    [Show full text]
  • June 1-15, 1972
    RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL RECORD DOCUMENT DOCUMENT SUBJECT/TITLE OR CORRESPONDENTS DATE RESTRICTION NUMBER TYPE 1 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/2/1972 A Appendix “B” 2 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/5/1972 A Appendix “A” 3 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/6/1972 A Appendix “A” 4 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/9/1972 A Appendix “A” 5 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/12/1972 A Appendix “B” COLLECTION TITLE BOX NUMBER WHCF: SMOF: Office of Presidential Papers and Archives RC-10 FOLDER TITLE President Richard Nixon’s Daily Diary June 1, 1972 – June 15, 1972 PRMPA RESTRICTION CODES: A. Release would violate a Federal statute or Agency Policy. E. Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or B. National security classified information. financial information. C. Pending or approved claim that release would violate an individual’s F. Release would disclose investigatory information compiled for law rights. enforcement purposes. D. Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy G. Withdrawn and return private and personal material. or a libel of a living person. H. Withdrawn and returned non-historical material. DEED OF GIFT RESTRICTION CODES: D-DOG Personal privacy under deed of gift -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION *U.S. GPO; 1989-235-084/00024 NA 14021 (4-85) THF WHITE ,'OUSE PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON'S DAILY DIARY (Sec Travel Record for Travel AnivilY) f PLACE DAY BEGAN DATE (Mo., Day. Yr.) _u.p.-1:N_E I, 1972 WILANOW PALACE TIME DAY WARSAW, POLi\ND 7;28 a.m. THURSDAY PHONE TIME P=Pl.ccd R=Received ACTIVITY 1----.,------­ ----,----j In Out 1.0 to 7:28 P The President requested that his Personal Physician, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Poznaj Historię Pierwszych Edycji
    Paweł Knap Inwazja rytmu i melodii Festiwal Młodych Talentów w Szczecinie (1962-1963) o 50 latach od pierwszej edycji Festiwa- Cofnijmy się do 1961 r. To rok pierwszego w histo- lu Młodych Talentów w Szczecinie moż- rii Międzynarodowego Festiwalu Piosenki w Sopocie na śmiało rzec, że zmienił on historię (z udziałem takich rodzimych wykonawców, jak Irena San- P tor, Jerzy Połomski, Violetta Villas czy Sława Przybylska) polskiej muzyki rozrywkowej – i bez znaczenia i uporczywych poszukiwań „polskiego stylu piosenki”. jest tu fakt, że kolejna odsłona okazała się Nastoletnia Barbara pisała do „Filipinki”: „Psioczy się, że ostatnią. Anegdotę o jego narodzinach jeszcze młodzi chłopcy i dziewczęta chętnie popisują się podłą w 1962 r. zamieściła „Filipinka”: „A było to tak: angielszczyzną, francuszczyzną, śpiewając piosenki. Ale dwie młode osoby – Jola i Magda słuchając co właściwie mają śpiewać ci, którzy przeżywają pierw- pewnego dnia tzw. muzyki rozrywkowej wpad- sze uniesienia, których rozsadza wewnętrzna radość? ły w entuzjazm. Tata, choć ze wszech miar Czy dla nich jest odpowiednie »gdy mi ciebie zabrak- nie«, »odszedłeś potem nagle«, »odejdź, mam już cie- muzykalny, z mniejszym zachwytem słuchał bie dość«. Czy te słowa są naprawdę odpowiednie dla silnego uderzenia. Czego jednak nie potrafią nas – którzy wcale nie chcemy odchodzić, dla nas, którzy zrobić entuzjastki big-beatu dla swojej pasji. chcemy się cieszyć, chcemy wierzyć w dobrą miłość, bez Tłumaczyły tacie, że to styl jedyny, najwspa- zdrad, wierzyć, że świat, że życie jest cudowne”. nialszy, uwielbiany przez młodzież. Tata uległ córkom i rytmowi. A jako, że jest dyrekto- Przełom zapowiedziano w tym samym roku na łamach rem szczecińskiej Estrady, postanowił nadać „Dookoła Świata” – tygodnika, którego rolę w omawia- nych wydarzeniach trudno przecenić.
    [Show full text]
  • Kovács György Életút-Interjú
    Kovács György életút-interjú Készítette: Rozsonits Tamás A beszélgetés időpontja: 2015. november 13, Budapest, II. kerület Szerkesztett, tömörített, lábjegyzetekkel ellátott változat. Rozsonits Tamás: Mesélj a családodról, kérlek. Kovács György: Budapesten, Kőbányán születtem 1942. február 4-én és ott is nőttem fel. Édesapám nagyon korán meghalt, így öcsémmel együtt édesanyánk nevelt minket. Rozsonits Tamás: Volt hagyománya a családban a művészeteknek, ezen belül a zenének? Kovács György: A művészetek iránti indíttatásom nem a családban gyökerezett. Amikor választanom kellett, hogy zenész legyek-e, édesanyám kijelentette, hogy szó sem lehet róla, először legyen egy „becsületes” szakma a kezemben, csak utána mehetek zenélni. Egész gyermekkoromban rajongtam a klasszikusokért és az operákért. Számomra a legnagyobb ajándékot az Operák könyve1 jelentette, kívülről tudtam kedvenc szerzőim életrajzát és minden művük sztoriját. Abban a korban voltam gyerek, amikor megjelent a „hosszan játszó” lemez, a 33 1/3-os fordulatú LP, nekem az maga volt a csoda. Az otthoni lemezjátszónk elég gyakran meghibásodott (mert kikopott a dörzskerék talán az általam okozott extra igénybevételtől), de volt egy Standard2 márkájú rádiónk is. Akkoriban – szemben a mostani korral – elég sok zenés rádióműsor készült. Azokat hallgattam éjjel-nappal. Éjszaka fejhallgatón. Abban az időben nem került nagyon sokba a lemez, a zsebpénzemből mindig össze tudtam rakni a rávalót. De – szemben Miklós öcsémmel, aki inkább a beatzenéhez érezte magát közel, aztán újságíróként sok zenei kötődésű cikket, kritikát írt és számos zenésszel készített interjút – én nagyon elutasítottam az akkori tánczenét, nem voltam hajlandó meghallgatni. Rozsonits Tamás: És mikor és kezdtél el zenét tanulni? Kovács György: Gyermekkoromban kezdtem zongorázni, de amikor elértem arra a szintre, hogy már minden nap kellett volna gyakorolni, viszont nem volt zongoránk és meguntam a szívességkéréseket, rákényszerültem arra, hogy más hangszerre váltsak.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Union
    Eastern Europe Soviet Union A HE SOVIET authorities continued to maintain strict control, censorship, and rigid application of the party line to all areas of Soviet life. The system was obviously oppressive; repression without a legal framework was still the law; camps continued to exist, as did mental clinics for dissidents, but swift and secret execution of the opposition as practiced under Stalin, now was a thing of the past. According to available sources, there existed in the Soviet Union some 900 camps and special institutions, including prisons, in which about one million persons were being held. Among them were an estimated 10,000 political prisoners (according to PeterReddaway, New York Times. January 13, 1974). After more than half a century, the revolutionary regime had in fact reverted to the system of czarist Russia.Aside from internal repression, the Kremlin has introduced exile abroad as an effective measure against dissidence. Vladimir Maksimov, Andrei Siniavskii, Andrei Volkonskii, and Michael Kalik joined many others who had been exiled earlier (see AJYB, 1972 and 1973) [Vol. 73 and 74], Dissidence While the forced departure of many of the leading personalities of the dissident movement weakened its activities, the Soviet authorities have not been able to liquidate the opposition, particularly among the intelligentsia, the youth, and certain religious circles. Visibly increased pressure by the police, however, has created some confusion among the opposition and forced recantations of "unjust attitudes toward our 491 492 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. 1974-75 social and state systems" by the well-known dissidents Piotr Iakir and Viktor Krasin. These two men, who were jailed for their activities, received relatively mild sentences.
    [Show full text]