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Voluntube Video Training Programme

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Voluntube Video Training Programme VOLUNTUBE VIDEO TRAINING PROGRAMME 1.0 - INTRODUCTION TO VIDEO - FILMING BASICS In this session we will talk about the basic tools of a videomaker and how to use them for our purposes. 1.1 CAMERA SET-UP - VIDEO FORMAT This is the first element that needs to be set before doing any other operation on the camera. We will decide, according to the equipment available to all the volunteers, which is the best HD codec , format (1080p, 1080i, 720p, 720i) and video system (PAL, NTSC) to be used as a standard for Voluntube. For all those who have never heard of this technical stuff, we will briefly explain what's the meaning behind concepts like High Definition, resolution, the difference between progressive or interlaced shooting, video systems and compression codecs. We want to choose a unique standard that could be the same for all the volunteers: HD 1920x1080, 25p, High Quality FH. Audio stereo 2CH. and NOT 5.1. Setting up the format can be done just once at the beginning of the training and then kept the same throughout the whole period of participation to the project. The choice of the right format is also very important in relation to the initial set-up of the projects in Wondershare Filmora. - RECORDING MEDIA & FOOTAGE STORAGE The card onto which the footage is recorded and stored (until editing) must be the first concern of our videomakers as they prepare themselves for a day of shooting, and also the last thing to check before they put their equipment back in place at the end of the day. We will teach them: - how to transfer the footage from the card onto the laptop using Sony Play Memories Home software (downloadable here for free: http://support.d-imaging.sony.co.jp/www/disoft/int/download/playmemories-home/win/en/index.html) - how to empty/ format the card for a new use It's important that volunteers always keep in mind the amount of footage they can shoot with one single card. We don't want them to get stuck with full cards in the middle of the day, especially if they are outside their workcamps, with no possibility at all to upload the footage to a laptop, or to an external hard drive. We will recommend them to empty their cards every day and make a back-up copy of the footage in their laptop and in their external hard drives, so they can start a brand new day with renewed full capacity of shooting and a safe back-up of their previous footage. - WHITE BALANCE & COLOR TEMPERATURE White Balance is the parameter of the camera that deals with colors. More specifically, it is the parameter that sets how colors are interpreted by the electronic eye of the camera. A CCD or a CMOS (technical names of sensors which capture video images) don't work exactly as a human eye. Our eyes are very good at judging what is white under different light sources, but digital cameras often have problems when they are set in auto white balance mode, especially when they have to deal with different types of light sources in the same shot. As a result, the footage may have a bluish, greenish or other color casts. Understanding digital white balance will help volunteers avoid these color casts, improving their videos under a wider range of lighting conditions. In order to better understand what we are talking about, we will show some examples of bad white balance set-ups. After these examples, we will start explaining what is Color Temperature. We don't want to get too technical on this or other elements. Volunteers must know that Color Temperature is a way of measuring colors according to the light source, and it is a parameter universally measured in Kelvin degrees. We will show them a detailed chart of different color temperature ranges that belong to specific light sources. Depending on the brand/model, cameras usually offer a much more limited number of color balance presets, in comparison to the chart above. These presets are available for those who don't want to shoot in AWB mode: indoor, outdoor, and manual. The first two parameters are quite self-explanatory. We will focus on how to set white balance in full manual mode. We talk about white balance because white is the key-color upon which color temperature is set manually in any digital camera. In order to set this parameter correctly, volunteers will have to point the camera to a pure neutral white element whose surface is illuminated by the light of the shot, zoom the frame and then press the button to set the parameter. They can use a piece of paper, a wall, or any other white element that is available on location. The situation gets more difficult when they have to deal with different light sources in the same shot. In this case, they will have to set the parameter for that part of the image where they think more color accurancy is needed. Alternatively, they can find a way to set the white parameter to an average value that is in the middle between two or more color balance ranges. Even if some of the volunteers will be mostly shooting in AWB mode, in order to have more image quality, our workshop will suggest to all of them the practice and the use of a manually set white balance value. This because in many situations AWB mode doesn't work correctly or it just can't handle more complicated lighting conditions. For this reason, it's essential that volunteers know which is the right color temperature value they have to set on their cameras according to the filming condition they will be experiencing. Some of the volunteers might also think that it's "cool" to have such extreme effects like a bluish or any other color cast on the image. We will explain that, if they want to try those effects for their videos, they can be better achieved through color grading in post-production. Shooting with a correct color balance parameter gives them the great advantage of always being able to change their minds about such extreme choices. It gets more difficult when they want to do it after shooting their footage with a completely messed-up white balance parameter. - FOCUS Focus is the parameter of the camera that sets the sharpness of the image. With the introduction of High definition, it has now become a priority for all videomakers to shoot with a precise focus value. This because High Definition, with its extreme detail display, makes more evident when an image is out of focus, even when we are talking about slight mistakes, not to mention when shooting videos with DSLR cameras. First, we will teach our volunteers how to generally set a manual focus for their shots, by zooming and adjusting the focus value according to their distance from the person or the subject filmed in the shot. We will also explain how to use the "focus peaking" tool. It's a focusing aid in electronic viewfinders of digital cameras that places a white or coloured highlight on in-focus edges (contours) thanks to an edge detect filter. It's a very important tool, because small viewfinders often display images with a very limited definition, and this can frequently lead to focus errors. Shooting in manual focus mode can be very difficult, especially when you're shooting handheld or when the subject of the shot is moving fast. For this reason auto focus mode will be likely the most common situation our volunteers will end up experiencing during their work. We will explain how auto focus works according to the equipment that the project will make available to the volunteers. We will also point out the most common problems linked to this function. If possible, we will promote and suggest the use of manual focus at least in those situations (like interviews) where the camera and the subject in the frame are not changing position during the shot. - EXPOSURE Exposure is the parameter of the camera that determines how light or dark the video image will appear when it's been captured by the camera sensor. This parameter is determined by three different camera settings: aperture, ISO and shutter speed. Even if the cameras provided for the project only have one single manual adjustment for exposure that automatically changes all the three parameters at once, we will briefly explain to the volunteers what are the functions of aperture, ISO and shutter speed, using the following images. Aperture controls the area over which light can pass through the camera lens. It is specified in terms of an f-stop value, which can at times be counterintuitive, because the area of the opening increases as the f-stop decreases. Cameras offer different ranges of f-stops, according to their professional level, but generally speaking it's good to know that the availability of a greater range of f-stops does provide for more creative flexibility. We must also say that a camera's aperture setting is also what determines the depth of field of the image of our videos. Depth of filed is the range of distance over which objects appear in sharp focus. This means that lower f-stop values correspond to a lower depth of field. A camera's shutter determines when the camera sensor will be open or closed to incoming light from the camera lens. The shutter speed specifically refers to how long this light is permitted to enter the camera.
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