Kurzemes Tūrisma Asociācija
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The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Health Systems in Transition
61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 1 03/03/2020 09:55 Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Vol. Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Health Systems in Transition: in Transition: Health Systems C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Latvia Latvia Health system review Daiga Behmane Alina Dudele Anita Villerusa Janis Misins The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Kristine Klavina Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Dzintars Mozgis Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Giada Scarpetti London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 2 03/03/2020 09:55 Giada Scarpetti (Editor), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European -
The Military Heritage and Environment of Kurzeme
SELFDRIVE THE MILITARY HERITAGE AND ENVIRONMENT OF KURZEME The NATURA 2000 system was established by European Union member states to protect a large series of environmental territories. In Latvia’s case, the system includes territories that were protected before it was set up, as well as 122 new territories. Each EU member state establishes its own system of territories, and these are then joined in the central system. NATURA 2000 territories are of European importance and are environmentally protected. Along this route, the most interesting NATURA 2000 territories include the Zvārde Forest Park, the Embūte Nature Park, the Ziemupe Nature Reserve and the Nature Park of the Ancient Abava River Valley. While in these territories, please be gentle with environmental, cultural and historical values. Keep the “interests” of birds in mind when birdwatching. ROUTE During the Soviet era, Latvia was the western border of the USSR, and that made it a strategic location in which lots of military resources were concentrated. During the Soviet occupation, there were more than 1,000 Soviet military units in Latvia, and they controlled some 600 facilities equalling to more than 10% of the territory of the Latvian SSR. In other words, Latvia was behind the Iron Curtain for nearly half a century. Border guard posts, tank bases, aviation bases, military airfields, storage facilities for weapons and munitions (including nuclear missiles), military espionage facilities and other, similar entities were mostly centred on the shore of the Baltic Sea, where there was a special frontier regime. It was just 20 years ago that people were allowed to be on the beach only during sunlight and in very limited areas. -
Cartella Stampa 2017
CARTELLA STAMPA 2017 INDICE INTRODUZIONE 4 CATALOGNA, DESTINAZIONE DI QUALITÀ 8 ATTRAZIONI TURISTICHE 11 ALLOGGI TURISTICI 14 MARCHI TURISTICI 17 Costa Brava 18 Costa Barcelona 20 Barcelona 22 Costa Daurada 24 Terres de l’Ebre 26 Pirineus 28 Terres de Lleida 30 Val d’Aran 32 Paisatges Barcelona 34 ESPERIENZE TURISTICHE 36 Attività in spazi naturali e rurali 38 Catalogna accessibile 41 Sport 44 Enoturismo 46 Gastronomia 48 Grandi icone e grandi itinerari 50 Trekking e cicloturismo 52 Turismo medico e di salute 54 Premium 55 Turismo d'affari 56 Vacanze in famiglia 58 NOVITÀ 2017 60 INDIRIZZI UTILI 74 INTRODUZIONE La Catalogna è un paese mediterraneo, con una storia millenaria, una cultura e una lingua proprie ed un rilevante patrimonio monumentale e paesaggistico. Abitanti. 7,5 milioni Superficie. 32.107 km2 Territorio. La geografia catalana presenta paesaggi molto vari: - I 580 chilometri di costa mediterranea includono la Costa Brava, Costa Barcelo- na, Barcelona, la Costa Daurada e Terres de l’Ebre. - I Pirenei catalani, con vette che arrivano fino ai 3.000 metri, caratterizzano la zona settentrionale del Paese. Spicca in particolar modo la Val d’Aran, una valle orientata verso l’Atlantico che ha conservato una cultura, una lingua – l’aranese – e istituzioni di governo proprie. - Tanto la capitale catalana, Barcellona, come i tre capoluoghi provinciali, Girona, Tarragona e Lleida vantano molteplici attrazioni. Nel resto della Catalogna, tro- viamo numerosi centri di spiccato carattere e dotati di un notevole patrimonio: città antiche ristrutturate, edifici che spaziano dal romanico al modernismo ed un ampio ventaglio di musei invitano a visitarle. -
Important Bird Areas of the Eu Importance in Latvia
4. ES NOZĪMES PUTNIEM NOZĪMĪGĀS VIETAS LATVIJĀ | IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF THE EU IMPORTANCE IN LATVIA Skaits un platības | Numbers and size coverage In total, 71 Important Bird Areas have been identified in Latvia (Fig. 4-2, Table 4-1), 64 of those are inland territories with a total of 534,056 hectares comprising 8.3% of the country’s land surface. The other 7 areas are marine territories with a total coverage of ca. 339,470 hectares of the Baltic sea and Riga gulf waters. These marine sites are listed for information only, but they are not included in the site accounts. The individual area sizes of the inland IBAs range from 184 ha to 92,322 ha (on average 8345 ha), though most of them (56 sites, 88%) are below 15,000 ha. The number of IBAs in different area size groups is shown in Fig. 4-1. In comparison with the previous national IBA inventory (Raèinskis & Stîpniece 2000), the number of the inland IBAs has increased by 10 sites with their total extent increasing two-fold by 274,368 ha. All marine IBAs have remained unmodified, as the application of the BirdLife IBA criteria at sea are still under development. The long-term changes in number of IBAs in Latvia and their relative area size, compared to the country’s land surface, is illustrated in Fig. 4-3. Latvijâ ir noteikta 71 putniem starptautiski nozîmîgâ vieta (4.1. tabula, 4.2. attçls). 64 no tâm atrodas iekðzemç un aizòem 534 056 ha jeb 8,3% valsts teritorijas. -
Privatization at the Crossroad of Latvia's Economic Reform
PRIVATIZATION AT THE CROSSROAD OF LATVIA'S ECONOMIC REFORM Sandra Berzups" I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 171 II. BACKGROUND ................................................................. 172 III. ECONOMIC REFORM ........................................................ 175 IV. PRIVATIZATION - THE BEGINNING ....................................... 177 V. RESTITUTION ................................................................. 179 VI. PRIVATIZATION CERTIFICATES ........................................... 180 VII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - AGRICULTURE ........................... 182 VIII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - BANKING .................................. 183 IX. SMALL SCALE PRIVATIZATION ........................................... 185 X. LARGE PRIVATIZATION ..................................................... 186 XI. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY ................... 188 XII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY - THE SPECIFICS ............................. 190 XIII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR PRIVATIZATION COMMITTEES - THE SPECIFICS ........................ 192 XIV. ANALYSIS OF NEW METHODOLOGY ..................................... 193 XV. CONCLUSION ................................................................. 195 I. INTRODUCTION Latvia regained its independence from the former Soviet Union in August 1991. Since then, it has begun the slow and arduous path of replacing the centrally-planned, socialist system with an economic structure based -
The Saeima (Parliament) Election
/pub/public/30067.html Legislation / The Saeima Election Law Unofficial translation Modified by amendments adopted till 14 July 2014 As in force on 19 July 2014 The Saeima has adopted and the President of State has proclaimed the following law: The Saeima Election Law Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Citizens of Latvia who have reached the age of 18 by election day have the right to vote. (As amended by the 6 February 2014 Law) 2.(Deleted by the 6 February 2014 Law). 3. A person has the right to vote in any constituency. 4. Any citizen of Latvia who has reached the age of 21 before election day may be elected to the Saeima unless one or more of the restrictions specified in Article 5 of this Law apply. 5. Persons are not to be included in the lists of candidates and are not eligible to be elected to the Saeima if they: 1) have been placed under statutory trusteeship by the court; 2) are serving a court sentence in a penitentiary; 3) have been convicted of an intentionally committed criminal offence except in cases when persons have been rehabilitated or their conviction has been expunged or vacated; 4) have committed a criminal offence set forth in the Criminal Law in a state of mental incapacity or a state of diminished mental capacity or who, after committing a criminal offence, have developed a mental disorder and thus are incapable of taking or controlling a conscious action and as a result have been subjected to compulsory medical measures, or whose cases have been dismissed without applying such compulsory medical measures; 5) belong -
003 Aktualizets Julijs 2016 Eng
Integration of specially protected nature territories of Latvia in spatial plans Project number: 4.3 -24/NFI/INP -003 Project title: Integration of specially protected nature territories of Latvia in spatial plans Project implementer: Nature Conservation Agency Total budget: EUR 553 146.17 Financial contribution: NFM funding in t he amount of 88,42% EUR 489 091.84 Republic of Latvia funding in the amount of 11,58% EUR 64 054.33 Agreement signed: 16.01.2014 Place of Latvia, duration 28 months, planned end date 30.04.2014. implementation: Project partners in Ministry of Enviromental Protection and Regional Development Latvia: Information about Ministry of Enviromental Protection and Regional Development is available: http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/ Project partners in Oppland County Information about Oppland County is available: Norway : http://www.oppland.no Target groups: The primary target group of the project - 119 local municipalities, both those whose territories are located in specially protected nature territories and all the other territories in which the specialists will be trained for the implementation of the conception and methodology for integration of management plans into spatial plans. The primary target group is also the local experts who will be trained in workshops, developers and experts of the management plans who will participate in the preparation of management plans, as well as public institutions – Nature Conservation Agency, Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development, Planning regions, who will benefit in long-term from the development of conception and methodology and management plans. The secondary target group of the project is local people who live, work and rest in these areas, in which management plans will be prepared and negotiations with local leaders about the integration of management plans into spatial plans will be started. -
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals
Latvia 1 Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Report to the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 2018 1 Latvia Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Report to the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 2018 Table of contents 1. Opening Remarks by the Prime Minister Page 4–5 2. 3. 5. Introduction Summary – Latvia’s Linking National Page 6–7 Sustainability Development Latvia’s Future Planning with SDGs Opportunities and the Enabling Innovative and Eco- Environment efficient Economy Page 28–39 Reducing income and opportunity inequality Page 8–19 4. 6. Preparation of the Evaluation of SDG and Review Target Implementation Page 20–27 in Latvia Page 40–98 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms 47 SDG 12: Ensure sustainable 77 everywhere consumption and production SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food 49 patterns security and improved SDG 13: Take urgent actions to 80 nutrition and promote combat climate change and sustainable agriculture its effects SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and 51 SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably 83 promote well-being for all at use the oceans, seas all ages and marine resources for SGD 4: Ensure inclusive and 54 sustainable development equitable education and SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote 86 promote lifelong learning sustainable use of terrestrial opportunities for all ecosystems, sustainably SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and 57 manage forests, combat empower all women and desertification, and halt and girls reverse land degradation SDG 6: Ensure availability -
Ancient Natural Sacred Sites in Kurzeme Region, Latvia
dating back to 1234 about enfeoffing of 25 acres of land 5 to the Riga St. Peter’s Church, was situated. The hill fort IN THE WAKE OF THE CURONIANS was located in the Curonian land of Vanema. The Mežīte Hill Fort was constructed on a solitary, about 13 m high Longer distances of the route are hill, the slopes of which had been artificially made steep- heading along asphalt roads, but 3 The CURONIAN HILL FORT er. Its plateau is of a triangular form, 55 x 30–50 m large, access to ancient cult sites mostly is OF VeCKULDīGA with a narrower southern part, on which a 3 meters high available along gravel and forest roads. Kuldīga 56º59’664 21º57’688 rampart had been heaped up. It used to protect the as- Long before the introduction of Christianity in cent to the hill fort, which, just like in many other Latvian Length of the route 145 km the ancient land of Cursa and expansion of the hill forts, was planned in such a way that when invaders 9 10 22 Livonian Order, on the present site of the hill fort of were striving to conquer the hill fort, their shoulders, Veckuldīga, at the significant waterway of the Venta unprotected by a shield, would be turned against the 21 has been observed: in the nearby trees, there have ancestors’ traditions are still kept alive by celebrating cult tree, its age could be around 400–500 years. River, one of the largest and best fortified castles of hill fort’s defenders. -
SKRUNDA, Pulsed EMF (154-162 Hz) Mass Launches of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Komsomolsk-Na-Amure from the Territory of the US
8 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz 50 Khz 50 MHz 190 MHz 500 MHz 800 MHz 2,5 Ghz over-the-horizon radar (OTH) Three Steel Yard OTH radar The Soviet Union began work on over-the-horizon By 1980 the Russians were reportedly operating three [OTH] radar in the late 1950s, given the potential of OTHR transmitters, including two OTHR transmitters RussianRussian woodpecwoodpeckerker this techology to surpass the range of conventional near Kiev (Chernobyl) and Minsk (Gomel ?), and a third early warning radars. The focus was on backscatter transmitter in Siberia focused on their northern flank radars that would provide warning of missile launches which became operational in 1979. By the mid-1990s by detecting alterations in ionosphere propogation at least the two radars located in Ukraine appeared to caused by the depletion of ions by missile exhaust have been deactivated. plumes. These radars had to reliably detect group and SKRUNDA, pulsed EMF (154-162 Hz) mass launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles Komsomolsk-na-Amure from the territory of the US. The radars are reportedly An over-the-horizon radar was built at Komsomolsk- known as STEEL YARD or STEEL WORKS by the na-Amure. Along with the facility at Gomel (southeast Western intelligence community. The Steel Yard OTH of Minsk) and Chernobyl (near Kiev), the other Steel Radar Wifi Cell phone began operations in 1975-1976. Yard located at Komsomolsk-na-Amur provided One of the Steel Yard OTH was the Chernobyl-2 OTH complementary coverage of the United States. station (C-2). This radar was the biggest directional HF Chernobyl antennas in the world. -
The Leba Ridge–Riga–Pskov Fault Zone – a Major East European Craton Interior Dislocation Zone and Its Role in the Early Palaeozoic Development of the Platform Cover
Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019, 68, 4, 161–189 https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2019.12 The Leba Ridge–Riga–Pskov Fault Zone – a major East European Craton interior dislocation zone and its role in the early Palaeozoic development of the platform cover Igor Tuuling Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] Received 31 May 2019, accepted 23 July 2019, available online 24 October 2019 Abstract. Analysis of data published on basement faulting in the Baltic region makes it possible to distinguish the >700 km long East European Craton (EEC) interior fault zone extending from the Leba Ridge in the southern Baltic Sea across the Latvian cities of Liepaja and Riga to Pskov in Russia (LeRPFZ). The complex geometry and pattern of its faults, with different styles and flower structures, suggests that the LeRPFZ includes a significant horizontal component. Exceptionally high fault amplitudes with signs of pulsative activities reveal that the LeRPFZ has been acting as an early Palaeozoic tectonic hinge-line, accommodating bulk of the far-field stresses and dividing thus the NW EEC interior into NW and SW halves. The LeRPFZ has been playing a vital role in the evolution of the Baltic Ordovician–Silurian Basin, as a deep-facies protrusion of this basin (Livonian Tongue) extending into the remote NW EEC interior adheres to this fault zone. The Avalonia–Baltica collision record suggests that transpression with high shear stress, forcing the SE blocks in the LeRPFZ to move obliquely to the NE, reigned in the Ordovician.