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7515275.PDF (1.014Mb) INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75-15,275 THOMAS, Archie Dwight, 1942- A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LIATRIS SER. SQUARROSAE. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1974 Botany Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio5 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LIATRIS SER. SQUARROSAE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ARCHIE DWIGHT THOMAS Norman, Oklahoma 1974 A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LIATRIS SER. SQUARROSAE APPROVED BY DISSERTATlONXJOMflTTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his appreciation to those who provided assistance and advice during this study: Dr. George J. Goodman, the author’s major professor, who offered many helpful suggestions and comments as well as providing assistance even to the point of the use of a favorite automobile. The dissertation committee. Dr. Norman H. Boke, Dr. James R. Estes, Dr. Harry E. Hoy, and Dr. Paul G. Risser, whose comments during the preparation of the manuscript were of immense help. The curators of the herbaria used for the use of specimens and facilities. The author’s family, especially Judy, who helped in all phases of the work from collecting and pressing plants to copying the manuscript as well as providing encouragement to continue. Haskell Indian Junior College for the support of fellow faculty members and students and for assistance in terms of released time, travel, and materials. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S.......................................... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................... vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 II. MATERIALS AND M E T H O D S .......................... 6 III. R E S U L T S ........................................ 17 IV. CONCLUSIONS...................................... 37 V. TAXONOMY........................................ 46 LITERATURE CITED ........................................ 52 Appendix I. Herbaria Used in ThisSt u d y .................... 53 II. Explanation of CharacterMeasurement ............. 54 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Populations Used This Study.................... 7 II. Characters Used in This Study.................. 11 III. Average Similarity Values Within Clusters ........................ ...... 30 IV. Character Comparison of the Five Clusters............................ 33 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Range of Liatris ser. Squarrosae.................... 3 2. Cluster Phenograms ...................................... 19 3. Relationships between Clusters ................... 32 4. Distribution of the Clusters............................ 36 5. Flowering Times of the Taxa of the Squarrosae............. 43 6. Distribution of the Squarrosae.......................... 45 Vi A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LIATRIS SER. SQUARROSAE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Squarrosae series of Liatris has been the subject of much taxonomic study and disagreement. Much of the confusion Is due to the wide 'geographic range and the resulting ecological and morphological variation. The series Is restrlced to the southeastern two-thirds of the United States (Fig. 1). Habitats range from prairies to coastal forests with the plants usually growing In large populations on disturbed sites that have well-drained sandy or rocky soils. The taxonomy of the series dates back to 1753 when Linnaeus recognized Serratula squarrosa In Species Plantarum. He referred to earlier descriptions, the earliest of which was In Morrison's Plantarum Hlstorla Universalis In 1680. The generic nomenclature was delineated by Galser (1946) In the monograph of the genus Liatris with transfers from Serratula to Laclnlarla by Hill In 1762 and to Liatris by Michaux In 1803. Torrey and Gray (1841) added three varieties, florlbunda, compacta, and Intermedia, collected from the Interior of the United States complementing the original collections from the Atlantic coastal regions. Gray (1884) then Included the varieties florlbunda and 1 Figure 1. The Range of Liatris ser. Squarrosae. The shaded areas represent the areas excluded from the range, and the numbered dots represent the collections used in this study. 25 •l8 2 0 24 •1 2 • 23 4 compacta in the typical variety retaining only the variety intermedia as a separate taxon. "Compacta" was then reintroduced and "intermedia" placed in synonomy by Rydberg (1931) with his descriptions of the materials from the western parts of the range of the series. He added three species to the taxonomy of the series: L. compacta, L. glabrata, and L. hirsuta. However, he stated that it was a matter of personal judgment that these were species rather than varieties of L. squarrosa. Two of these species were questioned when Gates (1940) published the collections in Kansas as L, squarrosa hirsuta and L. squarrosa glabrata. The southern plants also provided variation which was noted with the descriptions of Laciniaria squarrosa alabamensis by Alexander in Small's Manual of the Southeastern Flora (1933) and Liatris squarrosa var. gracilenta by Gaiser (1946). Based on the extensive, presumed hybridization, Gaiser (1946) considered the entire series to be one species, L. squarrosa, with six varieties: typica, gracilenta, alabamensis, hirsuta, compacta, and glabrata. This treatment was quickly questioned when Shinners (1951) reestablished the species glabrata and hirsuta and transferred the variety alabamensis to jL. glabrata. He stated that he made these changes with some hesitation since the relationships among the taxa were close. Thus with all of the changes in the taxonomy of the series, there are two problems that are evident. One is that the identity of the groups is in question, and the second is that the relationships among these groups is unclear. 5 The purpose of this study is to Identify the groups that exist within the series and to investigate the affinities among these groups. The outcome of this study is to be a taxonomy based on the observations. CHAPTER II MATERIALS AND METHODS Numerical methods were selected for this study as an attempt to eliminate some of the personal bias that has been the history of the taxonomy of the series. The study was made with new collections, and populations were utilized as the taxonomic units. Data were taken from fresh material as well as from preserved specimens. Specimens from a number of herbaria (Appendix I) were examined to determine the geographic range of the Squarrosae and to determine the extent of the variation that exists. From these specimens, collection sites were selected to sample the geographic and variation ranges (Table I). Twenty-five populations were used in the study. To avoid collecting only the most conspicuous plants, population collections were made systematically by establishing a transect across the population with the plant closest to the left foot of the collector on each step being the plant collected. The sizes of the populations varied, so the number of plants collected varied. In small populations a second transect was made parallel to the first to include more material. Since most of the populations were found along roadsides, they were usually linear with an average length of about 25 m. Soil samples were taken from the holes dug in collecting living plants and were dried and sieved through a USDA Sieve Set to determine the soil particle size. Additional habitat data were obtained from The 6 TABLE I POPULATIONS USED IN THIS STUDY Population Location Habitat Number Nebraska: Thomas Co. 9 miles South-facing
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