2

Data on Denmark 2001 21th volume Januar 2001

Published by: Danmarks Statistik Sejrøgade 11 2100 København Ø

Phone: + 45 39 17 39 17 Fax: + 45 39 17 39 99

e-mail: [email protected] www.dst.dk

Editing and diagrams: Lizzie Jacobsen Aase Andersen

Circulation: 2 500 Price: DKK 5.00

ISBN 87-501-1148-5 ISSN 0107-7139

Printed by Statistics Denmark

 Copyright: Statistics Denmark 2001 All rights reserved. No part of of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher according to the Danish Copyright Act.

Symbols • Not applicable . . . Data not available * Provisional or estimated figures - Nil

3

Contents Page Population ...... 4 Elections ...... 12 Education and culture ...... 14 Labour market ...... 17 Social conditions ...... 21 Health ...... 22 Justice ...... 24 Incomes, consumption and prices ...... 25 Agriculture ...... 30 Manufacturing industries ...... 32 Construction and housing ...... 33 Services sector ...... 34 Transport ...... 35 Environment ...... 38 Energy ...... 40 External trade ...... 41 National accounts ...... 46 Balance of payments ...... 49 Public finance ...... 50

4 Population

Denmark is a monarchy with 5.3 million inhabitants. More than a million of the population is below 17 years of age. Similarly, more than a million of the population is over 60. The size of the active population (those in work plus the unemployed) is thus about 3 million persons. Most of them live in towns and urbanized districts. Copenhagen is the capital and the biggest city in Denmark. Other big cities are Århus, Odense and Aalborg.

There are almost 2.9 million families, of which over 648,000 families have children. Almost 1.6 million adults live on their own, about 118,000 of them have children.

In 1999 the population increased by 16,000 people. Immigration (net) to Denmark accounted for 9,000 of this increase. Immigrants and their descendants accounted for 7.1 pct. of the total population.

Population 5

Population by region on 1 January 1985 1990 1995 2000 Total 5 111 108 5 135 409 5 215 718 5 330 020 Jutland 2 351 022 2 378 348 2 418 846 2 463 182 Zealand 2 138 904 2 134 816 2 169 015 2 235 839 Funen 454 278 459 354 467 695 471 974 Lolland-Falster 119 740 116 991 115 226 114 688 Bornholm 47 164 45 900 44 936 44 337

Urban areas with over 40 000 inhabitants on 1 January 1985 1990 1994 2000 Copenhagen, incl. suburbs 1 358 540 1 337 114 1 346 289 1 075 851 Of which Cph. municipality 478 615 466 723 467 253 495 699 Århus 194 345 200 188 209 404 217 260 Odense 136 803 138 986 143 029 145 062 Aalborg 113 865 113 599 116 567 119 617 Esbjerg 70 975 71 962 73 149 73 341 Randers 55 780 55 220 55 515 55 761 Kolding 41 770 44 688 51 205 53 447 Horsens 46 586 47 181 47 365 48 730 Vejle 43 867 45 545 46 718 47 930 Roskilde 39 663 39 924 41 266 43 100 Greve Strand 43 350 45 346 46 474 41 376

Population by rural and urban areas

Rural Copenhagen areas 200-999 inhab.

Urban areas with over Urb a n a re a s w i t h 10,000 inhab. 1,000-10,000 inhab.

6 Population

Population trends 1769-2040 Total Of whom: Population Immigrants Descendants 1769 797 584 ...... 1801 929 001 ...... 1850 1 414 648 ...... 1901 2 449 540 ...... 1950 4 281 275 ...... 1960 4 585 256 ...... 1970 4 937 579 ...... 1980 5 122 065 134 705 18 253 1985 5 111 108 140 565 23 360 1990 5 135 409 181 109 33 462 1995 5 215 718 224 995 53 464 2000 5 330 020 296 924 81 241 Projections 2000 5 330 020 299 200 82 900 2010 5 516 626 406 700 160 200 2020 5 696 565 504 400 256 700 2030 5 904 130 ...... 2040 6 071 039 ......

Population by sex and age on 1 January 2000 Males Females Total Total 2 634 122 2 695 898 5 330 020 0-6 years 246 584 234 185 480 769 7-14 years 256 781 243 598 500 379 15-17 years 84 204 80 563 164 767 18-24 years 231 407 224 946 456 353 25-59 years 1 358 314 1 318 814 2 677 128 60-66 years 171 108 179 794 350 902 67 years + 285 724 413 998 699 722

Population 7

Population analysed by age Males Age Females 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

250 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 1 000s 1 000s

1990 2000

8 Population

Births and deaths No . 100.000 90.000 80.000 Li v e b i rths 70.000 60.000 50.000 De a ths 40.000 30.000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Live births, deaths and natural increase in population Live births Deaths Net- Increase in immigration population 1965 85 796 47 884 479 38 391 1970 70 802 48 233 11 587 34 156 1975 72 071 50 895 -8 713 12 463 1980 57 293 55 939 398 1 752 1985 53 749 58 378 9 499 4 870 1990 63 433 60 926 8 332 10 839 1995 69 771 63 127 28 557 35 201 1999 66 232 59 156 8 896 15 972

Marriages and divorces 1980 1985 1990 19952000 Marriages, total 26 448 29 322 31 513 34 736 35 439 Marriages per 1,000 inh. 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.6 6.7 Divorces, total 13 593 14 385 13 731 12 976 13 537 Divorces per 1,000 inha. 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5

Population 9

Families by type on 1 January 1990 1995 2000 Families, total 2 782 461 2 858 267 2 885 417 Families without children 2 105 707 2 202 949 2 221 272 Single persons 1 380 097 1 441 337 1 436 974 Males 682 483 717 225 716 473 Females 697 614 724 112 720 501 Married couples 575 003 598 728 611 168 Other couples 150 607 162 884 173 790 Families with children 661 151 641 170 648 157 Single persons 117 402 119 535 118 560 Males 16 218 15 035 15 244 Females 101 184 104 500 103 316 Married couples 449 144 410 883 412 704 Other couples 94 605 110 752 116 893 Children not living at home 15 603 14 148 15 328

Foreign nationals resident in Denmark on 1 January 1985 1990 1995 2000 Resident foreign nationals, total 107 726 150 644 196 705 259 361 Europe, total 78 700 95 012 116 013 158 902 Of whom: EU countries1 24 382 26 795 44 610 53 822 Yugoslavia (former) 7 617 9 535 11 324 35 062 Turkey 18 806 27 929 34 967 36 569 Africa 4 470 6 146 13 481 25 384 North America, total 4 917 5 034 5 872 6 538 Of whom: USA 4 110 4 126 4 815 5 302 South and Central America 1 912 2 209 2 854 3 640 Asia 16 830 35 205 47 045 56 062 Oceania 527 618 960 1 180 Stateless/not known 370 6 420 10 480 7 655

1 Included in EU countries are Portugal, Spain on 1 January 1986, and Finland , Sweden, Austria on 1 January 1995.

10 Population

Immigrants and their descendants by country of origin 1990 2000 Immigrants/ Foreign Immigrants/ Foreign descendants nationals descendants nationals 1 Turkey 29 431 27 929 48 773 36 569 2 Yugoslavia 10 504 9 535 39 879 35 062 3 Germany 24 073 8 335 25 448 12 678 4 Lebanon 7 938 2 606 19 011 3 418 5 Pakistan 12 006 6 285 17 509 7 115 6 Iraq 2 423 2 319 14 902 12 687 7 Somalia 531 393 14 856 14 265 8 Norway 13 116 10 175 14 648 12 597 9 Sweden 13 708 8 047 14 606 10 764 10 Iran 8 591 8 362 12 980 5 702 11 Poland 9 662 4 319 12 290 5 571 12 UK 8 547 9 983 11 608 12 700 13 Vietnam 5 797 3 509 11 051 5 007 14 Sri Lanka 5 014 4 839 9 515 4 851 15 Marocco 4 267 2 703 7 813 3 573 16 USA 5 589 4 126 6 273 5 302 17 Iceland 3 413 3 045 6 011 5 807 18 Soviet Union 1 916 256 5 439 3 907 19 Thailand 1 567 1 157 4 884 4 092 20 Netherlands 2 421 1 931 4 685 4 271 21 Pilippines 2 023 1 169 3 935 2 145 22 Finland 3 703 1 797 3 915 2 145 23 China 1 403 610 3 610 2 513 24 France 2 367 1 951 3 607 3 266 25 Afghanistan 342 276 3 275 2 878 26 India 2 194 912 3 157 1 252 27 Italy 2 275 1 938 3 003 2 718 28 Spain 1 268 808 2 141 1 705 29 Romania 782 539 1 934 1 099 30 Canada 1 428 908 1 774 1 236

Population 11

The most popular names among children 1987 1999 Name Per Name Per Name Per Name Per 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 Kasper 43 Camilla 36 Mathias 32 Emma 31 2 Christian 40 Christina 34 Mads 31 Julie 29 3 Martin 36 Louise 32 Christian 30 Sarah 27 4 Morten 33 Mette 31 Rasmus 30 Sofie 27 5 Thomas 32 Maria 26 Oliver 28 Cecilie 25 6 Michael 31 Anne 26 Frederik 28 Caroline 23 7 Rasmus 29 Katrine 24 Emil 27 Laura 23 8 Anders 27 Pernille 20 Mikkel 27 Katrine 22 9 Jesper 26 Sara 19 Jonas 26 Emilie 21 10 Jacob 26 Line 17 Kasper 26 Camilla 19

The most popular names in Denmark 2000 2000 Fore- Per Fore- Per Surname Per name 1,000 name 1,000 1,000 1 Jens 23 Kirsten 19 Jensen 59 2 Peter 20 Anne 18 Nielsen 58 3 Hans 19 Hanne 16 Hansen 48 4 Niels 19 Anna 16 Pedersen 36 5 Lars 18 Mette 15 Andersen 33 6 Jørgen 18 Karen 14 Christensen 26 7 Michael 18 Helle 13 Larsen 25 8 Søren 17 Inger 13 Sørensen 24 9 Henrik 17 Inge 13 Rasmussen 20 10 Jan 16 Else 13 Jørgensen 19

12 Elections

Results of the election to the Folketing on 11 March 1998 Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland The electorate 3 993 099 31 509 37 856 Votes cast 3 431 926 20 842 24 305 of which personal 1 635 871 18 992 23 149 Share of personal votes 48.0 91.8 97.3 Turnout 86.0 66.1 64.2 Candidates 1 12760 14 Males 816 48 11 Females 311 12 3 Elected 175 2 2 Males 109 2 1 Females 66 - 1

The election to the Folketing on 11 March 1998. Votes cast Votes Pct. Candidates Nominees Elected/ females Denmark 3 405 997 100.0 1 127 175/66 A. Social Democratic Party 1 223 620 35.9 105 63/24 B. Social-Liberal Party 131 254 3.9 98 7/4 C. Conservative People's Party 303 965 8.9 102 16/5 D. Centre-Democratic Party 146 802 4.3 98 8/5 F. Socialist People's Party 257 406 7.6 103 13/5 O. Danish People's Party 252 429 7.4 89 13/4 Q. Christian People's Party 85 656 2.5 95 4/1 U. Democratic Renewal 10 768 0.3 112 -/- V. Liberal Democratic Party 817 894 24.0 98 42/16 Z. Progress Party 82 437 2.4 106 4/1 Ø. Unity List 91 933 2.7 109 5/1 Non-party candidates 1 833 0.1 12 -/-

Elections 13

Referendums on EU Copen- The Jutland All Danish accession to: hagen Islands Denmark EC on 2 Oct. 1972 Turnout 88.9 91.0 90.3 90.1 Pct. of valid votes: For 47.5 63.9 68.6 63.3 Against 52.5 36.1 31.4 36.7 EC Package on 27 Feb. 1986 Turnout 72.7 76.3 75.2 75.4 Pct. of valid votes: For 36.3 54.9 62.5 56.2 Against 63.7 45.1 37.5 43.8 Treaty on the EC Union on 2 June 1992: Turnout 81.6 84.6 82.0 83.1 Pct. of valid votes: For 38.3 49.6 51.6 49.3 Against 61.7 50.4 48.4 50.7 Edinburgh Decision and the Maastricht Treaty on 18 May 1993: Turnout 84.5 87.5 86.5 86.5 Pct. of valid votes: For 44.7 56.5 59.9 56.7 Against 55.3 43.5 40.1 43.3 Amsterdam Treaty on 28 May 1998: Turnout 74.4 77.8 75.2 76.2 Pct. of valid votes: For 49.2 54.6 57.0 55.1 Against 50.8 45.4 43.0 44.9 Single currency on 28 March 2000: Turnout 84.3 88.4 87.6 87.6 Pct. of valid votes: For 45.7 46.4 47.4 46.8 Against 54.3 53.6 52.6 53.2

14 Education and culture

Education Number of students on 1 October 1985 1990 1995 1999 Students, total 1 083 455 1 080 682 1 017 272 1 055 299 Basic schools 722 662 632 174 607 026 637 869 of which: primary and lower 707 135 614 689 587 290 617 552 Upper secondary schools 70 520 71 876 74 187 67 264 Vocational schools 175 063 176 375 163 905 172 884 Institutions of further education 104 418 126 221 160 060 177 282

Students enrolled at institutions of education 1 Oct, 1998

Short 1-2 years Long Medium 4 years or over 3-4 years

National Church 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Baptisms as pct. of children born 83.4 80.6 80.6 79.7 78.8 Church mar. of all marriages, pct. 55.8 55.1 55.1 54.4 48.1 Church taxpayers as pct. of taxable population . . . 91.1 88.9 86.5 85.1

Education and culture 15

Newspapers 1980 19851990 19951999

Cir. in 1,000s Jyllands-Posten, Morgenavisen 91 118 140 161 179 Ekstra Bladet 248 246 238 168 148 Berlingske Tidende 118 132 130 133 156 Politiken 139 156152 150148 B.T. 231 218212 155124 JydskeVestkysten 60 5654 9692 Århus Stiftstidende 74 70 69 62 77 Aalborg Stiftstidende 75 72 75 73 97 Fyens Stiftstidende 73 71 70 66 70 Dagbladet/Frederiksborg Amts Avis 44 38 29 61 58 Børsen 31 3943 4145 Aktuelt 59 5650 3928 Information 36 3226 2322 Kristeligt Dagblad 20 17 15 15 17

Magazines 1980 19851990 19951999

Cir. in 1,000s Familie Journalen Se og Hør 381 369314 288258 Se og Hør 256 305307 303248 Hjemmet 236 249277 257217 Billed-Bladet 352 298223 208190 Ude og Hjemmet 145 159 232 223 180 Her og nu • •• • 152 Ugebladet Søndag 186 152113 119110 Kig ind • •• • 100 Anders And og Co. 191 144 131 99 95 Femina 113 13597 9687 Alt for Damerne 161 136 83 93 86 Bo Bedre 129 107 101 88 85

16 Education and culture

Television viewing per day 1999 Danish TV 2 TV 3 Other Television, B.A. (DR) channels total

Hours:minutes 4 years + 0:44 0:57 0:17 0:41 2:39 4 - 11 years 0:37 0:25 0:11 0:23 1:36 12 - 20 years 0:26 0:44 0:20 0:39 2:09 21 - 34 years 0:33 0:45 0:26 0:47 2:31 35 - 54 years 0:43 0:52 0:13 0:35 2:23 55 years + 1:06 1:31 0:13 0:48 3:38

Access of households to TV channels 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999

Pct. TV2 Denmark 99 99 99 99 100 Danish Broadcasting Auth. 100 99 99 99 99 TvDenmark • • • 75 76 DR2 Denmark • 49 61 65 72 TV3 Denmark 57 58 62 65 71 3+ • 35 51 57 61 EUROSPORT 43 44 46 50 58 Channel 1 Sweden 53 53 51 54 56 Discovery 40 41 44 47 55 TV2 Sweden 51 52 51 53 55 RTL TELEVISION Germany 48 45 45 48 52 ARD Germany 51 50 48 50 51 TV4 Sweden 37 37 39 41 51 CNN INTERNATIONAL 33 34 36 41 50 ZDF Germany 47 45 40 43 46 NDR/N3 Germany 44 43 42 44 45 MTV (music channel) 32 33 35 36 45 BBC Prime England 22 24 29 34 42 NRK1 Norway 33 32 33 35 42

Labour market 17

Denmark is a service society. We do services for others - and we do them for money.

In 1999 the services sector employed over 70 pct. of the labour force, of which 35 pct. were employed in public and personal services: nursing, education and day care provision for children. Other services are particularly financial services, communications, transport, hotels and restaurants, and all kinds of business services.

As almost 80 pct. of all people who form part of the active population are employed, the requirements of available public services are great. Both children, young people and the elderly receive education, and day care facilities or activities are provided via public institutions. In 1999 day care facilities were provided for over 500,000 children.

18 Labour market

Labour market on 1 January 1985 1990 1995 1999

1,000s Total population 5 111 5 135 5 216 5 314 Labour force population 2 834 2 908 2 896 2 874 Activity rate 1 79.9 80.3 78.9 77.5 Males 85.8 84.6 83.1 81.5 Females 73.8 75.9 74.5 73.5 Employed 2 598 2 674 2 617 2 742 of whom part-time employed 502 488 396 385 Unemployed 2 235 234 279 132 Unemployed as pct. of labour force 8.3 8.0 9.6 4.6 Males 6.9 7.0 8.6 4.0 Females 10.0 9.3 10.8 5.2

1 The activity rate indicates the number of persons in the labour force aged 16-66 as a percentage of the total population aged 16-66. 2 Unemployed persons are compiled as persons who during the last week of November of the previous year were fully unemployed.

Registered unemployment 1985 1990 1995 1999 Unemployed, total 251 813 271 670 288 376 158 190 Of whom: Males 110 903 123 984 134 111 72 774 Females 140 910 147 685 154 265 85 416 Of whom: 16-24 years 57 360 54 954 39 316 15 690 Unemployment rate1, total 9.1 9.7 10.4 5.7 Of whom: Males 7.5 8.4 9.0 4.9 Females 11.0 11.3 12.0 6.5 Of whom: 16-24 years 10.2 10.6 8.5 3.7

Note. The table relates to the average number of registered unemployed throughout the year. 1 Unemployed persones as a percentage of persons in the labour force aged 16-66.

Labour market 19

Youth unemployment (16-24-year-olds) 1999

Under 2 pct. 2-4 pct. 4-6 pct. 6-8 pct. Over 8 pct.

20 Labour market

Labour force 1985 1990 1999 Labour force 2 833 630 2 907 745 2 874 419

Pct. Males 54.7 53.8 53.6 Females 45.3 46.2 46.4 Persons in employment 2 598 392 2 673 832 2 742 240 By industry Pct. Agriculture, fishing and quarrying 7.4 5.9 4.1 Manufacturing 18.6 18.8 17.5 Electricity, gas and water supply 0.7 0.7 0.6 Construction 5.8 6.3 6.0 Wholesale and retail trade; hotels and restaurants 17.0 17.3 18.0 Transport, post and telecommunications 6.8 6.8 6.6 Financial intermediation, etc. business activities 9.0 10.6 11.9 Public and personal service activities 34.0 33.2 35.0 Activity not stated 0.6 0.6 0.4

Social conditions 21

Institutions 1988 1990 1995 1999

No. of places In day care, total 290 378 308 039 417 712 541 383 Day nurseries 22 946 24 331 21 460 19 950 Municipal day care 68 572 65 879 68 437 82 536 Kindergartens 91 508 89 774 105 234 126 375 Youth recreation centres 48 326 36 009 32 096 37 459 Age-integrated institutions 46 813 56 627 89 032 119 656 School-care schemes 12 213 35 419 101 453 155 407 Number per 100 population in respective age groups 0-13 years, total 35.0 38.1 49.5 59.1 0-2 years 46.7 47.2 46.0 54.6 3-5 years 74.0 75.9 83.4 90.8 6-9 years 35.6 41.5 63.4 79.0 10-13 years 4.6 4.1 7.9 12.1

Charges paid by parents 1985 1990 1995 2000 Monthly charge per child enrolled for full-time day care DKK Day nurseries 1 103 1 370 1 885 2 313 Municipal day care 981 1 352 1 482 1 820 Kindergartens 799 1 002 1 081 1 307 Youth recreation centres 501 657 779 881 Age-integrated institutions 765 991 1 082 1 316 School-based leisure-time activities . . . 650 774 1 020

22 Social conditions and health

Pensioners 1985 1990 1995 1999 Old-age pensioners 672 819 701 409 711 069 709 333 Early retirement pensioners 230 211 249 346 270 466 271 895 Social pension benefits in DKK mio. 39 458 50 535 75 077 80 954

Hospitals 1985 1990 19951998 Somatic hospitals Hospitals 102 90 8279 Number of beds 28 332 25 474 23 603 21 922 Inhabitants per bed 181 202 221 242 Hospitalizations (1,000) 996 1 073 1 089 1 108 Out-patients1 (1,000) 3 534 3 793 1 016 1 274 Hospital staff2 74 804 74 829 77 725 . . . Psychiatric hospitals, etc. Hospitals 17 16 1312 Number of beds 7 644 3 630 2 164 2 160 Inhabitants per bed 669 1 415 2 410 2 460 Hospitalizations (1,000) 23 18 1316 Out-patients1 (1,000) 85 121 11 20 Hospital staff2 9 559 7 546 5 365 . . .

1 Up to and including 1994: number of out-patients. As from 1995: completed medical treatment of out- patients. 2 At full-time equivalence.

Health 23

Health personnel outside hospitals 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 General practitioners1 2 746 2 898 3 183 3 354 3 404 General practitioners per 1,000 inhabitants 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.64 0.64 Practicing medical specialists2 739 763 793 769 787 Dentists with own practice 2 321 2 505 2 648 2 663 2 627 Midwives ...... 1 032 1 191 Public health nurses3 847 995 1 101 1 219 1 397

1 General practitioners having entered into a collective agreement. 2 Specialist physicians having entered into a collective agreement. Only full-time employed. Excluding hospital physicians with own practice. 3 Converted to full-time employed. Excluding nurses.

Causes af desth 1997

Heart diseases 21.605 Malignant neoplasm 15.258

Bronchitis, emphysema and asthma 3.369

Siseases of digestive system 2.847

Accidents 2.430

Pneumonia 1.662

Senilitet 716

Suiside 817

Mental disorder 1.310

Diseases of the nervous system 819

0 10.000 20.000

24 Justice

Justice 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Reported criminal offences, total 406 346 477 259 527 421 538 963 494 191 Sexual offences 2 220 2 489 2 521 2 779 2 981 Rape 422 541 486 440 477 Offences against decency 1 400 1 285 1 481 1 886 1 788 Crimes of violence 7 226 8 701 10 651 13 357 14 255 Assault against public servants 1 228 595 701 1 461 1 757 Homicide and attempted ho. 237 290 234 205 220 Violence against the person 5 449 6 286 7 698 8 622 8 973 Property offences 391 951 459 983 507 763 515 954 470 280 Forgery 12 905 20 296 14 315 10 683 8 892 Burglary 97 295 117 950 122 371 106 533 100 895 Theft 106 613 143 211 168 115 175 521 183 139 Fraud 10 580 14 059 11 156 9 804 7 949 Robbery 1 461 1 834 2 127 2 039 2 781 Vandalism 18 841 33 959 37 138 38 771 37 803 Other offences 4 949 6 086 6 486 6 873 6 675 Trafficking/smuggling drugs 1 275 1 049 1 100 756 816

Clear-up rates for reported criminal offences 19 21 21 20 19 Sexual offences 53 56 53 55 58 Crimes of violence 71 69 71 76 77 Property offences 17 19 19 18 17 Other offences 61 71 81 83 79

Incomes - consumption - prices 25

Family income, form of tenure and use of private cars 1998 No. of Form of tenure Use of families Owner Tenantprivate cars 1 car 2 cars or more

1 000 pct. Total 2 858.6 50.5 49.5 42.2 7.1 Family income: Under DKK 25,000 59.2 48.0 52.0 8.2 1.4 DKK 25,000 - 49,999 70.7 45.8 54.2 5.0 0.4 DKK 50,000 - 74,999 79.3 36.0 64.0 7.8 0.5 DKK 75,000 - 99,999 146.4 32.1 67.9 12.2 0.8 DKK 100,000 - 124,999 298.0 27.2 72.8 15.4 0.8 DKK 125,000 - 149,999 239.2 27.0 73.0 23.1 1.3 DKK 150,000 - 174,999 207.9 35.0 65.0 33.1 1.9 DKK 175,000 - 199,999 186.5 38.6 61.4 38.2 2.5 DKK 200,000 - 224,999 167.7 42.1 57.9 43.7 3.2 DKK 225,000 - 249,999 148.4 44.0 56.0 48.4 4.0 DKK 250,000 - 274,999 125.9 47.6 52.4 53.3 5.0 DKK 275,000 - 299,999 105.1 52.7 47.3 57.3 6.8 DKK 300,000 - 324,999 93.6 59.2 40.8 61.2 8.6 DKK 325,000 - 349,999 91.5 65.2 34.8 64.2 10.6 DKK 350,000 - 399,999 188.2 71.0 29.0 67.4 12.8 DKK 400,000 - 449,999 175.9 74.9 25.1 69.1 14.9 DKK 450,000 - 499,999 137.6 76.9 23.1 68.5 16.6 DKK 500,000 - 749,999 260.6 81.0 19.0 63.0 19.7 DKK 750,000 - 999,999 48.3 86.5 13.5 51.4 23.1 DKK 1 mio. + 28.6 89.1 10.9 44.6 24.3

26 Incomes - consumption - prices

Household consumption expenditure 1997 Total Single p. Single p. Couples no Couples w. no childr. w. childr. childr. childr.

DKK per household

Total household income 372.9 197.5 272.0 425.1 565.3 Income taxes, etc. 118.0 61.4 71.0 135.6 181.5 Disposable amount 229.1 127.4 185.9 264.9 326.6 Net saving 14.5 -3.3 -7.5 28.8 14.2 Transfers from public sector 35.2 15.8 71.2 15.9 85.0 VAT 28.2 16.1 25.6 29.8 45.0 Excise duty 18.5 9.9 11.7 23.0 25.8 Total consumption expen. 209.0 127.0 190.4 229.1 305.1 Food 24.0 12.9 25.6 25.8 38.0 Beverages and tobacco 12.0 7.8 10.2 14.0 15.0 Clothing and footwear, etc. 11.3 6.3 12.1 10.7 19.4 Rent (housing) 44.4 33.1 43.4 48.6 54.9 Electricity and fels 14.0 9.7 12.3 15.4 18.2 Furniture and the like 13.2 6.7 12.9 14.4 22.3 Medical prods. and services 4.7 2.9 4.7 6.6 5.2 Purchase of vehicles 13.5 5.8 5.2 18.7 19.3 Other transport and commu. 22.8 12.4 15.8 25.7 34.0 Entertainment, holidays, etc. 23.4 15.3 24.9 24.4 33.4 Other goods and services 25.7 14.1 23.1 24.8 45.5

Consumption of beverages 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Total consumption Litres 1,000s Beer 655 900 641 799 635 511 627 799 542 013 Wine 70 299 105 889 109 574 144 308 158 841 Spirits 19 244 21 180 16 708 14 046 14 559 Consumption of alcohol l. per 100 pct. Per capita 9.2 10.1 9.7 10.0 9.5 Per capita over 14 years 11.6 12.3 11.6 12.1 11.6

Incomes - consumption - prices 27

Families possessing consumer durables 1990 1992 1995 1997 2000 Families (1,000) 2 174 2 184 2 227 2 282 2 269

Pct. Owner-occupied dwelling 58.8 57.8 59.6 58.5 62.9 Summer dwelling 10.7 9.4 9.4 9.9 10.6 Tumble dryer 23.9 25.3 32.9 36.5 40.1 Washing machine 68.7 68.8 72.5 73.8 75.5 Dishwasher 28.5 33.1 39.9 39.3 49.1 Microwave 16.6 25.4 37.2 43.6 51.9 Video recorder 40.9 55.4 73.1 79.1 77.8 Video camera ...... 14.9 16.3 20.3 CD player . . . 39.6 65.5 78.7 83.9 DVD player ...... 6.5 Mobile telephone ...... 20.1 42.7 67.6 Answering machine . . . 13.5 26.4 38.7 41.7 Fax ...... 8.5 11.8 14.8 PC/home computer 15.1 23.4 36.6 48.4 64.7 CD-ROM ...... 11.5 28.1 53.0 DVD drive ...... 13.2 Access to the Internet ...... 9.9 46.4 Of which: Modem ...... 35.7 ISDN ...... 8.2 Permanent link (ADSL) ...... 2.5

28 Incomes - consumption - prices

Consumption of spirits subject to duty Litre á 100 pct. per inhabitant over 14 years 14

12

10 Spirits Wine 8

6

4 Beer 2

0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Annual change in the wholesale and raw material price index 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1998/99

Pct Wholesale price index, total 2.87 1.00 2.82 0.47 Producer goods 2.77 1.30 3.40 0.47 Danish 3.47 2.50 3.50 1.30 Imported 2.07 0.00 3.20 - 0.48 Consumer goods 2.91 0.60 1.94 0.47 Danish 3.58 0.00 2.51 0.56 Imported 4.42 2.00 0.10 0.10 Price index for imported unprocessed raw materials 0.15 -2.30 4.77 - 1.69

Incomes - consumption - prices 29

Annual change in the consumer price index 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1998/99

Pct Consumer price index, total 4.72 2.54 2.04 2.39 Food 4.16 0.30 2.92 0.67 Beverages 2.66 2.63 1.53 1.74 Tobacco 5.00 2.46 1.78 1.00 Clothing and footwear 6.84 0.94 0.00 1.46 Rent (housing) 5.45 5.15 2.31 2.61 Fuel, electricity, gas and heating 3.49 3.40 -0.22 4.72 Furniture, household services 5.37 2.82 2.06 2.67 Health care expenditure 5.46 5.28 0.30 1.26 Transport 3.79 0.57 2.90 4.19 Telephone and postage 4.17 2.09 0.00 - 2.27 Recreation and entertainment 4.65 3.16 2.38 2.06 Other goods and services 5.65 2.93 1.95 2.83

Earnings and prices Annual pct. change 25

20 Hourly earnings in manufacturing 15

10

5 Consumer prices 0 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

30 Agriculture

The importance of agriculture for the Danish economy has declined, although agricultural land still accounts for a large share of Denmark's total area.

The number of agricultural holdings are steadily falling every year, and the number of farms reached 58.000 in 1999. The decline in total arable land is not however as sharp as that of agricultural holdings. The size of farms is thus increasing.

Although employment in agriculture accounts for under 5 pct. of the total number of persons employed in Denmark, the share of Denmark's total export trade accounted for by agriculture was almost 10 pct.

Denmark is the largest exporter of pork and about 33 pct. of total earnings in agriculture are accounted for by pork production.

Agriculture 31

Agricultural holdings and farmland 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Agricultural holdings, total 119 155 92 354 79 338 68 771 57 831 0.0 - 19.9 hectares 67 034 42 355 32 968 28 372 22 999 20.0 - 49.9 hectares 40 356 35 874 30 356 23 267 17 163 50.0 hectares + 11 765 14 125 16 014 17 132 17 669 Authorized organic farms ...... 523 1 050 3 099 Arable land, total (1,000 hec.) 2 905 2 834 2 788 2 726 2 644

Cereal crops 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

1,000 tons Total production 7 070 7 956 9 607 9 150 8 774 Wheat 652 1 972 3 953 4 598 4 471 Rye 199 565 545 495 248 Barley 6 044 5 251 4 988 3 899 3 675 Oats and mixed grain 175 168 121 158 130

Livestock 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

1,000s Horses1 50 32 38 18 40 Cattle 2 961 2 618 2 239 2 090 1 887 Pigs 9 957 9 089 9 497 11 084 11 626 Sheep 56 70 159 145 143 Chickens 14 243 14 067 15 498 18 673 19 968 1 Up to and including 1996 only breeding stallions are included.

32 Manufacturing industries

Manufacturers' sales of own commodities and services 1990 1995 1997 1999

DKK mio. Manufacturing industries 317 169 364 844 395 530 414 254 Mining and quarrying 1 489 1 596 1 472 1 603 Mfr. of food, beverages and tobacco 96 100 99 732 105 665 98 345 Textile, wearing apparel and leather 13 790 14 047 13 010 13 072 Manufac. of wood and wood products 7 139 9 823 10 650 11 212 Mfr. of paper prods., printing, publish. 25 866 31 827 32 955 34 476 Mfr. of refined petroleum products 9 720 8 156 10 657 9 853 Chemicals and man-made fibres 23 338 31 211 35 940 41 752 Mfr. of rubber and plastic products 13 160 14 754 15 678 16 752 Other non-metallic mineral products 11 966 13 704 15 052 18 138 Mfr. and processing of basic metals 25 533 30 504 33 130 33 936 Mfr. of machinery and equipment 35 958 46 964 50 809 50 921 Mfr. of electrical/optical instruments 22 903 30 589 35 652 47 071 Manufacture of transport equipment 15 139 13 948 15 605 16 132 Mfr. of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. 16 558 19 585 20 726 22 594

Output indices for the manufacturing industries 1990 1995 1997 1999

1995 = 100 Manufacturing industries, total 86 100 104 111 Mining and quarrying 103 100 88 94 Mfr. of food, beverages and tobacco 91 100 103 102 Textile, wearing apparel and leather 103 100 101 101 Mfr. of paper prods., printing, publish. 86 100 111 112 Mfr. of refined petroleum products 80 100 112 132 Chemicals and man-made fibres 94 100 105 116 Fabricated metal products 84 100 108 110 Mfr. of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. 88 100 100 110

Construction and housing 33

Dwellings on 1 January 1985 1990 19952000 Dwellings, total 2 228 232 2 306 836 2 426 503 2 488 972 Of which dwellings in: Farmhouses 161 407 158 301 149 931 132 962 Detached one-family houses 918 824 951 192 974 906 1 019 297 Other one-family houses 204 941 240 644 299 263 314 487 Two- or multi-family houses 898 689 907 592 947 865 966 808 Student hostels 25 725 27 073 31 876 33 668 Other dwellings 18 466 21 982 22 659 21 749 Type of dwelling not stated 180 52 3 1 Households, total 2 120 549 2 228 877 2 315 243 2 382 660 Households in: Owner-occupied dwellings 1 173 560 1 211 690 1 211 603 1 272 234 Rented dwellings 915 069 980 868 1 050 643 1 101 968 Form of tenure not stated 31 920 36 319 52 997 8 458

Note: Dwellings exclude institutional households and summer cottages.

Residential construction 1985 19901995 1998* Dwellings completed, total 22 613 27 237 13 503 17 117 Detached one-family houses 7 678 3 392 3 357 7 041 Other one-family houses 8 863 12 431 2 444 2 977 Multi-family houses (blocks of flats) 5 198 9 417 6 266 5 491 Student hostels 227 833 306 338 Non-residential buildings, institutions 647 1 164 1 130 1 270 Private builders 15 823 15 024 8 745 12 503 Housing societies 6 012 10 657 3 139 3 363 Central and local authorities 778 1 556 1 619 1 251

34 Services sector

Tourism 1980 1985 19901995 1999

1,000s Guest nights spent at hotels, etc. 8 194 8 744 10 635 12 176 12 784 of which by foreigners 4 349 4 591 5 430 5 884 5 775 Guest nights spent at camping sites 9 801 10 836 11 049 12 392 11 360 of which by foreigners 3 516 3 986 3 439 4 449 3 768 Guest nights spent at youth hostels ...... 985 1 057 1 068 of which by foreigners ...... 468 457 423 Nights in rented summer cottages ...... 8 983 16 847 15 290 of which by foreigners ...... 7 867 15 419 13 363

DKK mio. Foreign exchange revenues 7 529 14 051 20 554 20 578 25 880 Foreign exchange expenditures 8 784 14 941 22 748 23 981 35 544

Holiday trips 1995 19961999 Holiday trips, total (1,000s) 2 751 2 986 2 991 Pct. Spain 12 13 15 France 12 10 13 Italy 8 89 Greece 9 98 Sweden 8 87 Germany 6 56 Norway 9 85 United Kingdom 5 6 5 Austria 4 44 Turkey 3 53

Transport 35

On average every Dane covered a distance af approximately 15,200 km in 1999. This is a 13 per cent increase compared to 1990. 75 per cent of passenger transport is by car, 14 per cent by bus, 6 per cent by train and 5 per cent by bicycle.

In 1999 the number of personal injuries in traffic was 9,393. This is a 12 per cent fall compared to 1990. In the same period there was an even sharper fall in the number of people killed in traffic accidents. The number of killed people in traffic accidents fell from 634 in 1990 to 514 in 1998, corresponding to a 19 per cent drop.

In 1998 53 per cent of the people killed in traffic accidents were motorists, 15 per cent pedestrians and 12 per cent bicycle riders.

36 Transport

Passenger transport performance 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

Passenger-km in mio1 Total 50 700 57 700 68 700 73 188 80 555 By motor car 38 300 43 450 49 900 53 595 60 542 Of which by private car 36 200 41 700 48 200 51 831 58 662 By rail 4 300 4 440 4 900 4 684 5 113 By bus 7 300 8 900 9 300 10 609 11 174 By ferry 500 540 600 556 275 By aircraft 400 370 500 497 398 1 Transport unit, i.e. one person transported one kilometre.

Motor vehicles 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

1,000s Motor cars, total 1 650 1 768 1 892 2 026 2 230 Private cars 1 390 1 501 1 590 1 679 1 843 Buses 7 8 8 14 14 Vans and lorries 253 259 294 333 373 Motor cycles 34 41 44 52 69 Mopeds 45 •••658 Private cars per 1,000 inhabit. 271.2 293.4 309.0 319.7 345.8

Road traffic accidents 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Accidents involving injury/death 12 334 11 502 9 155 8 373 7 605 Fatal traffic accidents 690 772 634 582 514 Seriously injured 8 477 8 672 6 396 5 624 4 217 Slightly injured 6 584 5 183 4 257 4 367 5 176

Transport 37

Ships 19801 19851 19901 1995 1999

GT Total 5 303 5 136 4 833 5 679 5 735 Passenger ships 117 272 349 507 545 Dry-cargo ships 2 067 2 183 2 541 3 370 3 621 Tankers 2 817 2 491 1 736 1 573 1 312 Fishing vessels 120 124 159 117 123 Other 182 65 49 112134 1 Excluding ships from the Faroe Islands.

Fatal traf f ic accidents No. 1 400

1 200

1 000

800

600

400

200

0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

38 Environment

Expenditure and revenue of general government 1990 1995 1998 2000*

DKK bn. Expenditure 3.0 6.8 7.8 8.0 Environmental protection 0.9 3.2 3.7 3.6 Forest and nature management 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.6 Environmental research and surveys 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 Other measures 0.2 0.9 1.4 1.4 Revenue 2.4 7.8 11.6 12.5 Environmental protection 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.1 Forest and nature management 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 Environmental research and surveys 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 Other measures 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Environmental taxes - 5.3 8.9 9.6

Revenue or central government from green taxes DKK bn. 40 Energy taxes 35 Environmental taxes 30 Total 25 20 15 10 5 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*

Environment 39

Developments in environmental key indicators 1990=100 1991 1995 19971999

Emissions of CO2 120 113 121 . . . Dobson ozone layer over DK 104 98 98 105 Ozone depleting substances 77 4 3 . . .

SO2 in Copenhagen 94 47 24 21

NOX in Copenhagen 97 99 80 88 Consumption of drinking water 99 101 102 . . . Nitrate in drinking water 110 120 110 . . . Closed beach areas 54 29 25 25 Phosphorus in discharge water 76 32 18 . . . Nitrogen in discharge water 89 53 29 . . . Nitrogen via watercourses 81 87 47 . . . Sales of pesticides 91 91 63 49 Consumption of art. fertilizers 96 76 72 66 Consumption of animal manure 101 104 104 105 Energy consumption 101 102 103 102 Environmental taxes 110 513 720 885 Energy taxes 105 132 149 190

The Dobson ozone over Denmark Dobson units 360

350

340

330

320

310 79 84 89 94 99

40 Energy

Supplies of electricity, crude oil and natural gas 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

Net production of elec. GWh 25 511 27 161 23 696 34 480 36 639 Net imports of electric. GWh -1 235 461 7 048 -794 - 2 312 Production of crude oil 1,000 tons 298 2 892 5 994 9 170 14 929 Product. of natural gas Mio. Nm3 - 1 048 2 974 5 009 6 635

Note: Nm3 (standard cubic metre) measured at 15 degrees and 1 atmospheric pressure.

Energy consumption (gross) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

PJ Hard coal and coke 244 304 255 270 198 Renewable energy resources 26 37 48 66 82 Jet fuel 31 27 29 30 36 Motor spirit1 64 66 73 78 90 Gas and diesel oil1 231 204 164 162 156 Fuel oil 183 85 34 33 24 Petroleum-coke 6 13 10 67 Other motor spirit and oil2 3 2 1 21 35 Liquid gas, etc. 12 10 5 5 4 Natural gas . . . 24 68 120 165 Oil for non-energy purposes 16 15 13 13 13 Total 818 786 697 804 810 Consumption in connection 39 with refining and extraction 16 20 27 36 Adjustments for imports of elect. and climatic changes - 21 - 12 94 - 7 - 6 Gross consumption, total 813 794 819 833 843

Note: Gross energy consumption is defined as the quantity of the different types of energy available for energy purposes after conversion by refineries and before conversion by power plants. Gross energy consumption is adjusted for net exports of electricity and climatic changes. 1 From 1990 adjusted for cross-border shopping. 2 For example, waste oil.

External trade 41

Denmark is a small open economy with a great dependence on foreign trade.

In 1999 Danish exports totalled almost DKK 350 billion, corresponding to 28 pct. of the gross domestic product. During the same year imports totalled DKK 312 billion, corresponding to 26 pct. of the gross domestic product.

The most important trading parner is Germany, accounting for more than 20 pct. of both Danish imports and exports. Other important trading partners are Sweden and UK.

Danish exports are concentrated on manufactured products. Imports are mainly used for further processing by Danish enterprises. Just over one fourth of total imports is used as intermediate consumption.

42 External trade

Imports by selected commodities 1990 19951997 1999* Total imports, DKK mio. 206 295 255 265 293 522 309 182 Pct. Intermediate goods for agriculture and horticulture, total 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.5 Intermediate goods for the construction industry, total 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.7 Intermediate goods for other non-agricultural industries, total 37.3 38.0 35.3 35.0 of which: Paper, paperboard, etc. 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 Textile fibres, yarns and fabrics 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 Fuels, lubricants, electric energy, total 6.5 4.2 5.0 3.4 of which: Coal, coke and briquettes 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.5 Crude oil 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 Light and medium oils (motor spirits) 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.5 Gas oils and fuel oils 1.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 Machinery, other capital equipment, total 11.4 11.9 12.5 13.1 Transport equipment, total 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.5 Goods for household consumption, total 25.3 26.7 27.2 29.1

External trade 43

Danish imports in 1999* analysed by countries. Per cent

Other markets 27.9 pct. Ot h e r countries 9.4 pct. Germa ny As i a 21.7 pct. 9.7 pct.

USA 4.6 pct. No rw a y UK 4.2 pct. 8.0 pct.

Sweden 12.5 pct. Ot h e r EU countries 29.9 pct. EU countries 72,1 pct.

44 External trade

Danish exports in 1999* analysed by countries. Per cent

Other markets 33.5 pct. Other countries Germa ny 12.2 pct. 20.0 pct.

As i en 9,5 pct.

UK USA 9.6 pct. 5.5 pct.

No rw a y 5.8 pct. Sweden 11.7 pct. Ot h e r EU countries 25.2 pct. EU countries 66.5 pct

External trade 45

Exports by selected commodities 1990 1995 1997 1999* Total exports, DKK mio. 228 187 283 447 321 185 342 137 Pct. Livestock products, total 10.4 10.1 10.4 8.9 of which: Live cattle, beef and veal 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 Live pigs and pork 5.6 5.7 6.1 4.9 Butter 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 Cheese 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 Crop products 4.1 2.8 2.4 2.0 Canned meat and milk 2.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 Industrial products 72.5 76.6 75.4 77.9 of which: Textiles and clothing 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.8 Machinery and instruments 24.7 25.5 26.2 26.7 Furniture 4.2 4.6 4.1 4.0 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs 4.8 3.6 3.3 3.3

Terms of trade 1985 = 100 1980 1986 1990 1995 1999* Unit value index for exports 68 95 98 96 99 Unit value index for imports 68 90 90 88 90 Terms of trade 100 106 110 110 110

46 Economy

Denmark's international trade is recorded on the balance of payments, which is divided into the current account and the capital account.

In 1999 Denmark's net foreign debt amounted to DKK 175 billion, corresponding to 14 per cent of the gross domestic product.

Since 1990 Denmark has experienced a surplus on the current account - except for 1998. Before that period Denmark experienced 25 years with a deficit.

Traditionally, Denmark has a surplus on the trade balance, while the balance on investment income is in the red. The deficit on investment income is mainly due to previously great balance-of-payments deficits.

National accounts 47

Gross domestic product, by type of expenditure 1990 1995 1999*

DKK bn current prices Private consumption expenditure 509.6 613.5 General government consumption expenditure 210.9 260.3 312.9 Gross fixed capital formation 167.6 198.6 238.3 Domestic final use, total 783.4 968.4 1 164.7 + Exports of goods and services 295.7 357.5 448.4 - Imports of goods and services 253.8 316.1 397.3 Gross domestic product at market prices 825.3 1 009.8 1 215.8 Property income, etc. and net transfers to abroad 38.4 34.2 38.7 Consumption expenditure, total 615.8 769.9 926.4 Gross saving 171.0 205.8 250.7

DKK bn. 1990 prices Private consumption expenditure 454.3 509.6 564.2 General government final consumption 234.4 260.3 284.5 Gross fixed capital formation 176.4 198.6 224.5 Domestic final use, total 865.1 968.4 1 073.2 + Exports of goods and services 313.4 357.5 427.8 - Imports of goods and services 262.6 316.1 387.8 Gross domestic product at market prices 915.9 1 009.8 1 113.2

Income generation at current prices 1990 1999* 1990 1999*

DKK bn. Pct. Gross value added 710.1 1 036.7 100 100 - Other taxes on products less subsidies -2.2 1.8 -0 0 Gross domestic product at factor cost 712.3 1 034.9 100 100 - Compensation of employees 458.4 653.3 64 63 Gross operating surplus, mixed income 253.9 381.6 36 37 - Consumption of fixed capital 129.0 170.4 18 16 Net surplus on output and mixed income 124.9 211.3 18 20

48 National accounts

Gross value added at current prices 1990 1999* 1990 1999*

DKK bn. Pct. Gross value added, total 710.1 1 035.3 100 100 Of which: General government 166.5 237.9 23.5 23.0 Agriculture, fishing, mining and quarrying 39.3 43.1 5.5 4.2 Manufacturing 128.5 173.5 18.1 16.5 Electricity, gas, heating, etc. 15.1 23.3 2.1 2.3 Construction 37.2 50.3 5.2 4.9 Internal trade, hotels and restaurants, etc. 104.6 160.0 14.7 15.5 Transport, post and telecommunications, etc. 56.7 87.0 8.0 8.4 Financial intermediation, business activ. 170.2 247.6 24.0 23.9 Public and personal services 192.3 285.5 27.1 27.6 Finan. inter. services measured indirectly -33.8 0.0 -4.8 0.0

Money supply at end of year 1985 1990 1995 1999

DKK mio. Money supply 306 400 391 000 410 136 496 271 Notes and coins in circulation excluding the banking sector 17 600 23 600 30 595 36 857 Residents' deposits with banks Demand deposits 129 900 202 800 251 665 334 946 Deposits at notice 58 700 42 400 31 831 28 802 Time deposits 100 200 122 200 96 045 95 666

Balance of payments 49

Balance of payments 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999*

DKK mio. Current account, total - 13 400 - 28 833 8 175 10 020 13 911 Merchandise - 11 790 - 7 850 30 036 36 342 46 077 Property income, etc. - 9 580 - 27 045 - 35 217 - 26 107 - 21 752 Services 4 110 3 985 2 376 4 710 4 025

Capital account (foreign debt) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999*

DKK bn. Net foreign liabilities, total 100 244 282 266 175 Private sector 64 120 82 129 43 Assets 35 79 196 310 763 Liabilities 99 198 278 439 806 Public sector 61 172 261 324 269 Assets 5 9 30 23 72 Liabilities 66 181 291 347 341 Banks 0 6 2 - 12328 Assets 30 127 273 318 569 Liabilities 30 133 275 195 597 Danmarks Nationalbank - 26 - 54 - 63 - 64 - 166 Assets 26 54 64 66 168 Liabilities 1 0 1 2 2

50 Public finance

Average bond yield At end of year 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

Pct. yearly Total 18.60 9.86 11.01 7.40 5.99 Government bonds 18.35 9.36 10.71 6.15 5.09 Mortgage credit bonds 19.22 10.23 10.93 8.19 7.17 Ordinary mortgage credit bonds 19.26 10.46 11.30 8.47 6.64

Public sector expenditures 1988 1990 1993 1995 1999*

Total public sector expenditures, DKK bn. 427.5 468.9 549.8 601.6 666.2

Pct. General public services 7.4 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.8 Defence, etc. 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 Law and order 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 Education 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.4 14.0 Health 9.6 9.2 9.2 8.8 9.6 Social security and welfare services 39.4 40.6 41.7 43.9 42.4 Housing and community amenities 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 Religious, recreational and cultural services 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 Energy supply 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 Agriculture, forestry and fishing, etc. 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.6 Mining and quarrying; construction 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 Transport and communications 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.0 Internal trade, economic services and business development 3.1 3.4 3.5 2.8 3.3 Unclassifiable functions 13.3 12.9 11.8 10.7 8.5

Public finance 51

Public sector revenues and expenditures 1990 1999* 19901999*

DKK bn. Pct. of GDP Expenditures, total 468.9 666.2 56.8 53.8 Consumption expenditure 210.9 312.5 25.6 24.5 Transfer payments 242.5 330.8 29.4 27.2 Capital formation 13.5 19.0 1.6 1.7 Other expenditures 2.0 3.9 0.2 0.4 Payable by: Central government 176.9 248.3 21.4 20.1 Social security funds 40.2 44.9 4.9 3.8 Local government authorities 251.8 373.0 30.5 30.0 Financed by: Central government 312.0 422.2 37.8 34.5 Social security funds 11.4 19.3 1.4 1.4 Local government authorities 145.6 224.7 17.6 18.0 Revenues, total 459.2 702.2 55.8 54.7 Taxes and duties 388.9 615.2 46.8 47.4 Central government 257.1 394.3 30.8 30.8 Social security funds 11.9 27.0 1.4 1.5 Counties 33.8 59.7 4.14.6 Municipalities 86.1 134.2 10.410.6 Other revenues 71.6 87.0 9.0 7.2 Current and capital surplus -9.7 35.9 -1.0 0.8