Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution, Genders and Sexualities in History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49613-9 260 ARCHIVES and SOURCES

ARCHIVES AND SOURCES

Delpher (Dutch newspapers online)

• Het vrije volk • Nederlands Dagblad (was Gereformeerd gezinsblad (1948–1967); changed in 1968) • De Telegraaf • De Tijd 1845–1974 • De Waarheid

Det Kongelige Bibliotek [The Danish Royal Library] Manuscript Collections and Archives

• Fremmedarbejderbladet (1971–1977) • Al-Ghad (1968) • Murat Alpar (poetry) • Socialt Arbejde—Teori og Praksis [Social Work—Theory and Practice] (1977–1985) • Coq (1970s)

Ephemera from organizations

• Dutch: COC, HTIB, KMAN, Habibi Ana, Secret Garden, Stichting Katılım, Maruf

• Danish: Sabaah, LGBT Asylum, Kvinder, Out&About, New Times • Swedish: RFSU, RFSL, WelcomeOUT • German: LSVD

Films

• Dancing Prophet. Directed by Bruce Baker. Franciscan Communications, 1971 • Fra Thailand til Thy [Danish: From Thailand to (the Danish county of) Thy]. Directed by Janus Metz. Denmark: Cosmo Film Doc ApS, 2007 • I Am Curious (Yellow), 1968. Directed by Vilgot Sjoö;man. Grove Press, 1967 • My Love—Historien om Poul & Mai [Danish: My Love: The Story of Poul and Mai]. Directed by Iben Haahr Andersen. Denmark: Klasseﬁlm ApS, 2012 • Slavernes Slægt [Danish: The Descendents of Slaves]. Directed by Alex Frank Larsen. DR2, 2005 • Slavernij [Dutch: Slavery]. Directed by Frank Zichem. Teleac/ NOT, 2003 • Sumé—Mumisitsinerup Nipaa [Greenlandic: Sumé: The Sound of a Revolution]. Directed by Inuk Silis Høegh. Bullitt Film, 2014 • The Act of Killing. Directed by Joshua Oppenheimer. Det Danske Film Institut, 2013

International Gay Information Center Archives, LGBT Periodicals, New York Public Library

• COC ephemera (Amsterdam, NL: 1970–1990) • De Gay Krant (Amsterdam, NL: 1982–1990) • Spartacus (Amsterdam, NL: 1982–1986) • Homologie

International Gay and Lesbian Archives (IHLIA), Amsterdam Public Library

• COC Periodiek (1960–1964) • Levensrecht (1940, 1946–1947) • Paarse September (1972–1976) ARCHIVES AND SOURCES 261

• Pan (1951–1952) • Schakel (1954–1966) • Schakelkrant (1967–1968) • Sec (1971–1973) • SEK (1974–1979) • Seq (1969–1971) • Vriendschap (1949–1964)

International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis [International Institute for Social History], Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

• Migrant Photo Archive • KMAN (and MVVN) Collection • HTIB (and HTKB) Collection • Federatie Studentenwerkgroepen Homoseksualiteit (FSWH)

Kvinfo: Køn, Viden, Information, Forskning [Kvinfo: Sex/Gender, Knowledge, Information and Research]

• Kvinder (1975–1984)

LGBT Denmark Library

• Eos (1958–71) • Forbundsnyt (1951–1963) • Panbladet (1953–2007) • Vennen (1949–1970)

Museums and Museum Libraries

• The Immigrant Museum, Farum, Denmark • Museum of Copenhagen, “Becoming a Copenhagener” (permanent exhibit) • The Danish-Jewish Museum, Copenhagen • Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam • Amsterdam Museum • Schwules Museum*, Berlin 262 ARCHIVES AND SOURCES

Political speeches and bulletins

• PVV.nl • danskfolkeparti.dk • Danske Folkeblad

Primary sources in J.W. Sørensen, “Velkommen Mustafa?” (1970)

• Arbejdsgivere • Fagbladet • Folketingstidende

Selected Periodicals from the holdings of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender History Society, San Francisco, California; accessed via microﬁlm (Woodbridge, CT: Thomas Gale Primary Source Microﬁlm, 2004).

• Gay Men of African Descent (U.S.) papers • Vennen (Uafhængigt Kamporgan for de Homoﬁle/i Norden) (Copenhagen, Denmark: 1954–1969).

Stadsbiblioteket (Danish newspapers online)

• Aalborg Stiftstidende (1977–1999) • Aarhuus Stifts-Tidende (1871–1989) • Aktuelt (1959–1978) • Information (1945-) • Jyllands-Posten

United Nations (online documents)

• The Netherlands and Morocco Agreement Concerning the Recruitment and Placement of Moroccan workers in the Netherlands, Signed at The Hague 14 May 1969 (No. 9781), United Nations Treaty Series (1969) 162–171 • United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, as amended by the 1967 Protocol BIBLIOGRAPHY

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A Arab immigrants in Denmark, 49n86, Aarhus, 107n4, 110n61, 154, 227, 59, 203, 204 236 Aruba, 30, 194, 203, 229 Abortion, 5, 9, 64, 84n36, 87, 95, 96, Association of 1948, 17n19, 72, 180, 98, 119, 134, 139n11, 140n13, 182, 208n12, 219 163, 183, 239, 243n27 Austria, 3, 5, 9, 223 “Action 182”, 122–124 Avedøre housing projects, 92, 108n28 Adoption, 2, 26, 35, 46n68, 46n69, 227 Afﬁrmative action, 6, 115, 131, 135 B African-American immigrants in Bars, gay/lesbian, 6–8, 17n19, 72, 179, Denmark, 41n19, 222, 228–229, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230, 232, 234 242n18 Bars, heterosexual, see Dance clubs African-Americans, see Civil Rights BBF, see Gay Liberation Front Movement BDR, see Germany Age-of-consent laws, 184–185, Belgium, 5, 7, 9, 11, 23, 33, 76, 117, 209–222, 226 125, 239 AIDS, see HIV Bikes, 8, 60, 91, 138, 155, 255 Al-Ghad (1968), 59, 60 Bisexuality, 180, 237 Amicales, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, Boarding houses, 54 128, 133, 138, 142n52 Breadwinner, 77, 163, 181 Anti-authority, 56, 251–252 Anti-colonialism, 6, 32, 132 Anti-fascism, 6, 124, 126, 127, 129 C Antillean immigrants in the Cartoon crisis, 2 Netherlands, 162, 189, 211n40, Catholicism, 22–23, 37, 167n8, 185, 229–230, 203 187

Cheating, 70–71 de facto refugees, 12, 35, 55, 219 Chile, 34, 71, 78, 127, 163, 164, De Odeon Keller (nightclub), 226, 172n66, 231, 256n10 230 Chilean immigrants in Denmark, 71, Disavowal, 19, 20, 221 164, 232, 251 Discrimination, 25, 37, 67, 104, 105, Chilean immigrants in the 111n65, 111n67, 131, 133, 158, Netherlands, 127 160, 184, 207, 221, 231, 234, Citizenship, 1, 14n1, 21, 23, 34, 252 45n60, 56, 68, 98, 108n21, Divorce, 5, 12, 57, 69, 71, 148, 183, 167n8, 201, 208n6, 250, 251 251 Civil Rights Movement, The U.S., 150 Dolle Mina, 63, 118, 119, 130–132, “Closet”, see “Coming out” 140n13 Clubs, see Dance clubs Drag, 223, 224 COC, 17n19, 72, 119, 124, 129, 136, Drug cultures, 9, 10, 117, 119 137, 179, 180, 182–184, 187, Dutch East Indies, 26, 32, 182, 219, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 201, 222, 223, 226 211n35, 217n97, 219, 223, 225, Dutch East Indies Company, 26 226, 227, 235, 252, 257n15, Dutch Reformed Church, 248 258n25 Colonialism, 16n4, 20, 33, 39n6, 44n47, 120, 163, 241n7 “Colored”, 15, 19–38, 38n1, 73, 204, E 219–240, 240n1 Economic determinism, 12, 38, 55 “Coming out”, 220–222, 230, 240, Economic miracle (1950s), 210n28, 247, 253 210n30 Communist Party, 105, 124, 125, EEC, European Economic 139n10, 144n92 Community, 21, 33, 95, 96 Condoms, 97, 99, 203, 215n135, 227 England, see United Kingdom Conservative Turn, 54, 74–77, 79, 80, Erdem, Mahmut, 53, 62, 66, 67 239, 247–250 Ethnic paradox, 117 Contraception, 5, 12, 96, 99, 183 “Exotic”, 7, 28, 189, 205, 235 Cruising, 8, 119, 179, 181, 184, 232, 236, 237 F F1948, see Association of 1948 D Family reuniﬁcation, 6, 21, 33, 34, 36, DA, the Danish Employers 46n64, 54, 58, 68, 74, 148, 248, Association, 89, 134, 158 251 Da Lima, Julia, 150, 220, 225 Faroe Islands, 22, 30, 45n56, 192 Dance clubs, 6, 8, 16n13, 53, 55, 57, FAT (Association of Workers from 65–67, 73, 87, 101, 189 Turkey in Denmark), 135, 136 The Danish People's Party (DF), 2 Female foreign workers, 98 INDEX 283

Feminism, ﬁrst wave, 130, 152–153, Heterogeneity, 19, 20, 22, 221 155–158 Heterosexuality, 137, 181, 209n20 Feminism, second-wave, 6, 63, 95, Hindustani, 27, 163, 203, 204 130, 151, 159 Hippies, 64, 67, 184, 223 FNV (Dutch Federation of Trade Hiring freezes, 33, 77, 88, 92 Unions), 124, 126–128 HIV, 10, 203, 243n19, 250 Fortuyn, Pim, 1, 2, 253 Holocaust, 25–26 France, 5, 9, 11, 33, 39n6, 40n14, Homo-emancipation, see Gay/lesbian 45n57, 60, 117, 121–123, 140n16, liberation 167n8, 181, 190, 193, 248 Homogeneity, 44n55 Freedom of speech, 2, 4, 249, 249n1 Homonationalism, 3 Fremmedarbejderbladet or “The Homophile, 8, 14n2–15n2, Foreign Worker Journal” 17n19, 72, 177, 179–184, (1971-77), 6, 12, 65, 66, 77, 87, 187, 207 88, 96–101, 106, 134, 135, 154 Homophobia, 4, 14n2–15n2, 229, 235, 242n13, 253, 258n25 Homosexuality, perceptions of, 5, 72, G 251–254 Gay/lesbian liberation, 80, 115, 118, HTIB (Turkish Worker Association in 124, 177, 178, 184, 207 the Netherlands), 116, 123, Gay Liberation Front in Denmark 124–129, 131, 132, 136–139, (BBF), 72, 119, 184, 219, 236, 148, 154, 159, 251–253 243n27 HTKB (Turkish Women’s Group of “Generation 1.5”, 201, 238 the Netherlands), 123, 128, 154, Germany and West Germany, 3, 5, 9, 155, 159, 160, 163, 164, 11, 23, 33, 35, 36, 38, 47n74, 170n30, 170n33, 173n73 116, 125, 127, 148, 162, Human exhibitions, 27, 44n48 170n37, 182, 191, 196, 210n29, 210n30, 211n35, 212n49, 222, 225, 227, 247, 249 I Ghettos, 92, 94, 109n28, 250 Indo-Dutch immigrants in the Great Britain, see United Kingdom Netherlands, 27, 31, 187, 193, Greenland, 30, 45n56, 219, 231 226–227 Greenlandic immigrants in Indonesia (independent), 223, 225 Denmark, 30 Indonesian immigrants in the – Grey Wolves, 125 128, 136, 138 Netherlands, 27, 31, 187, 222–226, 45n60 Inter-ethnic marriage, see Mixed H marriage Halal meat, 37, 58, 94 International Women’s Day, 163, Hammer, Ole, 87–91, 98, 99, 104, 172n63 106, 107n9, 134–136 International Workers Day, 126 284 INDEX

Internet, 58, 178, 179 Lebanon, 201, 215n129, 244n30 Intersex, 14n2–15n2, 254 Leisure time, 209n20, 210n28 “Introductory period” before Lesbian, 2, 3, 6–8, 10, 13, 14, 14n2, marriage, 80 17n19, 43n43, 64, 72, 73, 74, Iran, 34, 219, 220, 231, 232, 234, 80, 82n495, 115, 118, 119, 124, 235, 238, 243n25 129, 137, 138, 147, 148, 151, Iran-Iraq War, 34, 232 166, 177–207, 208n1, 209n20, Ishøj (housing), 90 212n49, 213n82, 215n132, Islam, 1, 2, 3, 16n4, 16n13, 49n88, 219–240, 241n10, 242n12, 127, 128, 167n8, 241n6, 249, 243n20, 247, 251–254, 257n13 250 LGBTQ, 1–4, 7, 8, 14n2, 17n19, Islamism, 1–18, 127 82n4, 137, 217n171, 221, 231, Isolation, 13, 77, 88, 155 240, 252–255, 258n25 Israel, 25, 195 Ligestilling (gender equality in Denmark), 95, 99 Limburg, southeast Netherlands, 187, J 223, 229 Japan, 60, 191 LO, the Danish Trade Union Jazz, 35, 47n71, 119, 222, 228, 229, Congress, 89, 106, 158 242n14, 242n18 Lynching atmosphere, 103 Jews, 20, 24–28, 42n27, 42n30, 94, 248, 256n5 M Maternity rights, 12, 87, 99 K Mirdal, Gretty, 35, 47n74, 57, 64, 66, Kidnapping, 100 70, 77–79, 83n16, 83n17, 84n43 KMAN (Committee for Foreign Mixed marriages, 68, 69, 100, 251 Workers in the Molucca, 33, 45n60, 224 – Netherlands), 116, 120 133, Moluccans in the Netherlands, see – 136 139, 148, 155, 160, 163, Indonesian immigrants in the 252 Netherlands KOMKAR (a Kurdish association in Moreno, Darío, 73 Denmark), 135, 136 Moroccan immigrants in the ’ KULU (the Women s Committee on Netherlands, 76, 120–124, 133, Developing Countries), 160, 166 164, 187, 238–239 Kvinder, 71, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 Moroccan women of KMAN, see MVVN Morocco, 21, 37, 54, 55, 58, 67, 68, L 76, 79, 117, 120–123, 127, 130, Labarca Olmos, Rosa Inés, 164 131, 133, 138, 153, 163, 178, Language classes, 13, 153–155 192, 237–239, 244n30, 244n32, Larsen, Nella, 28, 44n47, 44n52 247, 250 INDEX 285

Mosques, 36, 37, 49n87, 121 Pim Fortuyn List, see Fortuyn, Pim Multiculturalism, 30, 37, 49n87, Poland, 4, 23, 41n20, 216n166, 204 49n88, 62, 66, 149, 162, Police, 5, 8, 10, 23, 72, 98, 99, 103, 167n12, 188, 196, 202, 225, 111n67, 126, 157, 182, 184, 227, 229–234 185, 211n35 Murder, 3, 17n13, 20, 25, 26, 92, Polygyny, 69, 79 100, 103, 125, 127, 193 Pornography, 5, 9, 64, 66, 117–119, Müren, Zeki, 73 183, 189, 249 “Muslims”, 2, 4, 12–14, 27, Positive discrimination, see Afﬁrmative 36, 37, 60, 66, 67, 76, 79, action 94, 167n8, 221, Pregnancy, 10, 98, 102 237, 247–249 Prostitution, see Sex work Muslims in Europe series, 11–14 Psychiatry, 5, 182, 185 MVVN, (Moroccan Women’s Union Purple September, 64, 72, of the Netherlands), 133, 155, 179, 184 163 PVV, see Wilders, Geert PWO, 130, 159

N Nørrebro (Copenhagen), 48n78, 66 Q Norway, 22, 94, 185, 209n13, 222 Queer, see LGBTQ Nuclear weapons, see Peace movement Queer migration, 178, 228, 231–232, Nudity, 64, 94, 118 240, 254 ’ NVB (Dutch Women s Quotas, see Afﬁrmative action Movement), 124, 128, 129, 165

O R Olive oil, 10, 58 Racism, 3, 4, 37, 49n86, 77, One-night stands, 66, 94, 248 105, 120, 126, 128, 138, Orientalism, 4, 162, 189, 255 150, 151, 164, 227, 234–236 Rape, 92, 95, 119, 236, 250 P Red Light District, see Sex work Pakistani immigrants in Denmark, 58, Redstockings (Denmark), 64, 71, 72, 105, 108n21, 154, 187 95–96, 99, 103, 118, 134, 135, Papua, 223 156, 160, 162 Parliament, 1, 2, 8, 88, 104, 105, 118, Refugee camp, 232, 233 130, 131 Religion, 12, 40n14, 76, 98, Peace movement, 159–160 109n30, 185, 188, 192, Pillarization, 22, 37, 49n88, 168n12, 253, 255 183, 222 Remittances, 37, 48n79, 234 286 INDEX

Repatriates, 21, 31, 32, 45n57, 187, Suriname, 27, 30–32, 43n43, 226, 229 45n59, 123, 177, 194, Rock & roll, 9–10, 31, 32, 119 203–204 Rødstrømperne, see Redstockings Surinamese immigrants in the Roma and Sinti, 21, 25–26 Netherlands, 27, 32, 45n59, Royals, 22, 25, 33, 118 129, 147, 189, 203, 226, 230, 253 Sweden, 2, 3, 5, 11, 22, 23, 25, 33, 37, 103, 138 S Swedish Democrats (SD), 2, 15n2 Safe sex, 97, 135, 203, 215 Saunas, 9, 219, 223, 224, 227, T 236, 237 Thule Air Force Base, 231 SBW (Foundation for Foreign Tourism, 196, 237 Workers), 116, 123, 126, 131, Trade unions, see Unions 132, 137 Trans*, 15n2, 137, 180, 205, Scenes, 6–7, 119–121, 201, 204, 207, 209n15, 221, 234, 254, 257n22 219–245 Translation, 38n1, 111n65, 203 Second-Generation, 45n60, 46n65, Transnational paradox, 117 80, 131, 135, 253 Transvestite, see Trans* Second-wave feminism, see Feminism, Turkey, 5, 12, 21, 35–38, 53, 54, 56, second-wave 57, 59, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 99, Secularization, 25, 49n87, 159, 183, 124–125, 130, 135–136, 148, 185, 192 154, 155, 158, 159–160, Sexism, 77, 96, 102, 119, 162–164, 192, 231, 232, 133, 166 244n30, 247, 249 “Sexotic”, 189, 199, 235 Turkish immigrants in Denmark, 35, Sexual education, 6, 87, 97 36, 37, 47n74, 57, 66, 70, Sexual harassment, 133 98–100, 156–159, 237 “Sexual Revolution”, 4, 5, 11, 15n2, Turkish immigrants in the 98, 177 Netherlands, 56, 68, 124–129, Sex work, 9, 65–66, 237, 244n32 131, 137, 148, 149, 154–155, Sister Outsider, 151 159–160, 169n23, 251–254 Slander, 103 Slavery, 20, 27, 39n6, 43n43, 44n44 U Social Media, 7, 14, 59, 178–180, – 191, 205–207 Unions, 12, 13, 23, 88 89, 91, – Stonewall, 183, 211n35 105, 106, 115, 118 122, Strikes, 12, 13, 95, 119, 120, 124, 126, 128, 130, 131, – – 122–125, 128, 132, 134, 133 136, 138, 149, 155 159, 135, 149, 155–158, 160 228, 249 INDEX 287

United Kingdom, 5, 9, 119 World travel, see Tourism; Colonialism United States, 3, 4, 25, 118, World War II, 7, 17n19, 28, 30, 47n71, 150, 185, 196, 197, 83n31, 180, 182, 187, 227 223, 228, 231, 233, 237, 250 U.N. World Conference on X Women, 160, 165 Xenophobia, 46n62, 234

V Venereal disease, 98, 99 Y Viktoriagade (Copenhagen), 66 Yugoslavia, 21, 46n63, 197, 249 – Virgin Islands, 27 28, 40n6 Yugoslavian immigrants in Virility taunting, 62, 83n28 Denmark, 33, 46n63, 91, 100–101, 103 Yugoslavian immigrants in the W Netherlands, 153, 169n23, Wekker, Gloria, 20, 147, 148, 151, 249, 256n5 220, 221, 239 West Germany, see Germany Whiteness, 19, 151, 185, 192 Wilders, Geert, 2, 3 Z Women’s work, 77–78, 154, 251 Zoo, see Human exhibitions