LITURGY AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC-THEOLOGICAL EVALUATION by JACOBUS BEZUIDENHOUDT Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Theology (D. Th) at the University of Stellenbosch Promotor: Prof. Dirk Smit Co-Promotor: Prof. Nico Koopman March 2010 i DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted at any other university for the purpose of attaining a degree. ………………………………………. …………………………………….. J. Bezuidenhoudt Date Copyright ©. 2010 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii SUMMARY A growing number of scholars with an interest in liturgy and spirituality have contributed to discussions surrounding the relationship between liturgy and spirituality. This dissertation examines the relationship between liturgy and spirituality in the ecumenical movement, and in particular how four factors, namely the Charismatic Renewal, inculturation, secularization, and reflections on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (BEM), have had an impact on its development. Chapter One introduces this study by focusing on the particular connectedness between liturgy and spirituality. Chapters Two to Five critically examine the four challenges. Chapter Two examines the impact that the Charismatic Renewal had on liturgy and spirituality. It discusses the interest that the ecumenical movement had in the Charismatic Renewal, as the ecumenical movement realized what the Renewal could offer them. Chapter Three concerns itself with the challenges that inculturation poses, especially to the liturgy. One prominent question is: How do Christians proclaim Christ faithfully in different cultures? This chapter deals with the fact that inculturation involves dialogue between liturgy and culture – a dialogue which leads to mutual enrichment. Chapter Four concentrates on the impact of secularization, especially since the 1960’s. It examines how the relevance of worship was called to question by the process of secularization. Chapter Five highlights how BEM inspired endeavours for the renewal of liturgy and of spiritual life. It describes how BEM had an impact on studies of worship and spirituality and the revision of forms of worship in several churches. iii Chapter Six is a brief theological evaluation of the impact that the said factors were having on liturgy and spirituality within the ecumenical movement. Some implications of the impact are discussed and suggestions are made about how liturgy and spirituality can continually shape one another. iv OPSOMMING ‘n Toenemende aantal navorsers op die gebied van liturgie en spiritualiteit het bydraes gelewer betreffende die verhouding tussen liturgie en spiritualiteit. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die verhouding tussen liturgie en spiritualiteit in die ekumeniese beweging, en in besonders die impak wat vier faktore, naamlik die Charismatiese Beweging, inkulturasie, sekularisasie, en besinning oor die Doop, die Nagmaal, en die Bediening, op hierdie ontwikkeling gehad het. Hoofstuk Een dien as inleiding tot hierdie studie deur te fokus op die spesifieke verbintenis tussen liturgie en spiritualiteit. In Hoofstukke Twee tot Vyf word die vier uitdagings krities ondersoek. Hoofstuk Twee ondersoek die impak wat die Charismatiese Beweging op die liturgie en spiritualiteit gehad het. Daar is ‘n bespreking van die belangstelling wat die ekumeniese beweging in die Charismatiese Beweging gehad het, toe die ekumeniese beweging besef het wat die Charismatiese Beweging vir hulle kan bied. Hoofstuk Drie ondersoek die uitdagings wat inkulturasie met hom bring, veral met betrekking tot die liturgie. ‘n Belangrike vraag is die kwessie van hoe Christene die Christusboodskap op ‘n geloofwaardige manier in verskillende kulture kan uitdra. Die hoofstuk behandel die feit dat inkulturasie ‘n dialoog tussen liturgie en kultuur behels – ‘n dialoog wat tot wedersydse verryking kan lei. Hoostuk Vier fokus op die impak van sekularisasie, veral sedert die 1960’s. Dit ondersoek hoe die proses van sekularisasie die tersaaklikheid van aanbidding bevraagteken het. v Hoofstuk Vyf laat die soeklig val op die pogings van BEM (‘n dokument wat Christene vra om opnuut te besin oor die Doop, die Nagmaal, en die Bediening) ten einde vernuwing te bring wat betref die liturgie en die geestelike lewe. Dit beskryf die impak wat BEM gehad het op studies van aanbidding en spiritualiteit, en die hersiening van vorme van aanbidding in verskeie kerke. Hoofstuk Ses is ‘n kort teologiese evaluering van die impak wat genoemde faktore het op die liturgie en spiritualiteit in die ekumeniese beweging. Implikasies van hierdie impak word bespreek en voorstelle word gemaak oor hoe die liturgie en spiritualiteit mekaar gedurig kan omvorm. vi FOR MILDRED AND CAROL-JOY vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I echo the words of the hymn writer, “To God be the glory”! The gratitude which is at the core of my being, finds expression in similar words – “All that I am and ever hoped to be, I owe it all to Him”! A sincere word of appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dirkie Smit, whose profound academic competence, has been a tremendous source of inspiration, which has no doubt contributed to the successful completion of this dissertation. A special word of thanks goes to my co-promotor, Prof. Nico Koopman, who equally provided me with sound academic advice. I have been blessed to have supervisors of the calibre of Proff. Dirkie Smit and Nico Koopman. I also acknowledge the support of the congregation of the Parsonage Street United Congregational Church at Graaff-Reinet. Thanks for availing me of leave of absence of one week per quarter, during the time of my research. Financial contributions were received from the University of Stellenbosch, Department of Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology, Beyers Naudé Centre for Public Theology, United Congregational Church of Southern Africa, South Africa Synod and the Karoo Regional Council. Some of these bursaries as well as financial contributions from my family members made it possible to travel abroad for the purpose of assembling research material at the libraries of the Ecumenical Movement at Geneva and Bossey, Switzerland. The efficiency of the library staff at the Faculty of Theology needs to be commended. Your approachable disposition has not gone unnoticed. Colleagues and friends have been a great source of encouragement in the pursual of these studies and as such I wish to acknowledge their contribution, especially that of Rev. Denzil Jacobus (a doctoral student) with whom I liaised almost weekly to share insights pertaining to our studies. viii The loyal support of my extended family financially, as well as in spirit has made the accomplishment of my goal so much more accessible. Last but not least, to my loving and supportive wife Mildred, and the sunshine of my life, our daughter Carol-Joy: You have been the wind beneath my wings. ix CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITURGY AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Finding workable definitions 2 1.2.1. Liturgy 2 1.2.2. Spirituality 5 1.3. The relationship between liturgy and spirituality 8 1.4. The World Council of Churches 13 1.5. Consultations and Meetings 19 1.6. Influences in ecumenical developments on liturgy and spirituality 23 1.7. Conclusion 26 CHAPTER 2: THE CHARISMATIC RENEWAL AND THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT 2.1. Its Beginning 27 2.2. Why the origination of the Charismatic Renewal? 28 2.3. The Renewal started – and the Spirit moves 31 2.4. Historic Churches versus Pentecostal Churches 34 2.5. What characterizes the Charismatic Renewal? 37 2.5.1. Baptism in the Spirit 38 2.5.1. Gifts of the Spirit 40 2.6. Worship 43 2.6.1. Lay participation 46 x 2.6.2. Music 48 2.6.3. Critique on Worship 50 2.6.4. Concluding Remarks 52 2.7. Spirituality 54 2.8. The Charismatic Renewal and the Roman Catholic Church 56 2.9. The Charismatic Renewal and the Orthodox Church 59 2.10. Perceptions about the Charismatic Renewal 61 2.10.1. Positive Appraisal 62 2.10.2. Criticisms levelled against Charismatic Renewal 64 2.10.2.1. The absence of the first person in the Trinity 65 2.10.2.2. Restricting evangelism 65 2.10.2.3. Shallow emotionalism 66 2.10.2.4. Fundamentalism 67 2.11. The Charismatic Renewal and the Ecumenical Movement 68 2.12. Conclusion 76 CHAPTER 3: INCULTURATION IN THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT 3.1. Introduction 78 3.2. The origin of Inculturation 80 3.3. Defining Inculturation 82 3.4. Inculturation in the Ecumenical Movement 85 3.5. Liturgical Inculturation 92 3.6. Responses of Asian and African Churches to Inculturation 102 3.7. Conclusion 106 xi CHAPTER 4: SECULARIZATION IN THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. Searching for a Definition 112 4.3. The relevance and meaningfulness of worship in a secularized world 119 4.4. The search for “secular worship” 121 4.5. Further developments in addressing secularization 126 4.6. Conclusion 128 CHAPTER 5: BAPTISM, EUCHARIST AND MINISTRY (BEM) IN THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT 5.1. Introduction 130 5.2. BEM 132 5.2.1. The Process 132 5.2.2. Its completion and presentation 136 5.3. Baptism 139 5.3.1. Its meaning 139 5.3.2. Ethical Significance 144 5.4. Eucharist 148 5.4.1. Its meaning 150 5.4.2. Ethical Significance 156 5.4.3. Concluding Remarks 159 5.4.4. The Lima Liturgy 161 5.4.4.1. Beyond the Lima Liturgy 166 5.5. Ministry 169 5.6. BEM: Its influence on the churches worship 176 5.7. BEM: Its influence on the churches spirituality 177 xii 5.8. Responses of Churches 180 5.8.1. Reception Process 180 5.8.2. Responses 182 5.9. The Purpose of BEM 186 5.10. Conclusion 188 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 6.1. Synopsis 190 6.2. For liturgy to influence spirituality 193 6.3. The liturgy after the liturgy 199 6.4.