1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite # 127.0.0.1 --> loopback 1-to-1 relation (relational database) C7 - Databases 63 1-to-n relation (relational database) C7 - Databases 62 255.255.255.255 --> broadcast address: IPv4, DHCPv4 ff02::1:2 --> broadcast address: DHCPv6 ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff --> broadcast address: MAC A abortable locks C4 - Locks 65-67 abortable MCS lock C4 - Locks 67 absorbing states (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 97 abstraction (device driver) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 7 access method () C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 62 ACK (acknowledgement) packet C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 23 acknowledgement packet --> ACK additive increase / multiplicative decrease --> AIMD address --> broadcast address --> IPv4 / IPv6 --> MAC address block --> IPv4 address prefix --> IPv4 address resolution protocol --> ARP adjacency list --> graphs AIMD (additive increase / multiplicative decrease) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 21 allocation structure (vsfs) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 63 ALock (Anderson queue lock) --> locks AM (amplitude modulation) --> modulation amplitude modulation (AM) --> modulation anchor text C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 102 Anderson queue lock (ALock) --> locks anonymous pipe --> (ordinary) pipe aperiodic (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 99 distinguish aperiodic states and an aperiodic Markov chain! ARP (address resolution protocol) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 79 arrival probability (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 AS (autonomous system) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 ASN (autonomous system number) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 associative array --> dictionary atomic instruction (read-modify-write (RMW) instruction) C4 - Locks 12-13 C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 24 --> CAS (compare-and-swap) DCAS (double compare-and-swap) (not part of lecture) FAA (fetch-and-add) (not part of lecture) MCAS (multiple compare-and-swap) (not part of lecture) --> TAS (test-and-set) atomic statement (database) --> transaction atomic write (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 12 AtomicBoolean (Java class) C4 - Locks 19 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite attribute (relational database) C7 - Databases 62 augmenting paths C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 16 authoritative nameserver C3 - Application Layer (L4) 33 autonomous system --> AS autonomous system number --> ASN average seek C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 20 B B* tree C7 - Databases 70 B+ tree C7 - Databases 67-70 backoff strategy C10 - Link Layer (L1) 84 random exponential backoff C10 - Link Layer (L1) 85 slotted aloha C10 - Link Layer (L1) 84 backoff time C10 - Link Layer (L1) 84 balanced search tree C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 balanced tree --> B+ tree bank (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 27 BGP (border gateway protocol) C1 - Network Layer (L2) (8), 10 binary search tree C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 43 birthday problem C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 45 Bit / Byte stuffing C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 --> consistent overhead byte stuffing bitmap (vsfs) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 63 block (adresses) --> IPv4 block (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 62 block (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 27 logical / physical block --> FTL blocking lock --> locks block-level FTL --> FTL Bluetooth packet --> packet types boolean operator --> SQL statements: SELECT border gateway protocol --> BGP bounded-buffer problem C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 33 branching factor b (B+ tree) C7 - Databases 67 broadcast address DHCPv6 - ff02::1:2 C10 - Link Layer (L1) 80 global (IPv4, DHCPv4) - 255.255.255.255 C10 - Link Layer (L1) 79 MAC - ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff C10 - Link Layer (L1) 78 buckets M[0]...M[m-1] (hashing) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 bulk encryption algorithm C12 - Security 116 C c(h,N) (number of collisions) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 47 CA --> certificate authority cache (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 16 cache coherence C4 - Locks 32 cache hit C4 - Locks 28 cache miss C4 - Locks 28 cache write method C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 16 --> write-back --> write-through 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite canonical (not real) device C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 2 consist of: internal structure, interface canonical form (linear program) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 18 canonical protocol C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 3 capacity --> flows carrier sensing --> CCA carrier signal C10 - Link Layer (L1) 90 CAS (compare-and-swap) C4 - Locks 13 cascading style sheet --> CSS CBC --> cipher block chaining CCA (clear channel assessment) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 83 certificate authority C12 - Security 114 checksum C10 - Link Layer (L1) 89 cipher block chaining C12 - Security 116 circuit (telephone network) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 clear channel assessment --> CCA CLH (Craig, Landin, and Hagersten) lock --> locks client = consumer = sender close() --> system calls closedir() --> system calls clustering (hashing) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 51 coalescing (interrupt delaying?) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 5 coarse-grained synchronization --> synchronization code division --> medium division collision (hashing) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 45 collision avoidance --> medium division collision resistant hash function C12 - Security 117 collision response C10 - Link Layer (L1) 84 commute time (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 Comparable (Java Class) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 50 compare-and-swap --> CAS composite locks C4 - Locks 68-70 congestion control C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 connected graph --> graphs connection (definition) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 23 consistent overhead byte stuffing C10 - Link Layer (L1) 88 CONSTRAINT --> SQL statements: ALTER TABLE cooperating process C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 2 cost (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 42 count-to-infinity problem C1 - Network Layer (L2) 10 cover time cov(v) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 103 creat() --> system calls CREATE DATABASE --> SQL Statements critical-section problem C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 19 entry section, critical section, exit section, remainder sect. Peterson's solution C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 21-22 C-SCAN (elevator unidirectional) --> disk scheduler CSS (cascaded style sheet) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 32 rules, selectors, declaration cuckoo hashing --> hashing current offset (file access) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 50 cycle --> graphs 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite D dangling reference () C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 58 data bitmap --> bitmap data structure (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 61 database: collection of tables C7 - Databases 57 datagram --> packet dead block (SSD) --> garbage collection deadlock C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks (31), 44-51 delete file / directory --> system calls destination (target) t --> flows device driver C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 7-10 IDE device driver C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 8-10 DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 79 dictionary definition C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 43 operations: search, insert, delete C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 43 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange C12 - Security 107 with forward secrecy C12 - Security 110 dimensional analysis C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 17 dining-philosophers problem C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 35-37 direct mapped flash transaction layer --> FTL direct memory access --> DMA direct pointer (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 66 directed graphs --> graphs --> Markov Chains directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45 discrete logarithm problem C12 - Security 108 disk arm (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 disk head (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 disk scheduler C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 21 NBF (nearest-block-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 21 SCAN (elevator) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 22 C-SCAN (elevator unidirectional) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 22 F-SCAN (elevator with freeze) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 22 SATF (shortest-access-time-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 23 SJF (shortest-job-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 21 SPTF (shortest-positioning-time-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 23 SSF (shortest-seek-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 21 SSTF (shortest-seek-time-first) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 21 disk scheduling work-conserving C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 24 non-work-conserving C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 24 distance in a graph C1 - Network Layer (L2) 4 distance-vector --> DV distance-vector routing --> routing DISTINCT --> SQL statements: SELECT aggregate disturbance (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 30 sequential-programming approach C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 32 DMA (direct memory access) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 5-6 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite DNS (domain name system) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 33 RR (ressource record): A: IPv4 domain name mapping AAAA: IPv6 domain name mapping CNAME: canonical name NS: name server MX: mailserver double hashing --> hashing with probing double indirect pointer (file system) --> indirect pointer duplex (half / full) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 80 duty cycling C10 - Link Layer (L1) 86 DV (distance-vector) routing --> routing dynamic hashing --> hashing dynamic host configuration protocol --> DHCP dynamic partitioning --> memory management C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems dynamic perfect hashing --> hashing E ECB --> electronic block code eigenvectors (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 97 electronic block code C12 - Security 116 elevator algorithm (SCAN) --> disk scheduler Elgamal authentication C12 - Security 113 public key encryption and decryption C12 - Security 112 public secret key generation C12 - Security 111 entity-relationship --> ER ER (entity-relationship) C7 - Databases 61 ER diagram C7 - Databases 62 consists of: entities (with (key) attributes), relations erase block (SSD) --> block ergodic (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 99 escape sequence C10 - Link Layer (L1) 88 Ethernet packet --> packet types expected hitting time (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 exponential backoff lock --> locks exposed terminal problem C10 - Link Layer (L1) 83 (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 67 F fading C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 fairness (flows) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 19-22 FAT () --> file system C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems fd (file descriptor) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 47 C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks (11) Fermat's little theorem C12 - Security 112 FIFO: (named) pipe in UNIX C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 15 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 44 file allocation table (FAT) --> file system file descriptor --> fd file offset --> system calls: lseek file system C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 44-76 --> vsfs (very simple file system) --> FAT (file allocation table) FIN packet C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 fine-grained synchronization --> synchronization fixed-size cache --> memory management --> SSD flash translation layer --> FTL flow control C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 flows (graph, source, destination, capacity) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 15-16, 19-22 multi-commodity flow C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 15-16 (un-)splittable C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 19 FM (frequency modulation) --> modulation Ford-Fulkerson algorithm C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 16 foreign key (relational database) C7 - Databases 65 (UNIX) C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 11 forward secrecy C12 - Security 110 forwarding (routing) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 frame C10 - Link Layer (L1) 77 fragment (packet) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 fragment: part of an --> URL free list (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems (63), 70 free space (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 69-70 frequency division --> medium division frequency modulation (FM) --> modulation F-SCAN (elevator with freeze) --> disk scheduler fstat() --> system calls fsync() --> system calls FTL (flash translation layer) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 31-42 mapping type direct mapped C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 32 log structured C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 33-35 level page-level mapping C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 32-37 block-level mapping C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 37-38 hybrid mapping C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 39-40 full merge (SSD hybrid mapping) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 40 full-duplex --> duplex G garbage collection (GC) (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 35-37 gateway C10 - Link Layer (L1) 79 GC --> garbage collection get & increment C4 - Locks 48 get-and-increment C4 - Locks 13 getAndSet --> TAS 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite Google bombing C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 102 Google Matrix M C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 101 graphs C1 - Network Layer (L2) 1-2 H half-duplex --> duplex (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 55-57 hash h(k) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 hash function h C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 hash map (parallelized) --> synchronization hash set (parallelized) --> synchronization hash table M C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) C12 - Security 119 hashCode (Java) C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 59 C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 47 hashing static hashing (keys known beforehand, no alteration) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 47-49 perfect static hashing C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 49 dynamic hashing (insert and delete allowed) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 50-53 hashing with chaining C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 50 hashing with probing C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 51 cuckoo hashing C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 52-53 head crash (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 30 header (packet) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 hidden terminal problem C10 - Link Layer (L1) 83 hitting time (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 HMAC --> hash-based message authentication code host identifier --> URL hostname C1 - Network Layer (L2) 6 HTML (hypertext markup language) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 31-32 HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 27-31 HTTP 1.0 C3 - Application Layer (L4) 29-30 HTTP 1.1 C3 - Application Layer (L4) 30 HTTP/2 C3 - Application Layer (L4) 30-31 methods (operations) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 28 GET, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, POST HTTPS (hypertext transfer protocol secure) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 27 C12 - Security 107 hybrid mapped flash transaction layer --> FTL hypertext markup language --> HTML hypertext transfer protocol --> HTTP I I/O instructions C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 6 I/O merging (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 24 ICMP (internet control message protocol) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 12 IMAP (internet message access protocol) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 37 immediate reporting --> write-back cache inbound policy --> BGP independent process C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 2 index (relational database) C7 - Databases 66 indirect pointer (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 66 INNER JOIN --> JOIN 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite inode (index node) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 63-68 inode bitmap --> bitmap inode number C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45 inter-domain routing C1 - Network Layer (L2) 10 internet protocol suite C3 - Application Layer (L4) 39 interprocess communication --> IPC interrupt C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 4 interrupt handler --> ISR interrupt service routine --> ISR intra-domain routing C1 - Network Layer (L2) 10 inumber --> inode number invalidation (caching) C4 - Locks 34 invalidation storm (caching) C4 - Locks 37 IPC (interprocess communication) C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 2-6 message passing C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks (2-3), 5-6 shared memory C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks (2), 3-5 bounded buffer, unbounded buffer IPv4 C1 - Network Layer (L2) 5-6 IPv6 C1 - Network Layer (L2) 6 irreducibility (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 97 isolation level (SQL) C7 - Databases 71 repeatable read serializable ISP (internet service provider) ISR (interrupt service routine) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 4 J JOIN (SQL keyword) C7 - Databases 63-65 journaling C7 - Databases 73 K key attribute (relational database) C7 - Databases 62 key set N (hashing) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 key-value pair C3 - Application Layer (L4) 28 cookies content-length content-type key-value store --> dictionary L lazy synchronization --> synchronization LBA (logical block address) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 37-38 LIKE --> SQL statements: SELECT line coding C10 - Link Layer (L1) 89 --> Manchester coding linear probing --> hashing with probing linear program (definition) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 17 linear programming C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 16-19 link count (also: reference count) --> hard link link layer packet --> frame link-state --> LS link state routing --> routing link() --> system calls 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite linux commands cat: display file content dd: block oriented copying C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 49 ln: create a hard link ls: list directory content mkdir: create a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 53 mkfs: make a file system mount: mount a file system rm: remove a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 53 rmdir: remove a directory strace: trace system calls C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 47-48 livelock C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 5 load factor \alpha C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 50, 52 load request C4 - Locks 28 lock-free synchronization --> synchronization locks --> abortable locks --> composite locks array-based queue lock Anderson queue lock (Alock) C4 - Locks 45-53 CLH (Craig, Landin and Hagersten) lock C4 - Locks 53 blocking locks C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 29-30 linked-list based queue lock MCS (Mellor-Crummey and Scott) lock C4 - Locks 55 spin-lock C4 - Locks 17 C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks (28) Test & Set (TAS) Lock C4 - Locks 20-22 Test & Test & Set (TTAS) Lock C4 - Locks 23-41 Exponential Backoff Lock C4 - Locks 42-45 log block (SSD hybrid mapping) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 40 log structured flash transaction layer --> FTL logical block address --> LBA lollipop graph C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 103 longest prefix matching C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 loopback (device): 127.0.0.1 C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 8 LS (link state) routing --> routing lseek() --> system calls M MAC --> medium access control --> message authentication code MAC address C10 - Link Layer (L1) 77 malleability C12 - Security 117 Manchester coding C10 - Link Layer (L1) 90 map --> dictionary mapping table (SSD) --> FTL in-memory Markov Chains C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 93-100 time homogenous Markov chains C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 94 Markov property C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 94 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite maximum transmission unit --> MTU max-min-fair allocation --> fairness MD (message-digest algorithm) C12 - Security 118 medium access control (MAC) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 77 medium division code division C10 - Link Layer (L1) 82 frequency division C10 - Link Layer (L1) 82 space division C10 - Link Layer (L1) 82 time division C10 - Link Layer (L1) 82 memory management static partitioning C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 74-75 dynamic partitioning C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 74-75 memory mapped I/O C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 7 message authentication code (MAC) C12 - Security 119 message-digest algorithm --> MD metadata (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 52, 63, 66 method (operation) --> HTTP C3 - Application Layer (L4) 28 MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data) architecture C4 - Locks 14 MIME (multipurpose internet mail extensions) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 36 MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 mkdir --> linux commands mkdir() --> system calls MLC (multi-level cell) (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 26 modulation C10 - Link Layer (L1) 90 amplitude modulation (AM) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 90 frequency modulation (FM) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 91 phase modulation (PM) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 91 Moravian spanning tree --> MST mount (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 59 mount point C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 59 mount() --> system calls MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 11 (bandwith allocation for MPLS) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 21 MST (Moravian spanning tree) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 3 MTU (maximum transmission unit) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 89 multi-level cell (SSD) --> MLC multi-level index (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 66-67 multipath C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 multiple access C10 - Link Layer (L1) 82 multiple instruction multiple data architecture --> MIMD multiple-input, multiple-output --> MIMO multiprotocol label switching --> MPLS mutex --> semaphore N named pipe --> pipe --> FIFO (UNIX) NAT (network address translation) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 11 NBF (nearest-block-first) --> disk scheduler NDP (neighbor discovery protocol): IPv6 variant of ARP C10 - Link Layer (L1) 79 neighbor discovery protocol --> NDP network address translation --> NAT 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite nonpreemptive kernel --> preemption non-uniform memory architecture --> NUMA non-work-conserving --> disk scheduling NoSQL C7 - Databases 58 n-to-n relation (relational database) C7 - Databases 62 NULL (SQL) C7 - Databases 59 NUMA (non-uniform memory architecture) C4 - Locks 54 number of collisions --> c(h,N) O object-relational impedance matching C7 - Databases 72 object-relational mapping --> ORM one-time pad C12 - Security 116 one-way hash function C12 - Security 117 OOB (out-of-band) area (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 35 open shortest path first --> OSPF open() --> system calls opendir() --> system calls operation (method) --> HTTP optimistic synchronization --> synchronization ordinary pipe --> pipe ORM (object-relational mapping) C7 - Databases 71-72 OSPF (open shortest path first) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 9 outbound policy --> BGP OUTER JOIN --> JOIN C7 - Databases out-of-band area --> OOB area overprovisioning (SSD garbage collection) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 37 P packet (definition) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 packet types C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 Bluetooth packet C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 Ethernet packet C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 WLAN packet C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 page (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 27 page-level FTL --> FTL PageRank C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 100-102 partial merge (SSD hybrid mapping) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 40 path --> URL paths --> graphs path vector routing protocol --> BGP pathname C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45 payload (packet) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 perfect secrecy C12 - Security 114 perfect static hashing --> hashing performance (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 41-42 period (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 99 Peterson's solution --> critical-section problem phase modulation (PM) --> modulation PHY --> physical layer physical layer (PHY) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 86, (77) physical page (SSD) --> FTL PIO (programmed I/O) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 3 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite pipe C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 10-16 named pipes C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 10-13 ordinary pipes C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 14-15 plane (SSD) --> bank platter (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 PM (phase modulation) --> modulation policies (inbound / outbound) --> BGP polling C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 3 POP (post office protocol) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 36 USER, PASS, STAT, LIST, RETR, DELE port (connection) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 22 pre-allocation (free space management in file systems) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 70 preamble (syncword) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 87 preemption nonpreemptive kernel C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 20 preemptive kernel C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 20 preemptive kernel --> preemption prefix (addresses) --> IPv4 (routing) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 primary key (relational database) C7 - Databases 65 primitive root C12 - Security 107 printf() --> system calls priority inversion C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 31-32 priority-inheritance protocol C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 32 probabilistic primality testing C12 - Security 109 probe --> hashing with probing process cooperation C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 2 program disturb (SSD) --> disturbance programmed I/O --> PIO programming with databases --> ORM public key cryptography C12 - Security 111 Q Qnode --> locks: MCS lock quadratic probing --> hashing with probing R race condition C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 18 random exponential backoff --> backoff strategies random surfer C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 101 random surfer matrix W C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 101 random walk (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 random workload C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 18 rate --> flows raw disk interface C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 75 read (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 70-72 read disturb (SSD) --> disturbance read() --> system calls readdir() --> system calls read-end --> pipe readers-writers problem C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 34-35 read-modify-write (RMW) instruction --> atomic instruction 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite reference count --> hard link repeater C10 - Link Layer (L1) 78 reflection C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 rehashing C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 47 relational database C7 - Databases 57 remove (file system) --> unlink rename() --> system calls replay attack C12 - Security 117 request to send / clear to send --> RTS / CTS return code --> HTTP HTTP C3 - Application Layer (L4) 28-29 1xx: informational 2xx: success 3xx: redirection 4xx: client error 5xx: server error SMTP C3 - Application Layer (L4) 36 2xx: success 3xx: start mail input 4xx: client error 5xx: server error RIP (routing information protocol) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 10 rmdir() --> system calls RMW (read-modify-write) instruction --> atomic instruction root (directory) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45, 71 root nameserver C3 - Application Layer (L4) 34 rotational delay (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 14 rotations per minute --> RPM round-trip time --> RTT routing C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8-10 --> BGP DV (distance-vector) routing C1 - Network Layer (L2) 9 --> BGP, RIP LS (link-state) routing C1 - Network Layer (L2) 9 --> RIP routing information protocol --> RIP routing table C1 - Network Layer (L2) 8 RPM (rotations per minute) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 RR (ressource record) --> DNS RST (reset) packet --> TCP RTS / CTS (request to send / clear to send) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 83 RTT (round-trip time) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 S SACK (selective acknowledgement) packet C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 23 SATF (shortest-access-time-first) --> disk scheduler SCAN (elevator) --> disk scheduler scheme --> URL HTTP, HTTPS SDN (software defined networking) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 21 sector (HDD): usually 512 Byte C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 12 secure hash algorithm --> SHA 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite seek (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 15 segment = TCP packet selective acknowledgement packet --> SACK semaphore C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 27-32 binary semaphore: mutex C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 27-28 counting semaphore C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 28 separator (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45 sequence number C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 23 sequential workload C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 18 server = receiver = service offerer session: interactive succession of requests and responses C3 - Application Layer (L4) 35 settling time (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 15 SHA (secure hash algorithm) C12 - Security 118 shadowing C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 shared memory multiprocessor --> SMP shortest path in a graph C1 - Network Layer (L2) 4-5 shortest path tree --> SPT signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio -->SINR simple mail transfer protocol --> SMTP simple random walk C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 102-103 simplex algorithm (linear programming) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 18 single-hop C10 - Link Layer (L1) 77 single-level cell (SSD) --> SLC SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 threshold C10 - Link Layer (L1) 81 SJF (shortest-job-first) --> disk scheduler SLC (single-level cell) (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 26 slotted aloha --> backoff strategies slow-start C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 25 smoothed RTT (round-trip time) --> SRTT SMP (shared memory multiprocessor) C4 - Locks 3 C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 20 SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 35 HELO, RCPT TO, MAIL FROM, DATA snooping C4 - Locks 28 socket C3 - Application Layer (L4) (37-39) C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 7-10 connectionless (UDP) socket (Java) C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 8 connection-oriented (TCP) socket (Java) C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 8 soft link --> symbolic link software defined networking --> SDN sojourn time (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 95 solid state drive --> SSD source s --> flows space division --> medium division spanning tree --> trees sparse graph --> graphs spindle (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 spin-lock --> lock splay tree C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 spooling (mail server) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 35 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite splittable flow --> flows SPT (shortest path tree) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 4-5 SPTF (shortest-positioning-time-first) --> disk scheduler SQL (structured query language) C7 - Databases 58 datatypes: character, bit, numeric, decimal, integer, smallint float, real, double precision, date time, timestamp, interval SQL statements CREATE DATABASE database-name C7 - Databases 59 USE database-name C7 - Databases 59 CREATE TABLE table-name (field-name type, ...) C7 - Databases 59 INSERT INTO table-name (field-name,...) VALUES (value,...) C7 - Databases 60 SELECT field-name,... FROM table-name WHERE condition C7 - Databases 60 SELECT aggregate, ... C7 - Databases 60 SELECT field-name|aggregate,... GROUP BY field-name,... C7 - Databases 61 SELECT ... ORDER BY field-name,... C7 - Databases 61 UPDATE table SET field-name = value,... WHERE condition C7 - Databases 61 DELETE FROM table-name WHERE condition C7 - Databases 61 SELECT ... FROM left-table INNER JOIN right-table ON condition C7 - Databases 65 ALTER TABLE table ADD CONSTRAINT UNIQUE (field-name,...) C7 - Databases 65 ALTER TABLE table ADD PRIMARY KEY (field-name,...) C7 - Databases 65 ALTER TABLE left-t ADD FOREIGN KEY (...) REFERENCES right-t C7 - Databases 66 CREATE INDEX indexname ON table USING HASH (field-name) C7 - Databases 66 BEGIN TRANSACTION; statement1; ...; END TRANSACTION C7 - Databases 70 SRTT (smoothed round-trip time) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 25 SSD (solid state drive) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 43 SSF (shortest-seek-first) --> disk scheduler SSTF (shortest-seek-time-first) --> disk scheduler standard error C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48 standard input C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48 standard output C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48 starvation C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 31 stat() --> system calls stateless protocol C3 - Application Layer (L4) 29 static hashing --> hashing static partitioning --> memory management stationary distribution (Markov chains) C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 96-100 definition C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 97 in simple random walks C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 103 structured query language --> SQL stufffing --> Bit / Byte stuffing sub-directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 45 superblock (vsfs) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 64 surface (HDD): side of a platter C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 sweep (HDD) --> disk scheduler: SCAN switch C10 - Link Layer (L1) 78 switch merge (SSD hybrid mapping) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 40 sybil attack C11 - Markov Chains & PageRank 102 symbol C10 - Link Layer (L1) 92 symbolic link C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 57-58 symlink --> symbolic link symmetric multiprocessor system --> SMP 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite SYN (synchronize) packet C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 synchronization hash map/set synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 59-105 coarse-grained synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 67 fine-grained synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 68-79 optimistic synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 80 lock-free synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 81-98 performance analysis C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 99-105 linked-list synchronization coarse-grained synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 4, 12 C4 - Locks (71) fine-grained synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 6, 13-26 optimistic synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 7, 27-36 lazy synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 8, 37-44 lock-free synchronization C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 9, 45-53 performance analysis C8 - Concurrent Data Structures 54-56 --> locks in OS's C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 38-42 synchronization hardware C5 - Process Synchr. & Deadlocks 23-26 synchronize packet --> SYN synchronized (keyword) C4 - Locks 13 syncword --> preamble syscall --> system call system calls close(): close a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48-49 closedir(): release fd of a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 54-55 creat(): create a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 47 fstat(): get metadata about file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 52 fsync(): file AND directory! C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 50-51 link(): create a hard link to an existing inode C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 55 lseek(): set current offset in an opened file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 49-50 mkdir(): create a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 53-54 mount(): mount a file system C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 59 open(): open a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48-49 opendir(): get fd to a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 54-55 printf() read(): read from a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 48-49 readdir(): get info about a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 54-55 rename(): rename a file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 51-52 rmdir(): delete a directory C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 55 stat(): get metadata about file C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 52 unlink(): remove reference to an inode C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 53 T tags --> HTML --> IMAP target t --> flows TAS (test-and-set) C4 - Locks 18 TAS (Test & Set) Lock --> locks 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite TCP (transmission control protocol) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 23-25 --> ACK --> FIN --> RST --> SYN test-and-set --> TAS Test & Set (TAS) Lock --> locks Test & Test & Set (TTAS) Lock --> locks ThreadLocal (Java) C4 - Locks 50 threshold secret sharing C12 - Security 115 time division --> medium division time homogenous Markov chains --> Markov Chains time to quiescence C4 - Locks 40 time-to-live --> TTL timeout C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 25 TLC (triple-level cell) (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 26 TLD (top level domain) C3 - Application Layer (L4) 34 TLS (Transport Layer Security) C12 - Security 107 torn write (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 12 track (HDD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 13 track buffer --> cache (HDD) track skew C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 15 transaction (database) C7 - Databases 70-71 transactional memory C7 - Databases 71, 73 transition matrix --> Markov Chains translation of pages (SSD) --> FTL transmission control protocol --> TCP transport layer security --> TLS trees C1 - Network Layer (L2) 2-5 spanning tree C1 - Network Layer (L2) 3-4 shortest path tree --> SPT triple-layer cell (SSD) --> TLC TTAS (Test & Test & Set) Lock --> locks TTL (time-to-live) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 7 C3 - Application Layer (L4) 34 tunnel C1 - Network Layer (L2) 11 U UDP (user datagram protocol) C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 22 UML (unified modeling language) C7 - Databases 62 unified modeling language --> UML unified page cache C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 74 uniform resource locator --> URL unique key (relational database) C7 - Databases 65 universal family of hash functions C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 46 universal hashing C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 46 universe U (hashing) C6 - Dictionaries (& Hashing) 44 unlink (remove in a file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 53 unlink() --> system calls unsplittable flow --> flows 1 2 3 <== Hierarchie Ort Seite URL (uniform resource locator), consists of: C3 - Application Layer (L4) 27 scheme HTTP, HTTPS host identifier path optional: port username, password query fragment user datagram protocol --> UDP V virtual circuit --> circuit virtual private network --> VPN VPN (virtual private network) C1 - Network Layer (L2) 11 vsfs (very simple file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 61-75 W wear (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 29-32 wear leveling C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 32, 34, 41 web of trust C12 - Security 114 weighted graph --> graphs weighted random walk (Markov chains) --> random walk wildcard --> SQL statements: SELECT window size C2 - Transport Layer (L3) 24 WLAN packet --> packet types work-conserving --> disk scheduling write (file system) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 72-73 write amplification (SSD) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 31 write buffering C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 74-75 allows: batching / scheduling / avoiding of I/O write-back cache (report success immediately) C4 - Locks 33 C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 16 cache line states: Invalid, Valid, Dirty write-end --> pipe write-through cache (report success on end of operation) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 16 X

Y

Z ZFS (file system by Sun) C9 - I/O Devices / File Systems 31