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Uillage Uillage Uillage UILLAGE UILLAGE UILLAGE RETHINKING URBAN VILLAGE IN BEIJING EXPLORING STRATEGIES FOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SPACE, STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY LIFE WHAT IS URBAN VILLAGE IN CHINA? [URBAN VILLAGE] [INFRASTRUCTURE] [PUBLIC SPACE] [COMMUNITY LIFE] Master Thesis Jian Zhou Supervisors: Ana Betancour, Flavia Cozma, Jaime Montes, Master's programme in Sustainable Urban Planning and Design Kungliga Tekniska högskolan June 3rd, 2014 UILLAGE WHAT IS URBAN VILLAGE IN CHINA? ILLAGE U -Commonly seen on outskirts and the downtown of Chinese megacities -Surrounded by modern urban structure -A unique phenomenon during China’s urbanization -Inhabitants: the poor and transient, manual laborers -Space: super densified, infrastructure+space+social problems -Services for the city, -Cheap living cost for new comers UILLAGE FROM RURAL VILLAGE TO URBAN VILLAGE UILLAGE RURAL VILLAGES IN 40 YEARS AGO: URBAN VILLAGE: BROADENED INFRASTRUCTURE, FARMLAND, STREET SYSTEM, PUBLIC SPACE INVADED FRINGES, COMPRESSED PUBLIC SPACE Source for description of urban village’s formation process: Mapping of urban villages in China. Zhengdong Huang, Qingming Zhan. School of Urban Design, Wuhan University Source for description of urban village’s formation process: Mapping of urban villages in China. Zhengdong Huang, Qingming Zhan. School of Urban Design, Wuhan University ORIGINAL RESIDENTIAL HOUSING FARMLAND TRAFFIC ROADS ORIGINAL RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AFTERWARDS DENSIFIED HOUSING ROUTES: WALKING, SMALL VEHICLES MAIN PUBLIC SPACE NODES SKYSCRAPERS MODERN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH 6-8 STORIES TRAFFIC ROADS RURAL VILLAGES ARE ENCLOSED BY NEW URBAN AREA OF BEIJING Source for data of Beijing’s urban boundary’ changing and urban village’s location: BEJING URBAN VILLAGE SURVEY, 2008, BEIJING BUREAU N 0 5 15 30km NATURAL VILLAGE URBAN VILLAGE 1961 1997 2013 UILLAGE BEIJING & URBAN EXTENSION UILLAGE BEIJING: POLITICAL, CULTURE CENTER, ,CONNECTED WITH TIANJIN SEAPORT, MEGACITY FENGNING CHENGDE CHICHENG ZHANGJIAKOU TANGSHAN N 8% YEARLY 0 20 50 100km Source for original image with the change of urban area’s boundary: Plannning Archive of Beijing, Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning WEIXIAN TIANJIAN URBAN AREA RURAL AREA NATURAL AREA BAODING BO SEA 1975 1988 1997 2002 2013 INNER TOWN [1] NATIONAL STADIUM [2] NEW CCTV [3] NATIONAL OPERA HALL [4] NO.2 INFRASTRUCTURE [5] YINHE SOHO HEAVEN TEMPLE FORBIDDEN CITY 1911-1965 AD REPUBLIC PERIOD PERIOD OF CHINESE ECONOMIC REFORM 1553-1911 AD MING+QING DYNASTY 1368-1553 AD MING DYNASTY 1978 2014 1260-1368 AD YUAN DYNASTY 1911 1553 1368 1260 UILLAGE WHO LIVES THERE? UILLAGE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS (<20%) FORMER FARMERS PERMANENT LANDLORD OWN BUILDINGS GET PROFIT FROM RENTING OLD LOSE FARMLAND DURING URBAN EXTENSION [1] NEW COMERS (＞80%) FARMERS TRANSIENT TENANT RENT BUILDINGS MANUAL LABOER YOUNG LEAVE FARMLAND TO [2] COME TO MEGACITIES LOW INCOME, NOT WELL EDUCATED, TRANSIENT LIVING 8 MOST COMMON MANUAL JOBS “THEY” DO CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING FOOD SELLING EXPRESS DELIVERY SAFEGUADE SHOPKEEPER CHEF/WAITOR HOME NURSE UILLAGE WHY DO THEY COME TO BEIJING? UILLAGE URBANIZATION OF EASTERN CHINA: 1978-2014 [2] ARISING OF MEGACITIES AND MIGRANTING LABORERS Source for description of urbanization of eastern China: Jin, C. G. W. (1990). THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE URBAN FRINGE [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 4, 001. Source for data of composition of migrants to Beijing: Jin, C. G. W. (1990). THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE URBAN FRINGE [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 4, 001. BEIJING URBAN VILLIAGE SURVEY. 2008 . NATIONAL BUREAU LABOR POOL MIGRATING LABORS BEIJING JOB AFFAIR SHANGHAI SEAPORT HEBEI 1.28 SHANGDONG 0.77 KOREA HENAN 1.6 JAPAN SICHUAN 0.53 ANHUI 0.58 COAL INDUSTRY SHANGHAI BEIJING CBD U.S.A TOP 5 SOURCES OF 3 ADVANTAGES MAJOR INDUSTRIES MIGRANTS TO BEIJING MAJOR REASONS origin million HENAN 1.6 LABOR POOL GUANGZHOU HEBEI 1.28 SHANGHAI CENTER HEAVY INDUSTRY STEEL INDUSTRY JOB OPPORTUNITY SHANGDONG 0.77 SEAPORT ANHUI 0.58 SICHUAN 0.53 MANUFACTURING HIGHER SALARY COAL, STEEL SINGAPORE AUSTRALIA MANUFACTURING GUANGZHOU CENTER UILLAGE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN URBAN VILLAGE(R) AND CITY/CITIZEN UILLAGE URBAN VILLAGE(R) CITY / CITIZEN --MANUAL LABORER [3] --ARCHITECTURE HERITAGE, REGIONAL LIFESTYLE --WORKING PLACE, JOB OPPORTUNITY --FOOD MARKET, STREET RESTAURANT, GROCERY, WASTE COLLECTING CITY DOESN’T NEED TO SUPPLY [4]CHEAP RENTING SOCIAL HOUSING FOR EVERYONE FOR NEW COMERS --AN CHEAP WAY --IMPORTANT SOURCE OF URBANIZATION RESISTANCE AGAINST REMOVING OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTE HUMAN RESOURCE [5] SOCIAL HUB, JOB INFORMATION EXCHANGE [3] [4] [5] UILLAGE SITUATION OF URBAN VILLAGE UILLAGE UILLAGE SITUATION PERCENT LOCATION STAKEHOLDER REASON PROCESS EXAMPLE 37% TO ORIGINAL INHABITANTS: FINANCIAL COMPENSATION, [6] BIG LAND VALUE, TO NEW COMERS: ONLY TERMINATE RENTING CONTRACT, DEVELOPER, GOOD PROMISING PROFIT, TVCC NEAR URBAN CENTER GOVERNMENT THE NEW COMERS HAVE TO SEARCH FOR CHEAP RENTING CBD BEING REMOVED SENSITIVE AREAS CENTER IN THE NEARBY URBAN VILLAGES; CCTV SOCIAL HOUSING IS FAR FROM ENOUGH AN URBAN VILLAGE IN BEIJING CBD IS GOING TO BE REMOVED TO ORIGINAL INHABITANTS: FINANCIAL COMPENSATION 41% TO NEW COMERS: ONLY TERMINATE RENTING CONTRACT, BIG LAND VALUE, IN BETWEEN, DEVELOPER EDGE-INVADED GOOD PROMISING PROFIT THE NEW COMERS HAVE TO MOVE FROM EDGE TO CENTER NEXT TO TRAFFIC ROADS LEADING TO ILLEGAL DENSIFICATION BY ORIGINAL INHABITANTS SHIPAI VILLAGE IN GUANGZHOU; lONGFUSI VILLAGE IN BEIJING LOCATION OF THE SITE 2% SENSITIVE AREAS, POLITICAL NEED PAIN THE WALLS, ORDER WIRES, SET NEW TRASH BINS, GOVERNMENT [6] TEMPORARY OR SITUATION IS VERY SERIOUS NEW PAVEMENTS, NEW SEWAGE, REMOVE SOME ILLEGAL BUILDINGS RENOVATION IN BETWEEN NEW WALL PAINTING AND PAVEMENT IN PINGJIANG VILLAGE TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE FENCING VILLAGE URBAN 20% LITTLE LAND VALUE, SELF-ORDERED, WEAKLY REGULATED BY LOCAL ADMINISTRATION - - - - - - - - - - LACK OF FUNDING, UNIVERSITY FAR FROM SENSITIVE AREAS LEFT OVER/ NEAR URBAN EDGE SEGREGATED FENCING FORMS AN SEGREGATION IN SHUIMO VILLAGE POLITICAL FORCE IN REMOVING URBAN VILLAGE: [6]RAPID REMOVEMENT BEFORE BEIJING OLYMPIC GAMES Source for data of the number of urban village: WEI L, YAN X. TRANSFORMATION OF “URBAN VILLAGE” AND FEASIBLE MODE [J][J]. City Planning Review, 2005, 7: 003. NUMBER OF URBAN VILLAGE IN BEIJING 400 346 300 231 200 189 100 2005 2008 2014 YEAR: AD UILLAGE LOCATION OF THE SITE UILLAGE IN BETWEEN A ROAYL PARK AND AN UNIVERSITY, A RIVER PASSES BY THE SITE, GOOD TRANSPORT CONDITION: TRAM, METRO, VEHICLE ROADS, NEAR TO THE ENTRANCE OF THE UNIVERSITY AND THE PARK CONNECTED WITH CITY CENTER, OLYMPIC PARK SUBURBAN SUBURBAN ROYAL PARK METRO/TRAM STATION ENTRANCE 5th RING ROAD OTHER CITY PARK [19] EDUCATION NORTH ZHONGUANGCUN ROAD NORTH ZHONGUANGCUN ROAD NO.13 TRAM NO.4 METRO NO.13 TRAM [22] YUANMINGYUAN PARK [15]5th RING ROAD OLYMPIC PARK OLYMPIC PARK [12] NO.4 METRO [ [13] ] [18] [14] TSINGHUA 4th RING ROAD [ ] [24] [20] UNIVERSITY [23] YIHEYUAN PARK [21] [25] BEIJING UNIVERSITY [16] 4th RING ROAD INNER TOWN N [17] [26] HIGH-TECH PARK 0 200 500 1000m N INNER TOWN 0 2 5 10km ZHONGGUANCUN NORTH METRO STATION TRAM STATION ENTRANCE OF [23] ENTRANCE OF [24] ENTRANCE OF [25] BEIJING UNIVERSITY [26] [19] [20] [21] [22] TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY YIHEYUAN PARK HIGH-TECH PARK [12] YUANMINGYUAN PARK [13] TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY [14] 4th RING ROAD [15] 5th RING ROAD [16] FORBIDDEN CITY [17] HEAVEN TEMPLE [18] OLYMPIC PARK ZHONGGUANCUN ROAD YUANMINGYUAN PARK UILLAGE [7] FENCES [8] BRIDGE [9] COMMERCIAL INTERFACE [10] RIVER [11] SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FENCES, SEGREGATED, RIVER, BRIDGE, ENTRANCE OF YUANMINGYUAN PARK COMMERCIAL INTERFACE NORTH ZHONGUANGCUN ROAD TOURISTS [11] SCHOOL OF MEDICINE [8] BRIDGE YUANMINGYUAN TSINGHUA PARK UNIVERSITY CANAL RESTAURANT FARMLAND IT OFFICE [9] COMMERCIAL INTERFACE LITTLE FARMLAND NO CANAL [10] RIVER INNER TRANSPORT SYSTEM POPULATION -ORIGINAL INHABITANTS 1108 -NEW COMERS 6500 ART SCHOOL -BUILDING DENSITY 0.82 VALLEY SYSTEM OF URBAN VILLAGE [7] FENCES -FLOOR AREA RATIO 1.53 N NEW INFRASTRUCTURE 0 20 50 100m COMMERCIAL STUDENTS ENTRANCE OF TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY 1986: RURAL VILLAGE 1999: SEMI-URBAN VILLAGE 2014:URBAN VILLAGE ART SCHOOL HAS LOST FARMLAND & CANAL BRIDGE RIVER ADMINISTRATION LITTLE FARMLAND ART SCHOOL OFFICE FARMLAND INNER TRANSPORT SYSTEM POST OFFICE CANAL NEW INFRASTRUCTURE NO CANAL RESTAURANT FENCES IT OFFICE UILLAGE ANALYSIS OF THE SITE UILLAGE LANDUSE: COMMERCIAL INTERFACE, TRANSPORT: WEAK NETWORK IN EASTERN PART, SERVICES FOR NEIGHBORING DISTRICTS, STUDENTS AND TOURISTS CORE ROUTE IS IN THE MIDDLE, ETRANCES ARE ONLY ON ONE SIDE MAIN COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY RESIDENTIAL EDUCATION/TRAINING BATHROOM VEHICLE ROAD FENCES END OF A ROUTE WALKING ROUTE ENTRANCE OF UV COMMERCIAL OFFICE PARKING/VEHICLE REPAIR FOOD GROCERY BOOKSHOP GYM MIX OF RESIDENTIAL+COMMERCIAL PARK HOSPITAL ENTRANCE OF YUANMINGYUAN PARK ENTRANCE OF YUANMINGYUAN PARK TOURISTS TOURISTS 500m SERVICE RADIUS STUDENTS STUDENTS ENTRANCE OF TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY N N 0 20 50 100m 0 20 50 100m ENTRANCE OF TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY UILLAGE OPEN PART+DISCREET PART-------- ZONE IN BETWEEN BUILDING QUALITY: LOW CONDITION FOR THE MIDDLE PART DUE TO EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL INTERFACE AND TRANSPORT PENETRATION OF COMMERCIAL INFLUENCE GOOD GENERAL BAD OPEN PART DISCREET PART COMMERCIAL INTERFACE N N 0 20 50 100m 0 20 50 100m UILLAGE HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS: WEST-LOW, EAST-HIGH, DUE TO HEIGHT REGULATION OF ROYAL PARK LANDSCAPE: GREEN IS MISSING IN URBAN VILLAGE 1-2 STOREYS, 3-6m HIGH 3-4 STOREYS, 8-11m HIGH
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