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Xmas in Medieval Ages2.Indd Christmas in the Medieval Ages by Linda Laforge with some of her illustrations! for the Great Northern Medieval Medieval Fayre a division of Crackers Productions Inc. www.MedievalFayre.com © 2010 Christmas in the Medieval Ages Setting the Big Date . page 1 Before there was Christmas, there was . .page 1 Why we celebrate Christmas on December 25th. page 1 What Christmas was all about in the Medieval Ages . page 1 Why we give Christmas Gifts Today . page 2 Traditions of Many become One with Christmas? . page 2 Yule Logs! . .page 2 Why we put Christmas Trees in our Homes . page 2 Why we decorate our homes with evergreen, holly and mistletoe to this day. page 2 Eat some Humble Pie . page 3 Christmas Celebration by the Rich & Poor in Medieval Times page 3 Don’t get caught Mumming around . page 4 Candle, candle, burning brightly... .page 4 Santa Clause aka St. Nicolas and his li’l folk. page 5 Medieval Christmas Cards? . .page 5 More Resources . .page 5 Setting the Big Date Until the fourth century, no fixed date had been formally set by the Catholic Church – in some places it was observed in April or May, in others in January and even in November. It was Pope Julius I who officially fixed the date at December 25th. We can guess why using the facts we know about medieval times. December 25th was close to a pagan holiday and the Christian church wanted to reform them. Before there was Christmas, there was... The Winter Solstice The shortest time between the sun rising and the sun setting is called the Winter Solstice. This happens on December 21st or 22nd. To pagans in the medieval ages, this meant that the winter was over and spring was coming. They had a festival to worship the sun for winning over the darkness of winter. I always find that a bit confusing, since winter is just beginning here in Canada! The Roman Festival of Saturnalia took place between December 17th and 23rd to honour their god Saturn. December 25th was the ‘birthday’ of the Pagan Sun god Mithra ‘the unconquered sun’. In the pagan religion of Mithraism, the holy day was Sunday. The early Christians gave the festival a new meaning - to celebrate the birth of the Son of God ‘the unconquered Son’! What Christmas was all about in the Medieval Ages Why we give Christmas Gifts Today Christmas had been celebrated by early Christians on January 6th, when they also celebrated the Epiphany (which means the revelation that Jesus was God’s son) and the Baptism of Jesus. Now the Epiphany mainly celebrates the visit of the three Wise Men to the baby Jesus. Back then they celebrated everything at this one time! Jesus’s Baptism was originally seen as more important than his birth, as this was when he started his ministry. People eventually wanted a separate day to celebrate his birth. The Epiphany, or Twelfth Night, was much more popular and festive than Christmas in the early middle ages, and Adoration of the Shepherds, (c. 1500–10), by Italian was a time for the bestowal of gifts in the tradition of the three painter Giorgio da Castelfranco Wise Men. This is why we give gifts at Christmas today! The 25th March was a sacred day to the pagans, when they celebrated the coming of spring and new life. Early Christian tradition also said that this was the day when Mary was told that she would have a very special baby, Jesus. This is called the Annunciation and is still celebrated by Christians on the 25th March. Nine months after the 25th March is the 25th December. Most of the world uses the ‘Gregorian Calendar’ started by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Before that the ‘Roman’ or Julian Calendar was used (named after Julius Caesar). The Gregorian calendar is more accurate than the Roman calendar. The Roman calendar has too many days in a year! When the switch was made 10 days were lost. Christmas in the Medieval Ages page 1 Many Orthodox and Coptic Churches still use the Julian Calendar and so celebrate Christmas on the 7th January. The Armenian Church celebrates it on the 6th January! In some parts of the UK, January 6th is called ‘Old Christmas’ as it would have been the day that Christmas would have been celebrated on, if the calendar hadn’t been changed. Some people didn’t want to use the new calendar. They thought it ‘cheated’ them out of 10 days! In time, Christmas grew in popularity – and as it did so, many of the Pagan traditions associated with the winter solstice became associated with Christmas as well. New customs particular to the Christian holiday also arose. Traditions of Many become one with Christmas? Yule Log This custom comes from many different cultures. Burning the Yule Log is one of the Pagan traditions that became part of Christmas. It’s the “wheel” of the year. The Druids would bless a log and keep it burning for 12 days during the winter solstice. Part of the log was kept to light the new yule log the following year. The yule log was an integral part of a Vikings celebration of the solstice, the Julfest. They carved runes into the log representing unwanted traits, like poor honour or poverty, things they wanted the gods to take from them. These days we make little cakes that look like Yule logs and eat them! Why we put Christmas Trees in our Homes The tree was an important symbol to every Pagan culture. The oak in particular was venerated by the Druids. The Vikings hung fir and ash trees with war trophies for good luck. Evergreens were thought to have special powers and were used for decoration, symbolizing the promised return of life in the spring. They came to represent eternal life for Christians. Why we decorate our homes with evergreen, holly and mistletoe to this day In the middle ages, the Church would decorate trees with apples on Christmas Eve, which they called “Adam and Eve Day.” Trees remained outdoors back then. In sixteenth-century Germany, they decorated fir trees with paper flowers and carried them through the streets to the town square on Christmas Eve . After a great feast and celebration that included dancing around the tree, it would be burned ceremonially. People eventually began putting evergreen trees in their homes as they also never lost their colour or ‘life’ in winter. They thought this protected them from bad spirits throughout the cold winter months. Illustrated by Linda Laforge Christmas in the Medieval Ages page 2 Holly, ivy, and mistletoe were important plants to the Druids. They believed that good spirits lived in the branches of holly. They wrapped them along doorways, windows and any entrance into their homes to protect from bad spirits. Christians believed that the berries had been white before they were turned red by Christ’s blood when he was made to wear the crown of thorns. Ivy was associated with the Roman god Bacchus. Ivy was not allowed by the Church as decoration until later in the middle ages, until they discovered that it could recognize witches and protect against plague. Yeah, right! We still decorate our homes, inside and out, with evergreen and red berries. It still looks pretty nice! Eat some Humble Pie Humble (or ‘umble) pie was made from the “humbles” of a deer. Sounds cute, but it’s really pretty yucky. They used the heart, liver, brains and so forth of the deer. The lords and ladies got the choice cuts, so the servants baked the unwanted humbles into a pie. One had to eat what one could find in the medieval ages! This appears to be the origin of the phrase, “to eat humble pie.” By the seventeenth century Humble Pie had become a trademark Christmas food. The Christmas pudding of Victorian and modern times evolved from the medieval dish of frumenty -- a spicy, wheat-based dessert. Many other desserts were made as welcome treats for children and adults alike. Yum! Christmas Celebration by the Rich and the Poor in Medieval Times What was medieval Christmas actually like? It was the longest holiday of the year. Depending on your social class, you experienced cruelties as well as privileges. Poorer people were sometimes let off work and may have been treated to Christmas dinner in their landlord’s great hall. (But not very likely...) Some Manors gave Christmas treats. A loaf of bread was used to play a traditional Christmas game. A bean was hidden in the bread. The person who found it was king of the feast. This turned into a tradition of hiding pennies in Christmas puddings to symbolize coming riches. If you were part of a knight’s household, or a member of a royal family, you’d be fed a feast and gifted jewels and robes. In 1482, King Edward IV offered a Christmas celebration bigger than any other. He brought in merchants to bring jewels and gifts to give to his people. He fed over two thousand people a day! Edward’s brother, Richard III sold items from the Royal household, and used items from the treasury for loans to pay a staggering 1,200 pounds on new clothes and gifts for the court. Christmas in the Medieval Ages page 3 Records state that in 1249 King Henry III received ‘the first gifts which the people are accustomed superstitiously to call New Year’s gifts’ from London citizens. These gifts were seen as omens of success for the coming year.
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