DOCSLIB.ORG

A Morphometric and Meristic Comparison of the Gulf Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Jenkins and Evermann), and the California Grunion, Leuresthes Tenuis (Ayres)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Morphometric and Meristic Comparison of the Gulf Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Jenkins and Evermann), and the California Grunion, Leuresthes Tenuis (Ayres) A morphistic and meristic comparison of the Gulf grunion, Leuresthes sardina (Jenkins and Evermann), and the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Moffatt, Nancy Margaret, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 10:26:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554681 A MORPHOMETRIC AND MERISTIC COMPARISON OF THE GULF GRUNION, LEURESTHES SARDINA (JENKINS AND EVERMANN), AND THE CALIFORNIA GRUNION, LEURESTHES TENUIS (AYRES) by Nancy Margaret Moffatt A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN BIOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 4 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowl­ edgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the inter­ ests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: //, APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown belowt DONALD A. THOMSON Associate Professor of Biology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Donald A. Thomson, and the members of my committee, Elisabeth A e Stull and C® ¥«, Gaddis for their advice and guidance during the research and writing of this thesisa I also thank Carl L« Hubbs, Boyd W, Walker, Richard H«, ' Rosenblatt and Charles Ho Lowe, Jr» for their suggestions regarding my research* I wish to express my appreciation to my parents, Vo J* and 0 * M* Moffatt, the R * H « Dutcher family and others for their participation in grunion collecting expeditions* I acknowledge and thank the fish museum staffs of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum and the California Academy of Sciences for their loans of specimens* ill TABLE OF CONTENTS ^ Page LIST OF TABLES v LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS, . , , , » . , * * . , , vi a b s t r a c t vii INTRODUCTION 09000000000000000 ® I METHODS AND MATERIALS® , , , ® , o , , , * , ® . 5 RESULTS 9000 0 0000000000000000 8 DISCUSSION 000O0OOSO 0000000900 2^ REFERENCES CITED * , , , ® * o , * , , * * , . , 34- iv LIST OF TABLES Table ' Page 1, Means, 95X confidence Intervals, sample sizes, ranges, t9 s and £ 9 s of all measure­ ments and proportions for L , sardlna and L o t enu1s 9 2, Means, 95$ confidence intervals, sample sizes, ranges, jt's and j>“s of all counts for L. sardlna and L . tenuis. a 15 3e Means, 95$ confidence intervals, sample sizes, ranges, t9s and jo's of all measure­ ments and proportions for the females and males of L . sardma oooooo.o.o.o 21 4 0 Means, 95$ confidence intervals, sample sizes, ranges, t8s and £ 9 s of all measure­ ments and proportions for the females and males of L @ t e n u i s 22 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page la Geographical distribution and collection sites of L e sardina and L, tenuis ...... 3: 2. Ranges, means and 95^ confidence Intervals of the standard length (SL) for all specimens, females and males of L. sardina and L. tenuis 10 3. Ranges, means and 95X confidence intervals for the standard length (SL)/eye diameter (ED) for L. sardina and L. tenuis. ........ 11 4. Ranges, means and 95^ confidence intervals of the standard length (SL)/body width (W) and standard length (SL)/body depth (D) for L. sardina and L . tenuis. , . 12 5. Ranges, means and 95> confidence intervals of the standard length (SL)/pelvic fin (P?) and standard length (SL)/pectoral fin (P^) for L. sardina and L. tenuis. .......... 14 6. Ranges, means and 95% confidence intervals of the lateral scale row count for L, sardina and L @ tenuis ......o......... 17 7. Cycloid scales from the mid-lateral band of L . tenuis (above) and L . sardina (below). 1 8 . 8. Ranges, means and 95% confidence intervals of the standard length (SL)/head (H) for females and males of L. sardina and L. tenuis .... 23 9. Ranges, means and 95% confidence intervals of the standard length (SL)/body depth (D) for gravid and non-gravid females and males of L. sardina and L. tenuis ......... 24 10. Monthly mean sea surface temperatures at several locations in the geographical ranges of L . sardina (above) and L. tenuis (below) during their respective spawning seasons. .. 30 vi ABSTRACT Numerous qualitative and statistical similarities such as protractile premaxiliaries, weak and recurved teeth» fin insertion, coloration, air bladder development, fin ray formulae, gill raker size and number, head and interorbital proportions, confirm the congeneric relationship between the two species, Leuresthes sardina or the Gulf of California and Leuresthes tenuis of California,, Significant differ­ ences in the body proportions exist between the two species„ Leuresthes sardina is a longer, more slender fish with longer pelvic fins, and has larger and fewer body scales than Leuresthes tenuis which is more robust in the mid-body region, and has a greater eye diameter and longer pectoral fins o Morphemetrie differences also occur between the sexes of each species„ The females are longer in standard length and deeper in the mid-body region than the males in both species of Leuresthes» vii INTRODUCTION The remarkable California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, which predictably spawns on the southern Cali­ fornia beaches every spring and summer (Walker 19^78 19^99 1952) was first described and named Atherinopsis tenuis by Ayres (i860)0 It was later assigned to the genus Leuresthes by Jordan and Gilbert (1880)„ In I896, Jordan and Evermann named and described a second species in this genus» L» crameri. They described it as being identical to La tenuis except with fewer lateral scale rows (La crameri 67, La tenuis 75) an<3- a narrower lateral band. It also ranged farther south than La tenuis (Punta Abreojos, Baja California Sur). Schultz (19^8), however, declared that Leuresthes tenuis and crameri were conspecific, despite the reduced scale row count of L » crameri 9 The taxonomy of the Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina, has been more confused than that of La tenuis a This species was described and named Atherlna sardina by Jenkins, and Evermann (1888), Evermann and Jenkins (1891) described what they thought was another species, Menidla clara, but which was later found to. be synonymous with A. sardina by Schultz (194-8) . Jordan and Evermann (I896), who changed Atherlna sardina to Menidia 2 sardlna were the first to suggest a close relationship between M 8 sardlna and Leuresthes, which has been supported by numerous studies since (Jordan and Hubbs 1919? Breder 19365 Schultz 194-8! Walker 1949, 1952). Breder (1936) erected a new genus, Hubbsiella and placed M 9 clara into that genus because of the greater number of lateral scale rows (54— 56, as compared to 36-4-6 in Menldia).. Schultz (194-8), in his taxonomic revision of six subfamilies of atherinid fishes, stated that the 4-5 scale rows reported by Jenkins and Evermann in the A. sardlna type specimen was a mistake (probably typographical), and that there were actually 54-» From this, and the similarities he found in the air bladders and vertebral hypophyses, he con­ cluded that Menidia clara was synonymous with M„ sardlna, Schultz accepted Breder,s (1936) genus, Hubbslella, but noted that both L. tenuis and H . sardlna were undoubtedly in the same phyletic line. Hubbslella is now generally recognized as being con­ generic with Leuresthes, but thpre have been no published studies confirming this relationship. The two species of grunion, L. tenuis and L» sardlna, are geographically isolated, Leuresthes tenuis ranges from Morro Bay, California to Bahia Magdalena in Baja California Sur (Fig, 1), Leuresthes sardlna ranges MORRO BAY SAN LUIS OBISPO. SANTA MONICA*> CABRILLO BE AC H TORREY PINES- LA JOLLA SHORES BAHIA DE TODOS SANTOS FO DE SANTA f=LARA PU PUNTA ABREOJOS ; . y GUAYMAS iAH IA CONCEPCION BAHIA MAGDALENA 1 L. sordino L. tenuis Figure 1. Geographical distribution and collection sites of L. sardina and L. tenuis 4 throughout the upper Gulf of California from Bahia Con­ cepcion, Baja California Sur and Guaymas, Sonora to the mouth of the Rio Colorado» The purpose of this study is to present a sta­ tistical comparison of morphometric and meristic character­ istics of L . sardina and L . tenuis, to clarify the heretofore confusion in their taxonomy and to confirm the close phylogenetic relationship of these two species0 METHODS AMD MATERIALS Morphometric measurements and counts were made on sexually mature adults of L . sardlna and L. tenuis collected during spawning runs Or which had ripening gonads„ The age of the grunion were not determined. Measurements were made with dividers, according to accepted convention (Hubbs and Lagler 1947). The body depth was measured as a vertical line through the anal opening, the body width as a line across the body just anterior to the pectoral fins and the anal-tail measurement as a line from the anal opening to the base of the tail.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Periodicity of Spawning by the Grunion, Leuresthes Tenuis, An
    Periodicity of Spawning by the Grunion, Louresthes tenuis, an Atherine Fish A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology by Boyd W. Walker June, 1949 The thesis of Boyd W. Walker is approved: University of California, Los Angeles May 28, 1949 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 AIM AND SCOPE 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 PREVIOUS STUDIES 8 MATERIALS, LOCALS AND METHODS 10 Systematics and Relationships 10 Range 12 Habitat 13 Area of Investigation 15 La Jolla 15 Other Beaches 17 Field Observations 18 Accuracy and Completeness of Observations 21 Coastwise Check 25 Marking 26 TIDAL PECULIARITIES IN THE RANGE OF THE GRUNION 30 LIFE HISTORY 31 Spawning Behavior 31 Frequency of Spawning by Individual Fish 32 Movement of Fish between Runs 40 Spawning Beaches 42 Description of the Run 42 Description of the Spawning Act 47 ii PAGE Development and Hatching of Eggs 56 Size Groups of Larval and Juvenile Grunion Resulting from Periodic Spawning 60 Mortality of Eggs and Prolarvae 64 Mortality of Adults during Spawning 68 ANALYSIS OF TIME OF SPAWNING 70 Spawning Season 70 Run Series 72 Possible Controlling Factors 78 Runs 99 Possible Controlling Factors 106 Geographical Consistency in Time Pattern 107 Evolution of the Spawning Pattern 109 Methods of Prediction 113 OTHER ANIMALS HAVING SIMILAR SPAWNING HABITS 115 VALUE AND CONSERVATION OF THE GRUNION 122 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 127 LITERATURE CITED 131 APPENDIX 136 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Classification of Grunion Ovaries from San Pedro 33 II. Classification of Grunion Ovaries from San Diego Bay 35 III.
    [Show full text]
  • 227 2009 1203 Article-Web 1..10
    Mar Biol (2009) 156:1681–1690 DOI 10.1007/s00227-009-1203-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Multiple paternity and extra-group fertilizations in a natural population of California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis), a beach-spawning marine Wsh Rosemary J. Byrne · John C. Avise Received: 10 February 2009 / Accepted: 15 April 2009 / Published online: 1 May 2009 © The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Although individuals in many Wsh species Wndings to those reported previously for a beach-spawning move to shallow waters to spawn, the California grunion arthropod, and we discuss the forces that may be maintaining (Leuresthes tenuis) is almost unique in its constitutive this peculiar reproductive behavior. display of synchronous full-emergence beach spawning. During a spawning event, Wsh ride large waves onshore to spawn on beach land, where their eggs incubate terrestri- Introduction ally. Here, we employ molecular markers to ascertain how this unusual reproductive behavior impacts genetic parent- Terrestrial spawning may aVord several special advantages age. We developed and utilized four highly polymorphic for a marine Wsh. Egg development can be accelerated by microsatellite markers to assess maternal and paternal con- the increased availability of oxygen (Strathmann and Hess tributions in a total of 682 progeny from 17 nests of a natu- 1999) and by elevated temperatures in a terrestrial environ- ral population of L. tenuis. Alleles deduced to be of paternal ment (Seymour and Bradford 1995; Smyder and Martin origin in progeny were used to determine the minimum 2002); and, the lack of aquatic predators on a beach, and the number of sires per nest and to estimate the true number of synchronous release (when present) of hatched oVspring, sires per nest via Bayesian analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • California Saltwater Sport Fishing Regulations
    2018–2019 CALIFORNIA SALTWATER SPORT FISHING REGULATIONS For Ocean Sport Fishing in California Effective March 1, 2018 through February 28, 2019 You could get a discount when you combine your auto and boat policies. for your boat geico.com | 1-800-865-4846 | Local Office Some discounts, coverages, payment plans and features are not available in all states or all GEICO companies. Boat and PWC coverages are underwritten by GEICO Marine Insurance Company. Multi-Policy Discount available to auto insureds that have purchased a boat policy through the GEICO Marine Insurance Company. GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, D.C. 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. © 2017 GEICO 13 2018–2019 CALIFORNIA SALTWATER SPORT FISHING REGULATIONS Groundfish Regulation Tables Contents What’s New for 2018? ............................................................. 4 25 License Information ................................................................ 5 Sport Fishing License Fees ..................................................... 8 Keeping Up With In-Season Groundfish Regulation Changes .... 11 Map of Groundfish Management Areas ...................................12 Summaries of Recreational Groundfish Regulations ..................13 General Provisions and Definitions ..........................................21 General Ocean Fishing Regulations ��������������������������������������� 25 Fin Fish — General ................................................................25 Fin Fish — Minimum
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Ecology and Spawning Periodicity of the Gulf of California Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina
    Behavioral ecology and spawning periodicity of the Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Muench, Kevin Allen, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 20:26:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565393 BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SPAWNING PERIODICITY OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA GRUNION, LEURESTHES SARDINA by Kevin Allen Muench A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ZOOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF-ARIZONA 1 9 7 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Kevin A11 en Muench_______________________________. entitled Behavioral Ecology and Spawning Periodicity of the Gulf of California Grunion, Leuresthes sardina_______________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy____________________ _____________ Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:*’* '7~? This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon's Forage Fish Resources
    Oregon’s Forage Fish Resources: A Fisheries Management and Conservation Strategy Perspective Gregory Krutzikowsky Marine Resources Program Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Forage Fish Workshop Presentation October 10, 2019 ODFW Mission: “To protect and enhance Oregon’s fish and wildlife and their habitats for use and enjoyment by present and future generations.” Fisheries Management & Conservation Strategy Oregon’s Forage Fish Resources • Anchovies – Northern Anchovy • Smelts – Surf Smelt, Eulachon, Whitebait Smelt, Longfin Smelt, Night Smelt, • Herrings – American Shad, Pacific Herring, Pacific Sardine • Silversides – Topsmelt, Jacksmelt, Grunion • Sand Lances – Pacific Sand Lance • Sauries – Pacific Saury • Jacks – Jack Mackerel • Mackerels – Pacific Mackerel • Mesopelagic fishes - lanternfish, deep-sea smelts, barracudina, and bristlemouths • Pelagic Squids Forage “fish” that are commercial fishery target species in Oregon: • Pacific Sardine • Northern Anchovy • Pacific Mackerel • Market Squid • Pacific Herring Forage “fish” that are prohibited as commercial fishery target species in Oregon: • Mesopelagic fishes - lanternfish, deep-sea smelts, barracudina, and bristlemouths • Pacific Sand Lance • Pacific Saury • Silversides (excluding Grunion) • Smelts of the family Osmeridae • Pelagic squids (except Market Squid) Strategy Species: Forage Fish Eulachon Northern Anchovy Longfin Smelt Surf Smelt Pacific Herring Topsmelt Pacific Sand Lance Strategy Species: Forage Fish Predators Avian & Marine Mammal Tufted Puffin Fork-tailed Storm Petrel
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Reproductive Biology Outline Defining Some Terms
    10/21/2011 Fisheries Reproductive Biology Presented by Nikolai Klibansky 0.8 0.4 0.0 Outline • I. Introduction • II. Diversity of Reproductive Biology in Fishes • III. Organizing Diversity: Breeding Systems • IV. Fisheries Reproductive Biology -Major ideas -The Nitty Gritty -Methodologies Defining some terms • fish reproductive biology – biology – physiology – ecology 1 10/21/2011 Defining some terms • Fish reproductive biology • Fisheries reproductive biology Fish RB: Diversity Pink anemonefish Port Jackson shark (Amphiprion perideraion ) (Heterodontus portusjacksoni ) California grunion, Anglerfish Leuresthes tenuis (Linophryne indica ) Fish RB: Taxonomy 2 10/21/2011 Fish RB: Taxonomy* Kingdom: Phylum: Subphylum: Superclass: Class: Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Agnatha Cephalaspidomorphi Myxini Pteraspidomorphi Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii Chondrichthyes Amphibia Aves Mammalia *Branch length does NOT reflect genetic distance Reptilia Fish RB Diversity MAIN SOURCE: Helfman, G.S., Colette, B.B., and Facey, D.E. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA. Superclass Agnatha • Class Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) – RB relatively well understood – Gonochoristic – Semelparous – Anadromous (migrate up to 1000km!) – Make nests – Spawn many small demersal eggs 3 10/21/2011 Superclass Agnatha • Class Myxini (hagfishes) – RB poorly understood – Apparently gonochoristic – External fertilization – Few, large, unique, demersal eggs – Eggs incubate for about 2 months Class Chondrichthyes • Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) – RB fairly diverse within group – Typically late maturity (sharks, 6-18 years) – Gonochoristic – Sexual dimorphism • Males with claspers, females without • Dentition and skin thickness due to spawning behavior – Internal fertilization – Shark gestation period averages 9-12 mo. Class Chondrichthyes • Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) – 40% of elasmobranchs, including all skates, are oviparous (egg laying). Eggs fairly large with hard outer case attach to substrate.
    [Show full text]
  • Hatching Success Affects the Timing of Spawning by the Intertidally Spawning Puffer Takifuguniphobles
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 155: 239-248, 1997 Published August 28 Mar Ecol Prog Ser pp - ppp - --P P - --p- Hatching success affects the timing of spawning by the intertidally spawning puffer Takifuguniphobles Kazunori Yamahira* Arnakusa Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyushu University, Tornioka, Reihoku-cho, Amakusa, Kumarnoto 863-25, Japan ABSTRACT- The puffer Tak~fuguniphobles, which is an Intertidal spawner and deposits eggs in the upper intert~dalzone, spaivns on sevrral days of every spring tide dunng spring to summer (i.e the semilunar spdwnlng cycle). As the season progresses, however, the tlming of spawnlng cvents pro- gressively sh~ftsfrom just before to just after the new or full moon. This study explains why there is the seasonal shift In the timing of spawning from the viewpoint of larval hatching success. Larval sampling in the field and rearlng experiments in the laboratory indicated that hatching occurred only when the nighttime h~ght~des flood the stranded eggs. Accord~ngto ambient temperatures, incubation penods tended to be shorter as the season progressed. Therefore. spawning occurs prior to the peak spnng t~des(dates of new and full moons) early In the season to allow sufficient t~mefor completion of embryo- logical devclopment prior to the occurrence of neap tides, which may not flood the intertidal spawnlng site. The relationship between the zone of stranded eggs and the tidal reglme at the site indicated that most of the completely developed embryos can be successfully submerged by nighttime high tides
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Introgressive Hybridization Among Gulf of California Endemic Species of the Genus Colpicht
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Introgressive hybridization among Gulf of California endemic species of the genus Colpichthys in relation to environmental change in the Colorado River Delta A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology by Long Fung Lau 2017 © Copyright by Long Fung Lau 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Introgressive hybridization among Gulf of California endemic species of the genus Colpichthys in relation to environmental change in the Colorado River Delta by Long Fung Lau Master of Science in Biology University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor David K. Jacobs, Chair The unique habitats of the Northern Gulf of California are home to many endemic vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Owing to their limited geographic range, these taxa are often vulnerable to extinction. Located at the tip of the Northern Gulf is the Colorado River Delta. Upstream damming and water diversions in the past century have turned the Delta into an inverse estuary. The resulting rise in salinity and environmental impacts in the region have raised concerns for the local endangered fauna. Among these is the endemic silverside fish, Colpichthys hubbsi, which is narrowly restricted to the tidal channels within the Delta. Its sister species, Colpichthys regis, inhabits lagoons and estuarine channels on both sides of the Gulf. The two species share a region of syntopy at the southwestern edge of the Delta where hybridization is suspected to occur. Combining phenotypic and molecular data, this study shows evidence for introgressive ii hybridization between C. regis and C. hubbsi. While we find no evidence for recent population decline in C.
    [Show full text]
  • Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn EEB Articles Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 2013 Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T. Schultz University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Stephen D. McCormick USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles Part of the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Schultz, Eric T. and McCormick, Stephen D., "Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context" (2013). EEB Articles. 29. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles/29 RUNNING TITLE: Evolution and Euryhalinity Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T. Schultz Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut Stephen D. McCormick USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Corresponding author (ETS) contact information: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA [email protected] phone: 860 486-4692 Keywords: Cladogenesis, diversification, key innovation, landlocking, phylogeny, salinity tolerance Schultz and McCormick Evolution and Euryhalinity 1. Introduction 2. Diversity of halotolerance 2.1. Empirical issues in halotolerance analysis 2.2. Interspecific variability in halotolerance 3. Evolutionary transitions in euryhalinity 3.1. Euryhalinity and halohabitat transitions in early fishes 3.2. Euryhalinity among extant fishes 3.3. Evolutionary diversification upon transitions in halohabitat 3.4. Adaptation upon transitions in halohabitat 4. Convergence and euryhalinity 5. Conclusion and perspectives 2 Schultz and McCormick Evolution and Euryhalinity This chapter focuses on the evolutionary importance and taxonomic distribution of euryhalinity. Euryhalinity refers to broad halotolerance and broad halohabitat distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Introgression Between Ecologically Distinct Species Following Increased Salinity in the Colorado Delta- Worldwide Implications for Impacted Estuary Diversity
    Introgression between ecologically distinct species following increased salinity in the Colorado Delta- Worldwide implications for impacted estuary diversity Clive L.F. Lau and David K. Jacobs Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America ABSTRACT We investigate hybridization and introgression between ecologically distinct sister species of silverside fish in the Gulf of California through combined analysis of morphological, sequence, and genotypic data. Water diversions in the past century turned the Colorado River Delta from a normal estuary to a hypersaline inverse estuary, raising concerns for the local fauna, much of which is endangered. Salinity differences are known to generate ecological species pairs and we anticipated that loss of the fresher-water historic salinity regime could alter the adaptive factors maintaining distinction between the broadly distributed Gulf-endemic Colpichthys regis and the narrowly restricted Delta-endemic Colpichthys hubbsi, the species that experienced dramatic environmental change. In this altered environmental context, these long- isolated species (as revealed by Cytochrome b sequences) show genotypic (RAG1, microsatellites) evidence of active hybridization where the species ranges abut, as well as directional introgression from C. regis into the range center of C. hubbsi. Bayesian group assignment (STRUCTURE) on six microsatellite loci and multivariate analyses (DAPC) on both microsatellites and phenotypic data further support substantial recent admixture between the sister species. Although we find no evidence for recent Submitted 21 September 2017 population decline in C. hubbsi based on mitochondrial sequence, introgression may be Accepted 27 October 2017 placing an ancient ecological species at risk of extinction. Such introgressive extinction Published 12 December 2017 risk should also pertain to other ecological species historically sustained by the now Corresponding author changing Delta environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Absence of Countergradient and Cogradient Variation in an Oceanic Silverside, the California Grunion Leuresthes Tenuis
    Vol. 461: 175–186, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published August 8 doi: 10.3354/meps09802 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Absence of countergradient and cogradient variation in an oceanic silverside, the California grunion Leuresthes tenuis Elizabeth E. Brown*, Hannes Baumann, David O. Conover School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA ABSTRACT: Spatial adaptations that maximize a species’ fitness in its local environment, particu- larly in the form of countergradient variation (CnGV = genotypic influences counteract environ- mental effects on trait variation) and cogradient variation (CoGV = genotypic influences accentu- ate environmental plasticity), have been documented in many estuarine and anadromous fishes. However, their prevalence in more oceanic fishes, where extensive gene flow and reduced envi- ronmental selection may preclude local adaptation, remains unclear. If oceanic species lack genetic structure, they may be limited in their ability to adapt to global climate change. We exam- ined the potential for adaptation in oceanic fishes by testing whether an oceanic silverside, the California grunion Leuresthes tenuis, displays CnGV in growth capacity and CoGV in vertebral number across a latitudinal gradient as found in estuarine silversides. Common garden experi- ments revealed that reaction norms for growth in response to temperature differed little among 3 L. tenuis populations from different latitudes. Growth rates of wild adult L. tenuis measured from scale analysis suggested that growth may be slightly faster at more southern latitudes, likely due to environmental variation. Mean vertebral number in wild L. tenuis, determined from radio- graphs, were nearly identical for all populations. Overall, our results did not provide evidence for spatial adaptations in these traits of L.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Fishes
    Phylum: Chordata Deuterostomes radial and indeterminate cleavage Enterocoelous anus from blastopore Bilateral Symmetry Both invertebrates and vertebrates Contain four anatomical features Phylum: Chordata Notochord Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Slits Muscular, Postanal Tail Subphylum: Urochordata Tunicates Sessile Only contains Pharynx with slits as an adult Subphylum: Cephalochordata Lancelates Contains all four chordate characters as an adult Closest relative to vertebrates (Amphioxus) Paedogenesis SubPhylum: Vertebrata Backbones Contains all four chordate characters as an adult with modification Neural Crest bones and cartilage of the skull Vertebrate Adaptations Living Endoskeleton better for larger animals Pharynx and Efficient Respiration increased metabolic rate Advanced Nervous System developed system for distance reception Paired Limbs increased movement Chordate Evolution Vertebrae Jaws and two sets of paired appendages Teeth Lungs Legs Amniotic Egg Hair, feathers Introduction to Fishes “Fish”: poikilothermic, aquatic chordate with appendages developed as fins (when present), whose chief respiratory organ are gills and whose body is usually covered in scales Paraphyletic group because of tetrapods All fishes… have distinct head region (eyes, mouth, etc.) and brain protected by braincase Most fishes… live in water breathe with gills rather than lungs are unable to regulate their body temperature are covered in scales have paired limbs in the form of fins Diversity of Fishes More fish species than birds, reptiles and mammals combined 27,900 species described 58% live in salt water, 41% in freshwater, and 1% move between salt and freshwater Life span Pygmy goby < 60 days Shape Rockfish >200 years Size Minnow ≈ 0.3 in Whale shark > 65ft 20 Osteriophysi 16 18 19 11 15 10 Stomiatii 17 12 9 Protacanthopterygii 13 14 Acanthopterygii Holostei Sarcopterygii 6 4 8 Teleostei Synapomorphies: 1) Slime production 2) Ammocoetes larvae.
    [Show full text]