DOCSLIB.ORG

Residual Radioactive Contamination from Decommissioning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Residual Radioactive Contamination from Decommissioning - - - NUREG/CR-55 12 PNL-7994 Vol. 1 Residual Radioactive Contamination From Decommissioning Technical Basis for Translating Contamination Levels to Annual Total Effective Dose Equivalent Final Report Prepared by W. E. Kennedy, Jr., D. L. Strenge Pacific Northwest Laboratory Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute Prepared for I U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ---- I I. AVAILABILITY NOTICE Availability of Reference Matenals Cited in NRC Publicabons Most documents cited in NRC publications will be available from one of the following sources: 1. The NRC Public Document Room, 2120 L Street. NW., Lower Level. Washington, DC 20555 2. The Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082 3. The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 Although the listing that follows represents the majority of documents cited in NRC publications. It Is not Intended to be exhaustive. Referenced documents available for Inspection and copying for a fee from the NRC Public Document Room Include NRC correspondence and Internal NRC memoranda; NRC bulletins, circulars, Information notices. Inspection and investigation notices: licensee event reports: vendor reports and correspondence; Commis- sion papers; and applicant and licensee documents and correspondence. The following documents In the NUREG series are available for purchase from the GPO Sales Program: formal NRC staff and contractor reports. NRC-sponsored conference proceedings. International agreement reports, grant publications, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also available are regulatory guides, NRC regulations In the Code of Federal Regulations, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances. Documents available from the National Technical Information Service Include NUREG-serles reports and technical reports prepared by other Federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commis- sion. forerunner agency to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Documents available from public and special technical libraries include all open literature items, such as books, Journal articles, and transactions. Federal Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and con- gressional reports can usually be obtained from these libraries. Documents such as theses, dissertations. foreign reports and translations, and non-NRC conference pro- ceedings are available for purchase from the organization sponsoring the publication cited Single copies of NRC draft reports are available free, to the extent of supply, upon written request to the Office of Administration, Distribution and Mall Services Section, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington. DC 20555. CopIes of Industry codes and standards used In a substantive manner In the NRC regulatory process are maintained at the NRC Library, 7920 Norfolk Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland, for use by the public. Codes and standards are usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating organization or, If they are American National Standards, from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, A NY 10018. DISCLAIMER NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Govemment. Neitherthe United States Government nor any agency thereof. orany of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or Implied, or assumes any legal liability of responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. J NUREG/CR-5512 PNL-7994 Vol. 1 Residual Radioactive Contamination From Decommissioning Technical Basis for Translating Contamination Levels to Annual Total Effective Dose Equivalent Final Report Manuscript Completed: September 1992 Date Published: October 1992 Prepared by W. E. Kennedy, Jr., D. L. Strenge R. A. Meek, Ph.D., NRC Project Manager Christine Daily, NRC -technical Specialist Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, WA 99352 Prepared for Division of Regulatory Applications Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555 NRC FIN B2908 - Abstract This document is the first volume of a three-volume report to provide generic and site-specific estimates of radiation dose for exposures to residual radioactive contamination after the decommissioning of facilities licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This first volume provides the details of the generic scenario and pathway modeling analysis. The level of detail included in this volume serves as the basis for user-friendly computer software to be developed under strict quality-assurance procedures. This volume is intended to be used as a reference to Vol- ume 2, a full description of the computer software. Included in Volume 1 are descriptions of the scenarios, models, mathematical formulations, assumptions, and justifications of parameter selections. Volume 1 was produced after consideration of public comments received on the January 1990 review draft. The generic modeling addresses residual radioactive contamination inside buildings and in soils. For buildings, two scenarios are presented to relate volume and surface contamination levels to estimates of the annual total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) or the TEDE (as defined in 10 CFR 20) received during a year of exposure with the conditions defined in the scenarios. Because of concerns regarding potential ground-water contamination from residual radioactive contamination in soil, a generic water-use model was developed to permit evaluation of the annual TEDE for drinking water from wells. The generic water-use model was also used in the evaluation of multiple pathways associated with contaminated soil. The generic treatment of potentially complex ground-water systems used here provides a conservative analysis that may only indi- cate that additional site data and more sophisticated modeling are warranted. The scenarios, models, mathematical formulations, and selected parameter values in this volume are intended to serve as the technical basis for the NRCs derivation of screening values supporting its development of policy applied to residual radioactive contamination from decommissioning. .H.i NUREG/CR-55 12 Contents Page Abstract ............ , ................................................................... iii Executive Summary . ............................................................................. xiii Foreword ........................................... Xv Acknowledgments................................................................................ xix 1 Introduction ............................................ 1.1 2 Methodology and Nomenclature .2.1 2.1 Dosimetry Definitions .2.1 2.2 Symbol Nomenclature .2.2 3 Scenario Descriptions for the Release of Buildings .. 3.1 3.1 Building Renovation Scenario .3.1 3.1.1 Time Frame for Building Renovation Scenario 3.2 3.1.2 Exposure Pathways for Building Renovation Scenario .3.3 3.1.3 External Dose .3.5 3.1.4 Inhalation Dose for Renovation .3.7 3.1.5 Ingestion Dose for Renovation .3.7 3.1.6 Annual TEDE Rate for the Building Renovation Scenario .3.8 3.2 Building Occupancy Scenario .3.9 3.2.1 Time Frame of Building Occupancy Scenario .3.9 3.2.2 Exposure Pathways ........... ..... 3.9 3.23ExtrnaDoe fr Buldig Ocupncy................................................................ 31 3.2.4 Inhalation Dose for Building Occupancy ..................... I .......................... 3.12 3.2.5 Ingestion Dose for Building Occupancy ................................................ 3.13 3.2.6 Annual TEDE Rate for Building Occupancy Scenario: ................................... 3.14 4 Drinking Water Scenario ....................................................................... 4.1 4.1 Water-Use Model ................................ 4.2 4.1.1 Characteristics of Water-Use Model Suitable for Screening .4.2 4.1.2 Three-Box Water-Use Model .4.3 4.1.3 Equations for Radionuclide Transfer in Soil Using the Water-Use Model .4.5 v NUREG/CR-5512 Contents 4.2 Calculation of Annual TEDE .............................. ................................ 4.11 5 Residential Scenario . .......................................................................... 5.1 5.1 Residential Scenario: Concepts and Assumptions ........ ............. ....................... 5.2 5.1.1 Time Frame for the Residential Scenario ............................................... 5.2 5.1.2 Exposure Pathways for the Residential Scenario ......................................... 5.2 5.2 Steps for Calculating Annual Dose from Agricultural Pathways ............. .. .................. 5.5 53 Concentrations and TIansfer Factors for Resuspension and Root Uptake From Soil ...... ......... 5.9 5.3.1 Soil-Plant-Human Pathway ..................... .......................... ....... 5.9 5.3.2 Animal Products Contaminated by Soil Sources ......................................... 5.14 5.4 Concentrations and Transfer Factors for Irrigation Water as the Contaminating Medium .... ....... 5.24 5.4.1 Food Crops Contaminated by Irrigation Water .......................................... 5.24 5.4.2 Animal Products Contaminated by Irrigation Water ...................................... 5.33 5.5 Calculation of Pathway Transfer Factors ......................... ............................ 5.51 5.6 Calculation of Total Dose From Pathways for the Residential Scenario .............. ... ........
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities Joshua Pearce, David Denkenberger
    A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities Joshua Pearce, David Denkenberger To cite this version: Joshua Pearce, David Denkenberger. A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quan- tities. Drug Safety, Springer Verlag, 2018, 4 (2), pp.25. 10.3390/safety4020025. hal-02111370 HAL Id: hal-02111370 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111370 Submitted on 26 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License safety Article A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities Joshua M. Pearce 1,2,3,* ID and David C. Denkenberger 4,5 1 Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland 2 Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA 3 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA 4 Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Boulevard Nashville, Nashville, TN 37209, USA; [email protected] 5 Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED), 23532 Calabasas Road, Suite A, Calabasas, CA 91302, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 906-487-1466 Received: 15 February 2018; Accepted: 6 June 2018; Published: 14 June 2018 Abstract: This study determines the nuclear pragmatic limit where the direct physical negative consequences of nuclear weapons use are counter to national interests, by assuming all unknowns are conservatively optimistic.
    [Show full text]
  • Project on Nuclear Issues: a Collection of Papers from the 2013 Conference Series Project on Nuclear Issues a Collection of Papers from the 2013 Conference Series
    Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Conference Series the 2013 Conference from Papers of A Collection Issues: on Nuclear Project Project on Nuclear Issues A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Conference Series 1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW | Washington, DC 20036 t. (202) 887-0200 | f. (202) 775-3199 | www.csis.org ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK SARAH MINOT SARAH 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Lanham, MD 20706 t. (800) 462-6420 | f. (301) 429-5749 | www.rowman.com Cover photos: U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Jonathan Snyder/RELEASED. ISBN 978-1-4422-4035-3 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Ë|xHSLEOCy240353z v*:+:!:+:! EDITOR Sarah Minot NOVEMBER 2014 Blank Project on Nuclear Issues A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Conference Series EDITOR Sarah Minot AUTHORS Marie Arrieta Ari Kattan Hugh Chalmers Jarret Lafl eur Kit Conklin Shane Mason Robert Crockett Christopher Nelson Kyle Deming Marc Quint Mark Ekman Kera Rolsen Jeffrey Fields Benjamin Rusek Sarah Jacobs Gamberini Gary Sampson Edward Geist November 2014 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. Today, CSIS scholars are providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofi t orga ni za tion headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affi liated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 of the Biggest and Most Powerful Nuclear Weapons Ever Built
    X CLIENT LOG IN V (/) 27TH NOVEMBER 2018 10:00AM 10 of the biggest and most powerful nuclear weapons ever built CREDIT: MOST POWERFUL NUCLEAR WEAPONS By Praveen Duddu (https://www.verdict.co.uk/author/praveen-duddu/) rom the enormous Tsar Bomba, detonated with the force of 3,800 F Hiroshima explosions, to the Mk-41, the biggest thermonuclear device ever built by the US, here’s a list ranking 10 of the world’s most powerful nuclear weapons based on explosive power (or yield). x Verdict is using cookies We use them to give you the best experience. If you continue using our website, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on this website. Continue Learn more (/privacy-policy/) / Tsar Bomba (RDS-220 hydrogen bomb) – 50Mt The RDS-220 hydrogen bomb, also known as the Tsar Bomba, is the biggest and most powerful thermo nuclear bomb ever made. It was exploded by the Soviet Union on 30 October 1961 over Novaya Zemlya Island in the Russian Arctic Sea. The hydrogen bomb was air dropped by a Tu-95 bomber using huge fall-retardation parachute. The detonation occurred 4km above the ground producing a yield of 50Mt, which is believed to be equivalent to the explosive power from the simultaneous detonation of 3,800 Hiroshima bombs. Tsar Bomba contained three stages, unlike normal thermonuclear weapons that explode in just two stages. While the addition of third stage increased the explosive power of the thermonuclear, the bomb’s actual yield of 100Mt was reduced by 50% to limit radioactive dust.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Explosion
    Nuclear Explosion Michal Sumberaˇ December 10, 2020 Michal Sumberaˇ Nuclear Explosion December 10, 2020 1 / 11 Literature Our discussion is based on the book Michal Sumberaˇ Nuclear Explosion December 10, 2020 2 / 11 TNT equivalent: Wikipedia TNT equivalent { a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The energy liberated by 1g of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184 J = 1 kcal = 1.163 Wh. 1 kiloton (kt) and megaton (Mt) of TNT are traditional of energy release defined by that convention to be 4.184 TJ (=1.163 kWh) and 4.184 PJ (=1.163 MWh) , which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of 1kg and 1000 kg of TNT, respectively. The kiloton (kt) and megaton (Mt) of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. Using E = mc2 we have 1Mt TNT =46.5 g. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in such other highly destructive events as an asteroid impact. Michal Sumberaˇ Nuclear Explosion December 10, 2020 3 / 11 Nuclear and non-nucleat weapons examples Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples Total yield Weight Weapon (kilotons of R.E. ~ • The relative (kg) TNT) effectiveness (RE) Davy Crockett (nuclear device) 0.022 23 1,000 factor relates an Fat Man (dropped on Nagasaki) A-bomb 20 4600 4,500 explosive's demolition Classic (one-stage) fission A-bomb 22 420 50,000 power to that of TNT, Hypothetical suitcase nuke 2.5 31 80,000 in units of the TNT equivalent/kg Typical (two-stage) nuclear bomb 500–1000 650–1120 900,000 (TNTe/kg).
    [Show full text]
  • Icd-10Causeofdeath.Pdf
    A00 Cholera A00.0 Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae 01, biovar cholerae A00.1 Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae 01, biovar el tor A00.9 Cholera, unspecified A01 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers A01.0 Typhoid fever A01.1 Paratyphoid fever A A01.2 Paratyphoid fever B A01.3 Paratyphoid fever C A01.4 Paratyphoid fever, unspecified A02 Other salmonella infections A02.0 Salmonella gastroenteritis A02.1 Salmonella septicemia A02.2 Localized salmonella infections A02.8 Other specified salmonella infections A02.9 Salmonella infection, unspecified A03 Shigellosis A03.0 Shigellosis due to Shigella dysenteriae A03.1 Shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri A03.2 Shigellosis due to Shigella boydii A03.3 Shigellosis due to Shigella sonnei A03.8 Other shigellosis A03.9 Shigellosis, unspecified A04 Other bacterial intestinal infections A04.0 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection A04.1 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection A04.2 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection A04.3 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection A04.4 Other intestinal Escherichia coli infections A04.5 Campylobacter enteritis A04.6 Enteritis due to Yersinia enterocolitica A04.7 Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile A04.8 Other specified bacterial intestinal infections A04.9 Bacterial intestinal infection, unspecified A05 Other bacterial food-borne intoxications A05.0 Food-borne staphylococcal intoxication A05.1 Botulism A05.2 Food-borne Clostridium perfringens [Clostridium welchii] intoxication A05.3 Food-borne Vibrio parahemolyticus intoxication A05.4 Food-borne Bacillus cereus
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Weapons Databook
    Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume I1 US. Nuclear Warhead Production Nuclear Weapons Databook Volume I1 U.S. Nuclear Warhead Production Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, and Milton M. Hoenig A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. BALLINGER PUBLISHING COMPANY Cambridge, Massachusetts A Subsidiary of Harper &Row,Publishers, Inc Copyright Q 1987 by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher International Standard Book Number: 0-88730-124-X (CL) 0-88730-125-8 (PB) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-24376 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloghgin-Publication Data (Revised for vol 2) Cochran, Thomas B Nuclear weapons databook "A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc " Includes bibliographical references and indexes Contents: v 1 U S nuclear forces and capabilities-v 2 U S nuclear warhead production 1 Nuciear weapons I Arkin, William M I1 Natural Resources Defense Council I Title U264 C6 1984 355 8'25119 82-24376 ISBN 0-88410-172-X (v 1) ISBN 0-88410-178-8 (pbk : v 1) ISBN 0-88730-124-X (v. 2) ISBN 0-88730-125-8 (pbk : v 2) About the Authors About the Authors Thomas B Cochran is a Senior Staff Scientist and gic Affairs (Washington, DC: IPS, 1981), SlOP: The Director of the Nuclear Weapons Databook Project at the
    [Show full text]
  • The Four-Minute Warning Drawing Machine: Revealing the Assemblages of Nuclear Deterrence
    The Four-Minute Warning Drawing Machine: revealing the assemblages of nuclear deterrence Michael Mulvihill Doctor of Philosophy School of Arts and Culture 1st November 2019 ABSTRACT This research sets out to use art practice as a critical method to make the social and cultural production of nuclear weapon systems visible in everyday life experience. The research draws upon a critical framework based on new materialist philosophies that see reality as composed of interacting “machinic” assemblages of affects and more-than-human relationships (DeLanda 2015). These philosophies position active processes, such as artmaking, as tacit ways of making visible “the concrete yet complex materiality of bodies immersed in social relationships of power” (Braidotti 2015), which are otherwise invisible to fixed representational ontology. The artworks that have emerged establish entwined relationships between nuclear weapon manufacture and artmaking by making commonalities between workshop configuration, administrative processes and transportation. Insight has also been drawn from immersive work within the Cold War archives at RAF Fylingdales as the station’s – and the RAF’s – first artist in residence. Unprecedented access was given to the site, which reveals the ballistic missile early warning station’s interconnectivity beyond its barbed wire perimeter. These relationships have been conceptualised as the four-minute warning drawing assemblage comprising interactive social parts that include drawing practices and instruments of deterrence, constantly producing new techno–social worlds and novel arrangements of life beyond normative perception. In doing so, the research makes a contribution to new and urgent debates about nuclear weapons and the emerging risk of nuclear war by providing different and innovative ways of thinking about society and our relationships to the bomb.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Context Statement Sandia National Laboratories California Site
    SAND REPORT SAND2003-0112 Unlimited Release Printed January 2003 Cold War Context Statement Sandia National Laboratories California Site Rebecca A. Ullrich Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94-AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • July 1945 to 31 December 1992
    UNITED STATES NUCLEAR TESTS July 1945 to 31 December 1992 Robert Standish Norris and Thomas B. Cochran Natural Resources Defense Council 1350 New York-Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 783-7800 c 1994 Natural Resources Defense Council 1350 New York Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 783-7800 This working paper summarizes the nuclear tests conducted by the United States! The total number of tests, all conducted between 16 July 1945 through 31 December 1992 are 1051.2 Table 1 lists the tests chronologically and provides some basic information about each. Tables 2, 3, and 4 summarize the tests by type, location, .and purpose. .Table 5 summarizes the tests by year and estimated yield. Seven Figures show the test sites in the Central Pacific and in Nevada. U.S. practice for more than three decades was not to announce all nuclear tests. On 7 December 1993, 204 previously unannounced tests were divulged. Previously 111 of those secret tests had been detected through seismic monitoring, and other means. The monitoring was the result of a close examination of the seismic record by Riley R. Geary of the California Institute of Technology Seismological Laboratory.3 Of the 1051 tests,4 106 took place in the Pacific, three over the South Atlantic, 925 at the Nevada Test Site, and 17 others in various states and Alaska. Of the 215 atmospheric (including five underwater) tests conducted from 1945 through 1963, approximately 220,000 Department of Defense (000) participants, both military and civilian, were present in the Pacific, Atlantic, and continental tests.
    [Show full text]
  • HHDW ICD-10 Code Documentation
    ICD10 Codes and Descriptions Documentation Report This report lists all ICD10 Codes and Descriptions by Category (note multiple pages) ICD10 Category: Accidents (unintentional injuries) Detailed Cause of Death: Accidental discharge of firearms ICD10 Code ICD10 Description W32 Handgun discharge W33 Rifle, shotgun, and larger firearm discharge W34 Discharge from other and unspecified firearms Detailed Cause of Death: Accidental drowning and submersion ICD10 Code ICD10 Description W65 Drowning and submersion while in bathtub W66 Drowning and submersion following fall into bathtub W67 Drowning and submersion while in swimming pool W67.1 Drowning and submersion while in swimming pool ­ residential institution W68 Drowning and submersion following fall into swimming pool W69 Drowning and submersion while in natural water W70 Drowning and submersion following fall into natural water W73 Other specified drowning and submersion W74 Unspecified drowning and submersion ICD10 Codes and Descriptions Documentation Report This report lists all ICD10 Codes and Descriptions by Category (note multiple pages) ICD10 Category: Detailed Cause of Death: Accidental exposure to smoke, fire and flames ICD10 Code ICD10 Description X00 Exposure to uncontrolled fire in building or structure X01 Exposure to uncontrolled fire, not in building or structure X02 Exposure to controlled fire in building or structure X03 Exposure to controlled fire, not in building or structure X04 Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material X05 Exposure to ignition or melting of nightwear
    [Show full text]
  • Weapons of Mass Destruction
    ABC Research Alert Vol 5, Number 1/2017 Published Online: 16 March 2017 http://abcreal.weebly.com/ Weapons of Mass Destruction Ananda Majumdar University of Alberta, Antarctic Institute of Canada This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC). Articles can be read and shared for noncommercial purposes under the following conditions: BY: Attribution must be given to the original source (Attribution) NC: Works may not be used for commercial purposes (Noncommercial) This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. License Deed Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Legal Code Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode ABC Research Alert uses the CC BY-NC to protect the author's work from misuse. Abstract From the perspective of WMD, the purpose of this essay is to explore and understand the violence of the world in the past and at present, discovers ways to reduce violence for the global development. Global development or International development is an interesting topic in Political Science and or International Relations and my favorite therefore I would like to do further studies as PhD as my preparation to gain knowledge and experience. Chemical Weapon, Biological Weapon are not recognized as modern weaponries while various nuclear, thermonuclear and radiological weapons are modern weaponries. Yet recent killing of North Korean President's step brother in Malaysia Airport by Nerve gas reminds that Chemical weapons still exists and used by countries who are not signatory of the convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Weapons Labs and City Growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-2010 Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975 Layne Rochelle Karafantis University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the United States History Commons, and the Urban Studies Commons Repository Citation Karafantis, Layne Rochelle, "Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975" (2010). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1445368 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WEAPONS LABS AND CITY GROWTH: LIVERMORE AND ALBUQUERQUE, 1945-1975 by Layne Rochelle Karafantis Bachelor of Arts San Francisco State University 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History Department
    [Show full text]