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Weapons Labs and City Growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975 UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-2010 Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975 Layne Rochelle Karafantis University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the United States History Commons, and the Urban Studies Commons Repository Citation Karafantis, Layne Rochelle, "Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975" (2010). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1445368 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WEAPONS LABS AND CITY GROWTH: LIVERMORE AND ALBUQUERQUE, 1945-1975 by Layne Rochelle Karafantis Bachelor of Arts San Francisco State University 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2010 Copyright by Layne Rochelle Karafantis 2010 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend the thesis prepared under our supervision by Layne Rochelle Karafantis entitled Weapons Labs and City Growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945- 1975 be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Eugene Moehring, Committee Chair Greg Hise, Committee Member Andrew Kirk, Committee Member David Wrobel, Committee Member Len Zane, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph. D., Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate College May 2010 ABSTRACT Weapons Labs and City Growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975 by Layne Rochelle Karafantis Dr. Eugene P. Moehring, Examination Committee Chair Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis traces the transformation of two cities in the American West: Albuquerque, a medium-sized metropolitan area in the generally low-population state of New Mexico, and Livermore, California, a relatively small town on the fringe of the massive San Francisco Bay Area metropolis. The federal government built nuclear weapons labs in both places after World War II, and as a result, they encountered phenomenal growth. This is not surprising, as authors such as Peter Hall and Ann Markusen have argued that federal installations in the postwar years affected the economies of many western cities. However, this thesis asserts that rural areas in the West were impacted as well. Examination of both of these cities showcases how the military-industrial complex in the postwar years affected local identities and economies. In particular, it provides case studies to better understand the issue of federal dependency in the West. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 LIVERMORE‘S TRANSFORMATION................................................... 13 War Changes Livermore ....................................................................................... 17 Origins of the Lab ................................................................................................. 22 Social Landscape of Livermore in the 1950s ........................................................ 35 CHAPTER 3 NEW CHALLENGES IN THE 1960s AND 1970s .................................. 55 Livermore Lab in the 1960s .................................................................................. 55 Slow Growth and Civil Rights .............................................................................. 58 Full Speed Ahead .................................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER 4 ALBUQUERQUE: SIMILARITIES AND CONTRASTS ....................... 92 Origins of Albuquerque‘s Sandia Lab .................................................................. 93 Growth in the Northeast Heights .......................................................................... 98 Sandia‘s Expansion and Estimates for the Future............................................... 124 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 131 EXHIBITS ...................................................................................................................... 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 147 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 152 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Livermore Statistics in 1940 ........................................................................ 36 Table 2 Livermore Statistics in 1950. ....................................................................... 59 Table 3 Livermore Statistics in 1960. ....................................................................... 71 Table 4 Albuquerque Statistics in 1940. ................................................................... 99 Table 5 Albuquerque Statistics in 1950. ................................................................. 104 Table 6 Albuquerque Statistics in 1960. ................................................................. 118 Table 7 A profile of Sandia Corporation‘s workforce in 1967. .............................. 125 Table 8 Albuquerque‘s population became increasingly well-educated ................ 127 Table 9 Sandia‘s Payroll and Plant Assets, 1965-1975 .......................................... 128 Table 10 1980 Livermore Census Tracts.......………………...…………………….142 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in relation to the Bay Area. ........ 7 Figure 2 Robert Livermore's "Round-the-Horn" house ............................................. 15 Figure 3 The Livermore Naval Air Station ................................................................ 17 Figure 4 Livermore in the 1920s, facing East. ........................................................... 20 Figure 5 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .................................................. 22 Figure 6 The University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore ............... 24 Figure 7 Sandia California facility and staff .............................................................. 31 Figure 8 Sandia National Laboratory in Livermore ................................................... 35 Figure 9 Advertisement for homes in Livermore ....................................................... 40 Figure 10 Livermore's First Street in 1954 ................................................................... 42 Figure 11 Livermore's train depot, pictured here in the 1950s ..................................... 45 Figure 12 Livermore's General Plan in the 1950s ........................................................ 46 Figure 13 The Herald News logo ................................................................................. 52 Figure 14 1966 Land Development Guide ................................................................... 61 Figure 15 Granada village tract homes......................................................................... 62 Figure 16 An aerial view of downtown Livermore in the late 1960s........................... 66 Figure 17 Brochure for newcomers to Livermore ........................................................ 67 Figure 18 The Carnegie Building houses the Livermore Heritage Guild .................... 78 Figure 19 Artist conception of an x-ray laser ............................................................... 82 Figure 20 The Livermore city seal ............................................................................... 90 Figure 21 How Sandia is connected to other defense facilities in the 1950s ............... 96 Figure 22 Expansive land in Albuquerque ................................................................. 106 Figure 23 A typical suburban house in Albuquerque's "Heights" .............................. 108 Figure 24 Real estate ads urged Sandia workers to buy homes ................................. 112 Figure 25 Mobile homes were available near the Bases ............................................ 119 Figure 26 Dale Bellamah was a key figure in the housing boom of the 1950s .......... 121 Figure 27 First Street bustles
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