Pink Propositions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pink Propositions Pink Propositions The Experience of Gay Men in Third Reich Concentration Camps Broc Gantt !1 Broc Gantt HIST:407 Dr. Phillips April 17, 2019 Introduction Hoards of scholarship exists on the Nazi regime and their sadistic concentration and extermination camps, but nevertheless one group seemed to fall through the cracks and go largely unnoticed by academia in the years since the camps were liberated. The men with the pink triangle have been repeatedly looked over and seen by many, it seems, as a group whose history of oppression under this tyrannical regime was something to be whisked aside rather than confronted head on. This practice would be deeply unfair to any group marginalized by such an evil regime, but it is even more unfair that history has focused so little on the experiences of the men who bore pink triangles, given that these men were often treated with a special brand of disgust and contempt by the Nazis. The men who were forced to wear pink triangles were, of course, those identified by the Nazis as “homosexuals”.1 In a system devised by the regime to categorize prisoners based on their alleged offenses, the homosexuals occupied one of the lowest rungs of the ladder; they were beneath violent criminals, political adversaries to the regime, immigrants, “Gypsies”, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and “asocials”.2 Based on 1 Heinz Heger, The men with the pink triangle: the true life-and-death story of homosexuals in the Nazi death camps (Los Angeles: Alyson Books, 1980), 31. 2 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 31. !2 observations of how the men were treated in the Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg camps, it seems as though they were situated on a similar level with the Jews,3 and even that is a questionable assessment, with much evidence suggesting that the Jews were not treated quite as horribly as the homosexuals. It is not difficult to imagine how men who engaged in sex with other men would come to be targeted by a political apparatus which so clearly cherished its assessment of masculinity as a strictly defined, superior trait which all German men should strive to embody and exude. Despite the fact that the Nazis were the ones who began rounding up these men for the sake of imprisoning and (if not converting) exterminating them on account of their sexual orientation, the legal parameters that helped facilitate these transgressions were not put in place by the Nazi regime. Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code had been in place since 1871,4 which outlawed sexual contact between males, and between humans and animals. Even though this law had been in place, it wasn’t strictly enforced for the sake of condemning homosexual conduct between consenting adults.5 In fact, Berlin was seen as a sexually progressive haven in the late Weimar period,6 and there was growing support through social movements for the removal of Paragraph 175 from the penal code.7 However, when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, much of the anti- Paragraph 175 movement was brought to a halt. Prominent members of these 3 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 43. 4 Craig Kaczorowski, “Paragraph 175.” GLBTQ Encyclopedia (2004), 1. 5 Kaczorowski, “Paragraph 175”, 1. 6 Kaczorowski, “Paragraph 175”, 1. 7 Kaczorowski, “Paragraph 175”, 1. !3 campaigns were jailed,8 and their voices silenced by censorship from the Nazi- controlled government.9 The motivation for the Nazis’ animosity towards homosexuals stems, in large part, from their obsessive view of masculinity. For many Nazi leaders, the concept of sex between men was incompatible with their definitions of masculinity on account of the fact that gay sex, by nature, involves one man being penetrated by another which they saw as inherently passive, feminine, and weak.10 As such, the notion of a man willingly subjecting himself to penetration by another man was seen as harmful, not only to that man’s masculinity, but to the concept of masculinity in general, and therefore the stability of the Reich. Efforts to end such practices based on Paragraph 175 were put into place, which gradually increased until the late 1930s, at which time the Schutzstaffel (Hitler’s paramilitary police organization, also referred to as SS men) were conducting investigations to identify and out men who had sex with other men. Subsequently the outed men were placed in concentration camps. It is at this point that the story begins for a young man, whom shall simply be referred to as “Jörg”. Jörg was gracious enough to offer an account of his experience under the Nazi Regime on the condition of anonymity, and his is one of the only accounts available today from a gay man who spent years imprisoned by the Nazis and survived to tell his story. One of the most remarkable elements of Jörg’s story is that not only did he survive two of the Nazis’ sadistic oppression and extermination apparatuses, the 8 "Kurt Hiller, Victim of Nazi ‘Gestapo’, in Serious Condition, Paper Reveals." Jewish Daily Bulletin (New York: October 16, 1933), 3. 9 “Kurt Hiller”, Jewish Daily Bulletin, 3. 10 Richard Plant, The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1986), 89—91. !4 Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg concentration camps, but that he was able to maintain more influence in these situations than many of his fellow prisoners. A variety of factors led Jörg to find himself in positions where, despite the atrocities he endured, he was able to maintain enough of his own willpower and agency to secure more favorable conditions for himself in the camp, gain favor with some of the guards, and ascend to a position of power over some of his fellow prisoners.11 It is imperative to note that despite the advantages Jörg had that other prisoners did not, he was very much still a prisoner and a victim in this situation, subject to the commands and sadistic whims of the SS men. Given this, Jörg’s ascension to the role of Capo (a prisoner selected to lead a group of fellow prisoners during daily activities and work assignments)12 is an even more remarkable feat, especially when one remembers his placement at the bottom of the constructed caste system. This paper seeks to highlight the instances where a person’s sexuality would have played a key role in shaping a their experience, and to note the differences between the experiences of general prisoners and those of gay prisoners. Given the general lack of scholarship on the experiences of same sex-attracted men in the Nazi concentration camps, there has been seemingly no work done by historians to examine how a man like Jörg could rise to the position of a Capo—this paper will specifically hone in on this question, seeking to identify which factors helped establish the course of this man’s remarkable experience to become a Capo. 11 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 90. 12 Nikolaus Wachsmann, Kl: a history of the Nazi concentration camps (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2015), 18. !5 The “Homosexual” KL Experience Initial Arrest, Prison Sentence, and Transport Jörg’s experience began with his arrest in 1939, where he had been summoned to the Gestapo Headquarters, without being given any information regarding the reason for his summoning. Upon his arrival, he was ushered into a room to meet with a cold, impatient man referred to as Herr Doktor, who questioned Jörg and accused him of being “a dirty queer”.13 Jörg denied these accusations, but was presented with evidence in the form of a love letter written on the back of a photograph of he and his lover Fred. Unable to further deny his involvement with Fred, he admitted to having been romantically and sexually involved with him, and was placed under arrest by the now content Herr Doktor. Fred happened to be the son of a prominent Nazi Party member, and Jörg suspects that this is how the Gestapo was able to procure the photograph. He also suspected that Fred’s father was able to utilize his influence to ensure his son’s safety, though this is never confirmed.14 Upon his arrest, he was given an unusually hasty trial, and within two weeks he was on his way to serve a six month prison sentence in Vienna.15 It is important to note that Jörg described his overall experience in the Vienna prison as being structured but not unkind. He notes that the guards treated the prisoners “with perfect correctness”.16 The most impactful event of Jörg’s initial sentence occurs on his first night in custody; 13 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 21. 14 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 24. 15 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 25. 16 Heger, The men with the pink triangle, 25. !6 he endures an experience that will shape his beliefs in the upcoming years and provide a lens through which he will interpret the events happening around himself. The two men with whom Jörg shared a jail cell had heard that he was sentenced for violating Paragraph 175 and made sexual advances towards him, apparently expecting him to reciprocate their interest based on his sexuality.17 Upon Jörg’s angry refusal of their propositions, they insulted him and “the whole brood of queers” who they believed were beneath themselves, and they went on to proclaim their disgust that “the authorities should have put a subhuman such as this in the same cell as two relatively decent people”.18 Later that night, Jörg was appalled when these same two men decided to have sex with one another in the cell.
Recommended publications
  • THE PERSECUTION of HOMOSEXUALS in NAZI GERMANY Kaleb Cahoon HIST 495: Senior Seminar May 1, 2017
    THE PERSECUTION OF HOMOSEXUALS IN NAZI GERMANY Kaleb Cahoon HIST 495: Senior Seminar May 1, 2017 1 On May 6, 1933, a group of students from the College of Physical Education in Berlin arrived early in the morning to raid the office headquarters of the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin. According to a contemporary anonymous report, the invading students “took up a military-style position in front of the house and then forced their way inside, with musical accompaniment… [and then] they smashed down the doors.”1 Once inside, the same group commenced to ransack the place: they “emptied inkwells, pouring ink onto various papers and carpets, and then set about the private bookcases” and then “took with them what struck them as suspicious, keeping mainly to the so-called black list.”2 Later that day, after the students had left “large piles of ruined pictures and broken glass” in their wake, a contingent of Storm Troopers arrived to complete the operation by confiscating nearly ten thousand books that they subsequently burned three days later.3 This raid was part of an overall campaign to purge “books with an un-German spirit from Berlin libraries,” undertaken early in the regime of the Third Reich. Their target, the Institute for Sexual Research founded by the pioneering German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, was one of the premier centers of progressive thought concerning human sexuality – most notably homosexuality – in the world.4 This episode raises a number of questions, including why Nazi leaders deemed this organization to possess “an un-German spirit” that thus warranted a thorough purge so early in the regime.5 The fact that Hirschfeld, like many other leading sexologists in Germany, was Jewish and that many Nazis thus regarded the burgeoning field of “Sexualwissenschaft, or the science of sex,” as “Jewish science” likely 1 “How Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institute for Sexual Science Was Demolished and Destroyed,” (1933) in The Third Reich Sourcebook, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Liberation Was Only for Others'
    70 Years After the Liberation 53 ‘Liberation Was Only For Others’: Breaking the Silence in Germany Surrounding the Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals W. JAKE NEWSOME, State University of New York at Buffalo n the spring of 1939, 22-year old Heinz Heger answered a summons by the local Gestapo in his hometown of Vienna. He was alarmed but could not recall breaking any law or Ipersonally offending any of the Nazi officials that seemed to be everywhere after Germany’s annexation of Austria one year earlier. An hour later, Heger stood before the desk of a Nazi bureaucrat, waiting to hear why he had been called to report. Finally, after an eternity of silence, the SS doctor looked up and spoke: ‘You are a queer, a homosexual, do you admit it?’ Without waiting for a reply, the official slammed shut a file on his desk and shipped Heger off to prison. As it turns out, Heger had indeed broken a law, Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code, which strictly prohibited all homosexual activity between men. After he had served his six month sentence, Heger was immediately transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he stayed until his transfer to the Flossenbürg concentration camp a year later.1 Through it all, Heger managed to keepCOPY a journal, and for the entry dated 23 April 1945, there are only two words: ‘Amerikaner gekommen’ (Americans came).2 After liberation, Heger made his way back to his home in Vienna, where he died in 1994 at the age of 77. Klaus Born, a young man from northwestern Germany, also found himself in trouble with the authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Paragraph 175 by Craig Kaczorowski
    Paragraph 175 by Craig Kaczorowski Encyclopedia Copyright © 2015, glbtq, Inc. Entry Copyright © 2004, glbtq, inc. Reprinted from http://www.glbtq.com Paragraph 175 was the national German law that prohibited sex between men. It was incorporated into the German penal code in 1871. Some 60 years later, when the Nazis rose to power, it was expanded to punish a broad range of "lewd and lascivious" Top: Kaiser Wilhelm I. behavior between men, and was used to justify the incarceration and murder of Above: The entry gates between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexual men in Nazi concentration camps. at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp where many "175ers" Origins were imprisoned during the Nazi era. In 1871, Wilhelm I, King of Prussia was made Emperor of Germany and united the disparate German kingdoms into the federal state that we know today as Germany. That same year he created a constitution and penal code based on the Prussian model. The Prussian code included a law prohibiting sexual contact between members of the same sex, which was punishable by one to four years in prison. This law was adopted unchanged and included in the newly formed German penal code as Paragraph 175. It read: "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of the male sex or by humans with animals is punishable by imprisonment; the loss of civil rights might also be imposed." Several of the states absorbed into the German empire in 1871 possessed more liberal penal codes. These codes were modeled on the Enlightenment principle that men have the right to act as they choose so long as it is consensual and does not harm others.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persecution of Homosexual Foreign Men in Nazi
    The Foreign Men of §175: The Persecution of Homosexual Foreign Men in Nazi Germany, 1937-1945 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Andrea K. Howard April 2016 © Andrea K. Howard. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Foreign Men of §175: The Persecution of Homosexual Foreign Men in Nazi Germany, 1937-1945 by ANDREA K. HOWARD has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Mirna Zakic Assistant Professor of History Robert A. Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HOWARD, ANDREA K., M.A., April 2016, History The Foreign Men of §175: The Persecution of Homosexual Foreign Men in Nazi Germany, 1937-1945 Director of Thesis: Mirna Zakic This thesis examines foreign men accused of homosexuality in Nazi Germany. Most scholarship has focused solely on German men accused of homosexuality. Court records from the General State Prosecutor’s Office of the State Court of Berlin records show that foreign homosexual men were given lighter sentences than German men, especially given the context of the law and the punishments foreigners received for other crimes. This discrepancy is likely due to Nazi confusion about homosexuality, the foreign contribution to the German war effort, issues of gender, and because these men were not a part of any German government, military, or all-male organizations. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely thank those who were most helpful to me as I researched, wrote, and edited this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Homosexuality in German Cinema: the Lurid Ride Through The
    MALE HOMOSEXUALITY IN GERMAN CINEMA: THE LURID RIDE THROUGH THE WEST AND THE DISCRETE CRUISE THROUGH THE EAST Serene Tseng HIS 196G ­ Modern Germany and Europe June 8, 2016 and April 3, 2017 (minor revisions, photographs added) Tseng 1 1 Introduction and Background 2 2 The German Empire 4 3 The Weimar Republic 6 4 National Socialist Germany and World War II 9 5 The Postwar Division of Berlin 12 5.1 Ideologies 13 5.2 Trajectories of the Fate of Paragraph 175 15 6 The Postwar Years: Divided Postwar Attitudes Towards Homosexuality 17 6.1 The “Corrupting Homosexual” Teacher 17 6.2 The (Un)Importance of Being Covert 18 6.3 Family and Relationship Values 22 6.4 We All Face Similar Obstacles 25 7 Conclusion 27 Bibliography 29 Tseng 2 1 Introduction and Background Although the motion picture company UFA ( Universum­Film AG ) was initially formed in late 1917 with the intention of competing with foreign film companies as well as functioning as an arm of propaganda1, the postwar UFA productions shifted in direction towards that of popular and public appeal. Kickstarted with the formation of UFA, the rise of German cinema as a modern form of artistic expression paved the way for film to become an outlet for the reflection, discussion, and criticism of German society. The films’ thematic content included focusing on the lives of those marginalized in society, and within that small subset, the topic of homosexuality had already started to be directly addressed nearly a hundred years ago. Male homosexuality became criminalized in 1871 under Paragraph 175 of the criminal code following the formation of the German Reich, but the trends of attitudes towards homosexuality were both still followed and reflected in German films produced in the periods spanning the Weimar Republic, to the divide of the two Berlins, until right up to the night the Berlin Wall fell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persecution of Homosexual Men and the Politics of Amends
    4 Justice at Last: The Persecution of Homosexual Men and the Politics of Amends On June 22, 2017, the German Bundestag passed the Act on the Criminal Reha- bilitation of Persons Sentenced for Consensual Homosexual Acts after 8 May 1945 (StrRehaHomG), or Rehabilitation Act (BT PLP 18/240 2017). The Act re- pealed convictions under Paragraphs 175 and 175a of the FRG Criminal Code and Paragraph 151 of the GDR Criminal Code that were issued after 8 May 1945 in what became the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, respectively. It rehabilitated men who had been convicted by Ger- man courts of consensual homosexual acts after the end of the Nazi regime1. Furthermore, it granted a right to reparations in the amount of 3,000 Euros per conviction plus 1,500 Euros per year or part thereof that those affected spent in custody. Later, the right to reparations was also extended to men who had been charged with homosexual acts but not convicted. The Act was hailed by the government and the public alike as a major move to end discrimination against homosexuals and provide justice for those who had suffered from it in the past. The Federal Minister of Justice at the time, Heiko Maas, called the convictions “iniquities of the constitutional state” (Schandtaten des Rechtsstaates) (SZ 2017), maintaining: “From today’s viewpoint, the former convictions are blatantly wrong. They deeply violate the human dignity of every person convicted” (SZ 2017). The Federal Family Minister, Manuela Schwesig, added that the Act was an “important signal for all ho- mosexuals in Germany that discrimination and prejudice against them have no place in our society today or in the future” (SZ 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Pink and Black Triangles Using the Personal Stories of Survivors
    Ota-Wang,1 Nick J. Ota-Wang The 175ers. Pink & Blank Triangles of Nazi Germany University of Colorado Colorado Springs Dr. Robert Sackett This is an unpublished paper. Please request permission by author before distributing. 1 Ota-Wang,2 Introduction The Pink, and Black Triangles. Today, most individuals and historians would not have any connection with these two symbols. Who wore what symbol? The Pink Triangle was worn by homosexual men. The Black Triangles was worn by homosexual women. For many in Nazi Germany during World War II these symbols had a deep, personal, and life changing meaning. The Pink Triangles and the Black Triangles were the symbols used by the Nazis to “label” homosexual (same sex loving) men and women who were imprisoned in the concentration camps123. For the purposes of examining this history, the binary of male and female will be used, as this is the historically accurate representation of the genders persecuted and imprisoned in the concentration camps and in general by the Nazis during World War II, and persisted in post- World War II Germany. No historical document or decision has been discovered by any historian on why the Nazis chose certain colors of triangles to “label” certain populations. In an email correspondence with the Office of the Senior Historian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, some insight into why triangles were chosen can be addressed through the Haftgrund or reason for their arrest. 4 The Triangle was chosen because of the similarity to the danger signs in Germany.5 The Nazi party and many Germans did see Homosexuals as a danger to society and the future of Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • The Other Side of the Pink Triangle: Still a Pink Triangle Christine L
    The Other Side of the Pink Triangle: Still a Pink Triangle Christine L. Mueller October 24, 1994 In the SS, today, we still have about one case of homosexuality a month. In a whole year, about eight to ten cases occur in the entire SS. I have now decided upon the following: In each case, these people will naturally be publicly degraded, expelled, and handed over to the courts. Following completion of the punishment imposed by the courts, they will be sent, by my order, to a concentration camp, and they will be shot in the concentration camp, while attempting to escape. -Heinrich Himmler, 18 February 1937 (1) Thus Heinrich Himmler, the man most likely to succeed Adolf Hitler as Fuehrer in 1945, once again escalated the war on sexual behavior that did not conform to male heterosexual supremacy, an ideal he linked to winning the world race war of survival. "A people of good race which has many children has the candidature for world power and world domination. A people of good race which has too few children has a one-way ticket to the grave . ." he admonished the SS in one of his four-hour lectures. (2) Two years earlier, on the anniversary of his successful ambush and murder of Ernst Roehm, SA chief and Himmler's former, deeply hated commanding officer, Himmler had secured Hitler's approval of a revision of the law, unchanged since the founding of a united Germany in l871, that set prison terms for homosexual acts. Paragraph l75a, as it was called until it was repealed in 1968/69 (3), now additionally criminalized eight new acts, attitudes, intentions, and reveries, apart from sex itself, and punished them with draconian sentences of three to ten years' incarceration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Historian Tacitus Reports That the Germanic Tribes
    Student/Teacher Copy TIMELINE OF GERMAN LGBT HISTORY Prepared by Jim Steakley, Department of German, UW-Madison for GSAFE 98 – The Roman historian Tacitus reports that the Germanic tribes execute homosexuals (corpores infames, “those who disgracefully abuse their bodies”) and sink them into swamps. Remains of several such corpses have been found in the peat bogs of Denmark and northern Germany and are now exhibited in museums. Some had been strangled to death prior to being sunk in the bogs, while others were apparently drowned alive. ca. 500 – The Germanic tribes living south of Scandinavia gradually convert to Christianity and find their homophobic outlook confirmed by the Roman Catholic condemnation of homosexuality. Yet the Germans do not adopt the church- inspired edicts promulgated in 342 and 390 by Christian Roman emperors, who had called for burning homosexuals at the stake. Instead, the Germans maintain their own legal practices, which rely on oral tradition. ca. 800 – Invoking biblical sources, several admonitions and injunctions against homosexual acts are promulgated in the Holy Roman Empire established by the Frankish king Charlemagne. His son and successor Louis the Pious is especially homophobic, blaming Noah’s Flood on homosexuals and endorsing St. Paul’s call for the death penalty (Rom.1:27-32). ca. 900 – In still-pagan Viking society, calling a man a homosexual (arg, “effeminate, cowardly”) is a slur that requires the offended individual to challenge his insulter to a duel. Failure to respond to the libel brings not just dishonor but also the legal status of “outlawry,” which allows anyone to stalk and slay the insulted man without penalty.
    [Show full text]
  • 1942 Other Victims of Nazi Crimes Scenario
    OTHER VICTIMS subject OF NAZI CRIMES Context8. According to the Nazi ideology, Jews into two categories: ‘worthy’ individuals constituted the greatest threat to Ger- (enjoying full civic rights) and those man society and racial purity. For this rea- ‘useless’ not only denied equal rights, but son, their rights were gradually limited with primarily the right to live. isolation in designated areas after the war broke out. Then, they were murdered in death Several months after the Nazis gained power, camps and other murder sites. a law was enacted on 14 July 1933 ‘to prevent the birth of offspring with hereditary diseases’. However, Jews were not the only group persecuted Over time, that regulation was used to forcibly by the Nazis. Even before the Second World War sterilise people with mental illnesses and those had begun, they sought to ‘purify’ German society suffering from epilepsy, deafness, blindness and from all ‘racially different’ groups (to which Sinti physical deformities. That group also included and Roma belonged, alongside Jews), as well as alcohol addicts, who were subject forced persons with physical disabilities, mental-health sterilisation. According to estimates, between difficulties and ones considered to be anti-social. 200,000 and 380,000 persons underwent the The last-mentioned group included homosexuals treatment pursuant to that law by 1938. However, and prostitutes and, given their nomadic lifestyle, no attempts were made to murder them before Sinti and Roma. Political opponents (mainly the Second World War. A certain type of exception socialists and communists as well as various and impulse toward adopting such a decision later union and social activists opposed to the Nazis) in the autumn of 1939 was a certain Kretschmar constituted a separate category.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany by Alex Hunnicutt
    Germany by Alex Hunnicutt Encyclopedia Copyright © 2015, glbtq, Inc. Entry Copyright © 2004, glbtq, inc. Reprinted from http://www.glbtq.com Although Germany did not formally become a nation until 1871, German culture and homosexuality have a long and significant history. Indeed the very word, "homosexual" was coined in what would later become Germany. While Germany, until recently, never officially accepted or welcomed members of the glbtq community, numerous homosexual men, often very highly-placed, managed to thrive in late nineteenth- century and early twentieth-century Germany. Furthermore, between the two World Wars, Germany became home to one of the most vibrant--even flagrant--glbtq communities ever seen before Stonewall. While that brief flowering unfortunately fell prey to the rise of Hitler and his henchmen, Top: Germany and beginning in the 1980s and 1990s there was a significant resurgence of glbtq culture in neighboring countries in Germany and an improvement of conditions for gay men and lesbians. 2004. Center: A uniform Germany's relationship with its glbtq citizens has been ambivalent. One might bearing a pink triangle that was worn by a characterize it as an early manifestation of a "Don't ask, don't tell" policy wherein prisoner at the much latitude was afforded as long as no one talked too much about it or no one Sachsenhausen forced officials to take action against it. Other than during the overtly repressive Nazi concentration camp. regime, Germans have seemed content to turn a blind eye to consensual sexual Above: Revelers behavior, while simultaneously maintaining rigorously anti-homosexual laws that were celebrate Christopher Street Day in Berlin in occasionally, and arbitrarily, enforced.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust Capstone Research Essay[1]
    1 “I returned a ghost; I remained a ghost:”i -The Enduring Persecution of Queerness in Germany from Hitler to Adenauer Parker Manek The Holocaust Capstone Dr. Ward 5-7-2014 2 “An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex or by humans with animals is punishable by imprisonment; the loss of civil rights might also be imposed.”ii -Paragraph 175 On the eighteenth of February, 1937 Heinrich Himmler addressed an S.S. guard audience at Bad Tolz, Bavaria. His speech there expressed the concerns of the Third Reich regarding homosexuality, in the sense that it undermined the “generative power” of the nation; men sleeping with men produced no new reinforcements for the Nazi war machine. The persecution of any dissenter to the Nazi cause was pervasive, and the persecution of gay men was especially harsh and continued into the 1960s through augmentation of Nazi law codes. This allowed the codified language of the Third Reich to be implemented in the Holocaust, survive through the Cold War, past the Wall, and even into German Reunification. Homosexuality served as a scapegoat for German failure and trauma. Especially, effeminate homosexuals were seen as a threat to the state, Fascist and Democratic alike, for their gender non-conformity. This lack of conformity threatened the Nazi conception of defined gender space in which sexual and gender roles were aligned with conventional sex to serve the Reich in a common goal: world domination through procreation. As Judith Butler states, “for bodies to cohere and make sense, there must be a stable sex expressed through stable gender…that is oppositionally and hierarchically defined through the compulsory practice of heterosexuality”iii Nazi ideologies regarding homophobia were focused in the 3 practice of heterosexuality for the state.
    [Show full text]