Poland's Higher Education and Science System
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Peer Review Poland’s Higher Education and Science system 1 Peer Review of Poland’s Higher Education and Science System European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate A — Policy Development and Coordination Unit A4 — Analysis and monitoring of national research and innovation policies Contact (H2020 PSF Peer Review of Poland): Diana SENCZYSZYN, Coordinator of the Peer Review, Unit A4 - [email protected] Román ARJONA, Chief Economist and Head of Unit A4 - [email protected] Contact (H2020 PSF coordination team): Román ARJONA, Chief Economist and Head of Unit A4 - [email protected] Stéphane VANKALCK, PSF Head of Sector, Unit A4 - Sté[email protected] Diana SENCZYSZYN, PSF Team Leader, Unit A4 - [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Manuscript completed in September 2017. This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 PDF ISBN 978-92-79-70766-7 doi: 10.2777/193011 KI-AX-17-011-EN-N © European Union, 2017. Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Cover Image © Eurotop.be 2017 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Peer Review Poland’s Higher Education and Science System Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility Written by the independent panel of experts and national peers National peers Göran Marklund (Sweden) Christian Naczinsky (Austria) Ward Ziarko (Belgium) Independent experts Georg Winckler (chair, Austria) Jaana Puukka (rapporteur, Finland) Jon File (Netherlands) Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen (Denmark) Göran Melin (Sweden) 2017 Directorate-General for Research and Innovation EN Table of Contents ABOUT THE PSF PEER REVIEW EXPERT PANEL .................................................. 7 KEY POLICY MESSAGES ............................................................................... 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................. 13 1 INTRODUCTION, AIM AND METHODOLOGY .................................... 27 1.1 Policy Support Facility .................................................... 27 1.2 Context ........................................................................ 27 1.3 Aim and focus areas of the Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility Peer Review ........................................... 29 1.4 Methodology ................................................................. 30 1.5 Follow-up to the Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility Peer Review .................................................................. 31 2 CONTEXT .................................................................................. 32 2.1 Introduction ................................................................. 32 2.2 The socio-economic situation .......................................... 32 2.3 Governance of the research and innovation system ............ 36 2.4 Higher education institutions and students ........................ 39 2.4.1 Higher education spending ............................... 40 2.4.2 Declining demand for paid higher education is a financial burden on families and equity ......... 42 2.4.3 Labour market relevance ................................. 42 2.5 Science system ............................................................. 44 2.5.1 Universities .................................................... 47 2.5.2 Other public research organisations ................... 48 2.6 Innovation in the economy ............................................. 49 2.7 Links between higher education, the science system and the economy ........................................................... 52 2.8 Human resources for research and innovation .................... 54 3 REFORM OF THE POLISH HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENCE LANDSCAPE .............................................................................. 58 3.1 Diversification of higher education institutions into three institutional types .................................................. 58 3.1.1 Options for the diversification process ................ 59 3.1.2 The case for vocational higher education ............ 60 3.1.3 The keys to developing a successful diversified higher education system ................... 61 3.2 Selection of a small number of universities as ‘flagship universities’ .................................................................. 63 3.3 Reducing the number of higher education institutions through a consolidation process ....................................... 65 3.4 Public research institutes outside the university sector ........ 68 3.4.1 Reorganising the research institutes .................. 70 3.4.2 PAN research institutes .................................... 71 3.5 Recommendations on higher education and science landscape reform .......................................................... 72 3.6 Learning models ............................................................ 76 3.6.1 Universities of Applied Science in the Netherlands ................................................... 76 3.6.2 Dual universities in Germany: DHBW and DHGE ............................................................ 76 3.6.3 German Excellence Initiative ............................ 77 3.6.4 Higher education mergers in Finland and Wales: targets, funding, time frame and autonomy ...................................................... 78 4 KEY FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS .................................................... 80 4.1 Governance of public higher education institutions ............. 80 4.1.1 Autonomy, governance and management in public higher education institutions in Poland .......................................................... 81 4.1.2 Recommendations on the governance of public HEIs .................................................... 84 4.1.3 Learning model .............................................. 85 4.2 Funding ....................................................................... 86 4.2.1 Current spending and potential waste of resources ...................................................... 86 4.2.2 Resource allocation through a funding formula ......................................................... 88 4.2.3 Resource allocation through competition ............ 93 4.2.4 Performance agreements and performance- based contracts .............................................. 96 4.2.5 Higher education cost sharing and diversification of funding .................................. 97 4.2.6 Recommendations on funding ......................... 100 4.2.7 Learning models ........................................... 103 4.3 Human resources, doctoral training and career system ..... 108 4.3.1 Doctoral training system ................................ 109 4.3.2 Industrial doctorates ..................................... 110 4.3.3 Career system in higher education and science ........................................................ 111 4.3.4 Developing a supportive career system ............ 114 4.3.5 Recommendations on human resources ........... 118 4.3.6 Learning models ........................................... 121 4.4 Quality assurance and evaluation ................................... 125 4.4.1 Poland’s quality assurance and evaluation actors ......................................................... 125 4.4.2 Challenges in the quality assurance and evaluation system ......................................... 127 4.4.3 Recommendations on quality assurance and evaluations .................................................. 128 4.4.4 Learning model ............................................ 131 5 THIRD MISSION AND LINKS BETWEEN HIGHER EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY .................................................... 132 5.1 Third mission .............................................................. 132 5.2 Science-business interaction ......................................... 132 5.2.1 Science-business results in Poland .................. 134 5.2.2 Ownership of IPR from government-funded research ...................................................... 136 5.3 Higher Education Institutions in local and regional development ............................................................... 138 5.4 Financing pro-innovation activities ................................. 143 5.5 Balancing research and innovation policy ........................ 146 5.6 Recommendations on higher education’s third mission and links with industry and society ................................. 148 5.7 Learning models .......................................................... 152 5.7.1 Fraunhofer’s IP strategy ................................ 152 5.7.2 Entrepreneurial universities in different contexts ...................................................... 153 5.7.3 Competence Centres in Sweden and the example of CHARMEC .................................... 155 5.7.4 Wind-power industry in Denmark .................... 156 5.7.5 The Norwegian tax credit ............................... 157 6 INTERNATIONALISATION .........................................................