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An Aeent Iiierarchy in Some Coast Salisli Languages Eloise Jelinek

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An Aeent Iiierarchy in Some Coast Salisli Languages Eloise Jelinek 31 32 An Aeent Iiierarchy in Some Coast Salisli Languages - -An Aeent Ilierarchr in Some Coast Salish Languages Eloise Jelinek University of ,\rizona, Tucson Richard A. Demers Eloise Jelinek Dear Colleagues, Richard A. Demers The following paper is an account of :;aps (non-occurring University of Arizona, Tucson sentences) in transitive and passive sentences in certain Coast 0. Introduction Saliah languages. The account makes reference to an agent hier- 1. The A~entIIierarchy and Pri-ativity archy, a different form of which appears in the languages we con- 2. Lummi sidered (Lummi, ~lallam.Halkomelem, Lushootseed, and Squamish). 3. Squamish The question immediately arises, then, as to how pervasive this 4. Lushootseed phenomenon may be in Salisll in general. Since :iootka apparently 5. Conclusions has a similar feature ("Inverse person narking in Nootkan". Whistler (1980), ns.),there is a possibility that the agency hierarchy is an 0. Introduction. Studies of -any of the Coast Salish lanppa~eshave areal feature. Since we haven't yet been able to get a hold of revealed certain classic problems in the analysis of active (transitive) Whistler's paper, we don't yet know how similar the Nootkan features sentences and their passive counterparts.' These problems stem iron the may be to the Salish features. If the Interior Salish languages have fact that there are caps in the transitive and passive verb paradips, similar agency properties, the source of the areal feature on the and suppletion between tkem. A question which has arisen is: can a sen- Coast may be Salistl. tence be termed "passive" if it has no transitive counterpart? In We would therefore be interested in hearing from you at the Squamish. for example, transitive sentences with a second person pro- Salish Conference regarding the following facts concerning languages nominal patient (the msn helys you) are excluded, and a passive sentence in which you have expertise: (pu are helped by the nan> ~ustbe employed. Across Innmeyes, nassive 1) Are there any gaps in the transitive and passive sentence sentences have been described as constructions that make it possible to paradigms? If so, what are they? state that some patient has been affected by some action, without 2) Are there any restrictions on the order of full noun phrases? identifying the acent of thot action. Yet in Lushootseed, for exarple, That is, can inanimate nouns serve as subjects of sentences it is possible to specify a full noun agent (i.e., not a prononinal with animate or human objects? (e.g. The rock hit the man) scent) only by employ in^ a passive construction, if the natient is also Thank you. Eloise Jelinek a full noun. These problems in the analysis of a variety of Coast Richard Ijemers 33 2) Lummi passive sentences Salish lansages h~vebeen pointed out by Hess (1973), Thompson and a-1 ' 'You are b-1 'I am know All Thompson (1971). Hukari (1976a), and Kuipers (1967) among others. known by me' by you' the Coast Salish languages apparently exclude certain transitive and a-2 'It is known b-2 * 'It is known by me' by you' passive sentence types, but it is of interest that the particular sen- a-3 ' 'The man is b-3 'The man is tence types vary with each language. What is im~ortanthere is that the known by me' known by you' paradigm gaps are not lexically determined; that is. they do not reflect verb classes or specific verbs that are excluded from either transitive c-1 +i-t-q-san/ 'I/you are d-1 xbi-t-q-sari/ yo you are 6xW known' (by sxW a ca known by or passive sentences, as is frequently the case in other language someone swoy9qa9 the man' families. The excluded sentence tynes may be characterized syntac- c-2 $i-t-q 'It is known' d-2 +i-t-rl *Itie know (by someone) a ca svay9qa3 by the tically, with reference to the argument types thnt can occur with the man' transitive or intransitive verb of the sentence.2 Consider the follow- , c-3 zEi-t-q ca 'The man is d-3 Sci-t-q ca 'The boy is swa y'qa3 known' (by swipq6'aZ a known by ing (main clause) transitive and passive paradips from Lummi: I someone) ca sway-qa' the man' 1) Lummi transitive sentences In (11, -t is the transitivizing suffix. In (2), -9 is an intransi- a-1 xsi-t-oqas-san 'I know you' b-1 $i-t-oq--sxV #YOU know tivizing suffix; sentences with -t and -3 have a passive interpretation. me ' In cia-1) and lb-l), -*is an undifferentiated pronominal suffix for a-2 $1-t-san 'I know it' b-2 +i-t-sxW 'You know it' both first and second person sinplnr accusative. In (la) -sari marks a-3 #i-t-san ca I1 know the b-3 $i-t-sxW ca 'YOU know first percon nominiltlve, and -& (lh) marks second person nominative. sway7qa3 man' evay3qa9 the man' Both nominative and accusative third person prononinal are not overtly c-1 ' 'ile/she knous d-1 ' 'The man perked; the 5 suffix in (lc) and (ld; will be accounted for below. The you/me ' knows me/ you' underlined fipaces in (1)and (2) show the excluded sentence tgpes in the c-2 $1-t-6 'He/she knows d-2 'The man transitive and passive paradigms in Lunmi. Note thnt the speaker can it' know8 him' choose between an active sentence or its passive counterpart only %hen c-3 $i-t-s ca 'He/she knows d-3 $1-t-s ca svav7qa3 ca sway"qa7 the man' suiqqo9a~ the transitive sentence has third prrfion arflurento. There is a question. 'The man knows the boy' then, as to whether ths contrast between active versus passive sentences is relevant in sentences containinr first and second Derson armnents. We will return to this question in section 5, below. 35 36 In this article we will survey transitive and passive verb pnra- patient arqment of a transitive verb end the subject of an intransitive dims in sone Salish lan~uages,and offer an explanation for the verb receive the same case marking (absolutive), while the agent areu- paradiepi gaps and the si~ppletionhetween them in terms of a gramm~tical ment of a transitive verb receives a different case marking (ergative), feature shared by these lanpages: the atent hierarchy. An agent as shown in Fiwe 1: hierarchy in a 1anp;uage defines the rank of various elements that may serve as agents in transitive sentences; these rules require that the -- Transitive Agent Patient Lrent Patient, / element of kighest rank in the agent hierarchy in a sentence be the ,/' Intransitive Subject / S::hject /" subject of that sentence. in a transitive sentence, the agent is sub- I_- /..- . ,,,' ject; in a passive sentence, the single non-oblique armrnent is subject. Figure 1 Any tr3nsitive or passive sentence where the subject is not the element Some 1anp;uages do not nark case, but have ergative marking on verbs; of hiphest rank in the sentence is excluded. We will show that the this is the siti~ationin some of the Salish lnn$uages discussed here. apent hierarchy accounts also for another often-noted attribute shared In order to discuss this ercative marking on verbs, we will need first by those languages: the fact that in transitive sentences with a single to nake reference to the notion of an er~ativesplit. Dixon (1979) full notin ar~~nent,that full noun is always internreted as patient. emohasizes that lansin~estermed erpative iysniably show sone Finally, i.e will show the corJection between the ncent hierarchy and nominative/accusative features as well as erczitive/absolutive features. another rrannatical feature conron to these lanma~es: er~ativity. either in case-marking or in verbal inflectior.. For example, in Dyirbal, 1. The !.Tent 3ierarchy and Ermtivity. We ray define er~ativity pronoun6 show n~minative/nccusative rnarkinr, *'L.ile nouns show erptive/ hriefly as follows: Transitive verbs sre two-place predicates: t\ey absolutive mrkin~;thin kind of erytive srllt is t:-picnl of er~ative have an apent and a patient =;-u~ent. Intransitive verbs (a class which lnnwnges. Silverstein (1976) proposed a f-r.ctionn1 (or semantic) includes passives) are one-olnce pre,:icntes; they have a single non- explanation of such erFative splits; he shci-ec: -l:?t it is possible to oblique ~rr~nent,the subject. In noninntive/accusative case markine specify certain semantic features hv neans cf which various terns that systnn:;, '.he scent zr,-u-~?r.t cf R transitive verb and t!:e subject ar~ncnt may function 8s verbal arrunentn nnv he ranked ?;cording to the likeli- of nn intransitive verb rccel-ie tte sri-e cane -nrking (nominative), while hood of their servin~as arents in transitire :lauses. In conversation, th~?:stlent arvment of a transitive verb receives a different case the speaker nnd hearer are respectively flrst snc second nerson. They markin,: (accusative). In er~ative/absolutive case narkinp; systems, the are animate beings who see themsrlves as rossessed of a will and at 37 that certain constructions in Lumi and Lushootseed have ergative nroper- least to some extent in control over their actions; therefore, the ties. In all these languages, an er~ativesplit with respect to person probability of first or second person appearing as agent in a sentence appears. We will look at the Lumi case first. is very high. In discourse, reference is made to third persons, beings, and objects some of which are inanimate and non-volitional, and there- 2.
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