Chemistry 102 - Experiment 2
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Cyclohexane Oxidation Continues to Be a Challenge Ulf Schuchardt A,∗, Dilson Cardoso B, Ricardo Sercheli C, Ricardo Pereira A, Rosenira S
Applied Catalysis A: General 211 (2001) 1–17 Review Cyclohexane oxidation continues to be a challenge Ulf Schuchardt a,∗, Dilson Cardoso b, Ricardo Sercheli c, Ricardo Pereira a, Rosenira S. da Cruz d, Mário C. Guerreiro e, Dalmo Mandelli f , Estevam V. Spinacé g, Emerson L. Pires a a Instituto de Qu´ımica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil b Depto de Eng. Qu´ımica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil c College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA d Depto Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45650-000 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil e Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil f Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Qu´ımicas, PUC-Campinas, 13020-904 Campinas, SP, Brazil g Sup. Caracterização Qu´ımica, IPEN, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Received 3 October 2000; received in revised form 21 December 2000; accepted 28 December 2000 Abstract Many efforts have been made to develop new catalysts to oxidize cyclohexane under mild conditions. Herein, we review the most interesting systems for this process with different oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and molecular oxygen. Using H2O2, Na-GeX has been shown to be a most stable and active catalyst. Mesoporous TS-1 and Ti-MCM-41 are also stable, but the use of other metals such as Cr, V, Fe and Mo leads to leaching of the metal. Homogeneous systems based on binuclear manganese(IV) complexes have also been shown to be interesting. When t-BuOOH is used, the active systems are those phthalocyanines based on Ru, Co and Cu and polyoxometalates of dinuclear ruthenium and palladium. -
United States Patent C Patented Aug
3,336,412 United States Patent C Patented Aug. 15, 1967 1 2 3,336,412 tion reaction can be eliminated by the addition of a halogen PRODUCTION OF UNSATURATED HYDROCAR gas to the reaction mixture. In one preferred embodiment BGNS BY PYROLYSIS 0F SATURATED HY it has now been discovered that the addition of chlorine DROCARBONS to a mixture of methane and oxygen increases the yield of Richard Kenneth Lyon, Elizabeth, and William Bartok, acetylene and eliminates the need for preheating‘ the West?eld, N.J., assignors to Esso Research and Engi neering Company, a corporation of Delaware methane and oxygen reactants. While not wishing to be No Drawing. Filed June 29, 1964, Ser. No. 379,031 bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the ad_ 8 Claims. (Cl. 260-679) dition of chlorine promotes the formation of acetylene in the reaction 3H2+C2<:>2CH4 by formation of HCl This invention relates ‘to an improved process for the 10 thereby driving the reaction in accordance with familiar pyrolysis of certain saturated hydrocarbons to obtain un principles of equilibrium reaction. Furthermore, the re saturated hydrocarbons. More particularly, this invention action H2+Cl2—>2HCl is exothermic and therefore adds relates to the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons additional heat to the reaction. The utilization of chlorine by partial combustion of saturated hydrocarbons. In a pre gas with the unsaturated hydrocarbon-oxygen mixture ferred embodiment, this invention relates to the produc 15 possesses a further advantage in that the halogen gas will tion of acetylene by partial combustion of hydrocarbons not react with the unsaturated hydrocarbon as will water, such as methane. -
Studies of the Temporary Anion States of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by Electron Transmission Spectroscopy
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Paul Burrow Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 1978 Studies of the Temporary Anion States of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by Electron Transmission Spectroscopy Kenneth D. Jordan Paul Burrow Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicsburrow Part of the Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paul Burrow Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. digitalcommons.unl.edu Studies of the Temporary Anion States of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by Electron Transmission Spectroscopy Kenneth D. Jordan Mason Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Paul D. Burrow Behlen Laboratory of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 The concept of occupied and unoccupied orbitals has provided a useful means for visualizing many of the most important properties of mo- lecular systems. Yet, there is a curious imbalance in our experimen- tal knowledge of the energies of occupied and unoccupied orbitals. Whereas photoelectron spectroscopy has provided a wealth of data on positive ion states and has established that they can be associated, within the context of Koopmans’ theorem, with the occupied orbitals of the neutral molecule, the corresponding information for the neg- ative ion states, associated with the normally unoccupied orbitals, is sparse. In part this reflects the experimental difficulties connected with measuring the electron affinities of molecules which possess sta- ble anions. -
MODULE 11: GLOSSARY and CONVERSIONS Cell Engines
Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines CONTENTS 11.1 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 11-31 11.3 CONVERSION TABLE .......................................................................................... 11-33 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines OBJECTIVES This module is for reference only. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 PAGE 11-1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS 11.1 Glossary This glossary covers words, phrases, and acronyms that are used with fuel cell engines and hydrogen fueled vehicles. Some words may have different meanings when used in other contexts. There are variations in the use of periods and capitalization for abbrevia- tions, acronyms and standard measures. The terms in this glossary are pre- sented without periods. ABNORMAL COMBUSTION – Combustion in which knock, pre-ignition, run- on or surface ignition occurs; combustion that does not proceed in the nor- mal way (where the flame front is initiated by the spark and proceeds throughout the combustion chamber smoothly and without detonation). ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure shown on the pressure gauge plus at- mospheric pressure (psia). At sea level atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Use absolute pressure in compressor calculations and when using the ideal gas law. See also psi and psig. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE – Temperature scale with absolute zero as the zero of the scale. In standard, the absolute temperature is the temperature in ºF plus 460, or in metric it is the temperature in ºC plus 273. Absolute zero is referred to as Rankine or r, and in metric as Kelvin or K. -
Chem 267. Cyclohexene. (Revised 7/10). in This Experiment You Will
Chem 267. Cyclohexene. (revised 7/10). In this experiment you will synthesize cyclohexene and purify it by distillation. You will check the purity and identity of the product by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). You will also do some simple chemical tests which distinguish alkenes from alkanes. Review the chapter on distillation and your notes from the distillation experiment. The "Things to Watch Out For in Distillations" listed for the distillation experiment are common to this distillation as well. As always, use care when inserting the thermometer into the thermometer adaptor. Hold the thermometer close to the adaptor and push and twist gently. Breakage could result in a serious injury. Check for frayed connectors and cracked flasks. Cyclohexene has a disagreeable odor, characteristic of volatile alkenes. Allow the apparatus to cool before disassembling it in the hood, and dispose of the wastes in the hood in the PROPER CONTAINERS (see below). Rinse the apparatus with a LITTLE acetone and dispose of that in the Nonhalogenated Liquid Waste container. CAUTION: cyclohexene is very flammable. Handle phosphoric acid with care. It is corrosive to tissue. If your skin comes into contact with phosphoric acid, wash the contaminated area immediately with water, then soap and water. Clean up spills immediately using the sodium bicarbonate in the hood. Do the Prelab Exercise on p. 334 (a model of a flow sheet is on p. 142). This is something to do for all synthesis experiments. Also always prepare a table of reactants and products such as that shown in the handout, “Sample Notebook and Report”. -
25WORDS ETHYLENE Ethylene, C2H4 ,Is an Unsaturated
25WORDS ETHYLENE Ethylene, C2H4 ,is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is used in industrial plants and sometimes as a hormone in an average medicine cabinet. It also is the most globally produced organic compound in the world. Ethylene, C2H4, is a hydrocarbon gas that is widely used in the world's industry for purposes like ripening fruit, making detergents, and for making soda. It is also highly flammable and colorless. Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, composed of four hydrogen atoms bound to a pair of carbon atoms by means of a double bond. Ethylene has a molar mass of 28.05 g/mol Ethylene is the simplest member of the class called alkenes. It is a colorless, quite sweet- smelling gas. This gas is very reactive and burns with a very bright flame. ethylene (C2H4); Ethylene is known as the simplest alkene and an important hormone in organic chemistry. Over 80% of ethylene is used as a main component of polyethylene and to ripen fruit faster. Ethylene, C2H4, is a colorless gas that can be used as an inhalation anesthetic. This gas is also commonly used to keep fruit ripe as well as to cut and wield metals. Ethylene, C2H4, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is used in anesthetic agents and in detergents. It is the most widely produced organic compound in the world. Ethylene (C2H4): Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is used in the production of polyethylene, a widely used plastic. It can be modified to become ethylene glycol (an antifreeze) and ethylene dichloride (used in creating polyvinyl chloride Ethlyene; Ethylene, C2H4, is a colorless, odorless gas that can be produced in nature as well as man-made processes. -
WO 2015/000840 Al 8 January 2015 (08.01.2015) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2015/000840 Al 8 January 2015 (08.01.2015) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every CIOG 67/04 (2006.01) CIOG 69/06 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/EP2014/063848 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 30 June 2014 (30.06.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 13 174781 .8 2 July 2013 (02.07.2013) EP (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicants: SAUDI BASIC INDUSTRIES CORPORA¬ kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, TION [SA/SA]; P.O. Box 5101, 11422 Riyadh (SA). GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, SABIC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES [NL/NL]; Plastics- UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, laan 1, NL-4612 PX Bergen Op Zoom (NL). -
Chapter 13 "Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons"
This is “Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons”, chapter 13 from the book Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological (index.html) (v. 1.0). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/ 3.0/) license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz (http://lardbucket.org) in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/). You can browse or download additional books there. i Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Opening Essay Our modern society is based to a large degree on the chemicals we discuss in this chapter. Most are made from petroleum. In Chapter 12 "Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons" we noted that alkanes—saturated hydrocarbons—have relatively few important chemical properties other than that they undergo combustion and react with halogens. -
Classification Tests for Hydrocarbons Using Solubility, Ignition, Nitration, Baeyer’S Test, Bromine Test and Basic Oxidation Test
CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR HYDROCARBONS USING SOLUBILITY, IGNITION, NITRATION, BAEYER’S TEST, BROMINE TEST AND BASIC OXIDATION TEST Jasher Christian Boado, Alyanna Cacas, Phoebe Calimag, Caryl Angelica Chin, Haidee Cosilet, John Francis Creencia Group 2, 2BMT, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are classified as saturated, actively unsaturated, aromatic or an arene based on various classification tests involving test for solubility in concentrated H2SO4, ignition, active unsaturation using Baeyer’s test and Bromine test, aromaticity using nitration test, and basic oxidation test. This experiment aims to differentiate the intrinsic physical and the chemical properties of hydrocarbons, and to determine if it is saturated, actively unsaturated, aromatic or an arene. The sample compounds hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene and toluene were analyzed for their physical state in room temperature, color, and odor. Using solubility test, a drop of a sample was added cautiously into 1ml of concentrated H2SO4. Using the Baeyer’s Test and/or Bromine test in which 2 drops of 2% KmnO4 solution and 10 drops of 0.5% Br2 in CCl4 reagent, respectively, was added into 5 drops of a sample in a dry test tube, was shaken vigourously until the reagent is decolorized compared with water. Using Nitration test, 8 drops of nitrating mixture was added into 5 drops of a sample in a dry test tube, was observed for the formation of a yellow oily layer or droplet and was diluted with 20 drops of water. Using Basic Oxidation test, 8 drops of 2% KmnO4 solution and 3 drops of 10% NaOH solution was added into 4 drops of a sample in a dry test tube and was heated in a water bath for 2 minutes. -
Hydrocarbons Thermal Cracking Selectivity Depending on Their Structure and Cracking Parameters
Master in Chemical Engineering Hydrocarbons Thermal Cracking Selectivity Depending on Their Structure and Cracking Parameters Thesis of the Master’s Degree Development Project in Foreign Environment Cláudia Sofia Martins Angeira Erasmus coordinator: Eng. Miguel Madeira Examiner in FEUP: Eng. Fernando Martins Supervisor in ICT: Doc. Ing Petr Zámostný July 2008 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Doc. Ing. Petr Zámostný for the opportunity to hold a master's thesis in this project, the orientation, the support given during the laboratory work and suggestions for improvement through the work. i Hydrocarbons Thermal Cracking Selectivity Depending on Their Structure and Cracking Parameters Abstract This research deals with the study of hydrocarbon thermal cracking with the aim of producing ethylene, one of the most important raw materials in Chemical Industry. The main objective was the study of cracking reactions of hydrocarbons by means of measuring the selectivity of hydrocarbons primary cracking and evaluating the relationship between the structure and the behavior. This project constitutes one part of a bigger project involving the study of more than 30 hydrocarbons with broad structure variability. The work made in this particular project was focused on the study of the double bond position effect in linear unsaturated hydrocarbons. Laboratory experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Gas and Pyrolysis Chromatography at the Department of Organic Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, using for all experiments the same apparatus, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatograph, to increase the reliability and feasibility of results obtained. Linear octenes with different double bond position in hydrocarbon chain were used as model compounds. In order to achieve these goals, the primary cracking reactions were studied by the method of primary selectivities. -
Efficient Production of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate)
polymers Article Efficient Production of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) via ROCOP of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO2 Mediated by NNO-Scorpionate Zinc Complexes Sonia Sobrino 1, Marta Navarro 2, Juan Fernández-Baeza 1, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba 2,* , Agustín Lara-Sánchez 1 , Andrés Garcés 2 , José A. Castro-Osma 1 and Ana M. Rodríguez 1 1 Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.F.-B.); [email protected] (A.L.-S.); [email protected] (J.A.C.-O.); [email protected] (A.M.R.) 2 Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (A.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-91-488-8504 Received: 4 September 2020; Accepted: 18 September 2020; Published: 21 September 2020 Abstract: New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the scorpionate ligands. Scorpionate zinc complexes 2, 4 and 6 were assessed as catalysts for polycarbonate production from epoxide and carbon dioxide with no need for a co-catalyst or activator under mild conditions. Interestingly, at 70 ◦C, 10 bar of CO2 pressure and 1 mol % of loading, the dinuclear thioaryloxide [Zn(bpzaepe)2{Zn(SAr)2}] (4) behaves as an efficient and selective one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) via ring-opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2, affording polycarbonate materials with narrow dispersity values. -
Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes
Handbook of INDUSTRIAL HYDROCARBON PROCESSES JAMES G. SPEIGHT PhD, DSc AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2011 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/ permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data