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Research Article Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus) in Italy

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Research Article Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus) in Italy Hindawi Psyche Volume 2018, Article ID 8078049, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8078049 Research Article Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Italy Tiziana Panzavolta ,1 Francesco Croci,1 Matteo Bracalini ,1 George Melika,2 Stefano Benedettelli,1 Guido Tellini Florenzano,1 and Riziero Tiberi1 1 Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Via Maragliano 77, 50144 Florence, Italy 2Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Ofce, Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation and Agri-Environment, Budaorsi¨ Str. 141-145, Budapest 1118, Hungary Correspondence should be addressed to Tiziana Panzavolta; [email protected] Received 30 November 2017; Revised 18 January 2018; Accepted 8 February 2018; Published 13 March 2018 Academic Editor: Juan Corley Copyright © 2018 Tiziana Panzavolta et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Native parasitoids may play an important role in biological control. Tey may either support or hinder the efectiveness of introduced nonnative parasitoids released for pest control purposes. Results of a three-year survey (2011–2013) of the Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) populations and on parasitism rates by native indigenous parasitoids (a complex of chalcidoid hymenopterans) in Italian chestnut forests are given. Changes in D. kuriphilus gall size and phenology were observed through the three years of study. A total of 13 species of native parasitoids were recorded, accounting for fuctuating parasitism rates. Tis variability in parasitism rates over the three years was mainly due to the efect of Torymus favipes (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which in 2011 accounted for 75% of all parasitoid specimens yet decreased drastically in the following years. Tis strong fuctuation may be related to climatic conditions. Besides, our data verifed that parasitoids do not choose host galls based on their size, though when they do parasitize smaller ones, they exploit them better. Consequently, ACGWs have higher chances of surviving parasitism if they are inside larger galls. 1. Introduction Native cynipid parasitoids are able to rapidly adapt to new exotic hosts; as a result host shif events may occur and Host shifing of native parasitoids onto alien insect pests is even changing in parasitoid behaviour [8] showed how galls not always taken into account in applied entomology. Tis of invading cynipid species in Britain have become the main phenomenon is particularly worth understanding when clas- hosts of local parasitoid populations. Tese kinds of phenom- sical biological control programs plan to contain alien pests ena may have a great impact on parasitoid communities. For by releasing exotic antagonists coming from the same native example, the exploitation of a new cynipid host may cause range. Tis strategy aims to reestablish the original host- shif in sex ratio of a parasitoid populations, as in the case of antagonist association in the new area of distribution. How- A. quercuscalicis in Britain [9]. In addition, the availability of ever,nativeantagonistsmayalsobeabletoplayanimportant a new host, with a diferent phenology, may promote diver- role in biological control, supplementing, for instance, the sifcation within the parasitoid community, as demonstrated efect of the exotic antagonist [1, 2], or they can hinder its by the occurrence of cryptic species of cynipid parasitoid with establishment and, thus, its efectiveness [3–5]. For example, difering seasonal phenologies [10]. cynipid parasitoids attack both gall formers and inquilines Te present paper reports the results of a study on the found inside galls; in addition they may act as facultative Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus hyperparasitoids, attacking other parasitoids [6], including Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), and its parasitoids in the exotic antagonist [5, 7]. Italy. D. kuriphilus isahymenopterannativetoChina,which 2 Psyche induces gall formation on green chestnut organs. It has one constituting a variegated and numerous complex. In Italy, all generation per year: females lay eggs (parthenogenetically) native parasitoids recruited to ACGW are species associated in the buds of chestnut trees during the June/July period. with oak gall wasps. Nonetheless, despite the high number Afer 30–40 days, larvae hatch and remain inside buds to of species, they generally show rather low parasitism rates, overwinter [11, 12]. Green- or red-coloured galls develop in which are also highly variable over time [7, 29–31]. Tis seems spring, at the time of bud burst. Each gall may host one correlated to an asynchrony between parasitoid emergence (unilocular) or more (multilocular) larvae, which pupate afer andACGWgallsusceptibility[29],thatis,“gallsinappropri- a feeding period of 20–30 days [12]. atedevelopmentalstageforattack”[32].Tepresentthree- Te hymenopteran is an alien invasive species in Europe. year study, carried out in a chestnut area of northeastern Afer its frst recorded presence in Italy, in plant nurseries in Tuscany (Italy), aimed to study parasitism activity by native Piedmont [13], the ACGWs rapidly spread throughout and parasitoids recruited by ACGW, also taking into account beyond Italy; now they can be found throughout Europe the establishment of T. sinensis.Infact,therecentrelease wherever chestnuts grow [14, 15]. Following the severe of the latter did not hinder studying host shifing by native damage caused by this pest to the chestnut market [16–18], parasitoids of oak gall wasps. Also, data concerning the par- a control system that was both efective and ecologically asitism rates are compared to the galls’ characteristics, size in sustainable had to be found. In this regard, some control particular, to verify the “enemy hypothesis.” measures have already been attempted, but currently the introduction of an exotic parasitoid, native to China, is the 2. Material and Methods most promising one. Tis parasitoid is Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which was used for bio- 2.1. Study Sites. Our study was carried out in two chestnut logical control initially in Japan and the United States [19, 20], forests near Marradi, northeastern Tuscany (Italy), where followed by Italy [21], France, Slovenia, Croatia, and Hungary chestnut production plays a key role in the local forestry [15, 22, 23]. In 2003, following the mostly successful Japanese market. One chestnut forest (site A) was at Pian della Quercia experience, T. sinensis was introduced in Italy from Japan. Te (44.072143N, 11.632116E), in a steep hillside area at 478 m purpose was starting a classical biological control program a.s.l., with an eastern exposure. Here, several cultivated chest- against D. kuriphilus. Te frst release of the exotic parasitoid nut trees were present (some of which over a hundred years wascarriedoutin2005insomechestnutwoodsofPiedmont, old), belonging to the “Marron Buono di Marradi” cultivar where for some time T. sinensis was also reared extensively in complex, together with some wild chestnut trees and other premultiplication areas. Parallel to the spread of the cynipid broadleaves, such as oaks and hornbeams. Te other forest in the rest of Italy, local administrations cooperated for the (site B) was at La Casetta (44.059591N, 11.647478E), a chestnut release of the exotic antagonist which gradually covered many forest at 612 m a.s.l., with a western exposure. In the centre of other Italian regions. In Tuscany, in 2009-2010 the biological this area cultivated chestnuts are dominant (“Marron Buono control program started with a total of 5 sites for release di Marradi” cultivar), surrounded by both wild chestnuts and and one premultiplication area. In 2011, release sites were oaks. Climate is typical of submountain Tuscany, that is, with increased to 20, plus three premultiplication areas. However, the highest mean maximum temperatures in August (mean ∘ private suppliers soon started to sell T. sinensis to chestnut of the 1992–2013 period = 28.6 C) and lowest mean mini- ∘ growers complicating the inventory of the actual release sites. mum temperatures in February (1992–2013 mean = 1.7 C). On the other hand, little consideration has been given to Highest monthly rainfall occurs in October (1992–2013 mean the native parasitoids, associated with oak gall wasps, as a =159.97mm),whilethelowestoneisrecordedinJuly potential natural resource to be exploited, even if only to (1992–2013 mean = 28.78 mm). Climate records from the supplementtheroleofT. sinensis. nearby Marcoiano weather station were kindly provided by Te ACGW is a gall inducing insect; gall induction is an the SIR (Servizio Idrografco Regionale). T. sinensis releases adaptive phenomenon, which has been described suggesting were carried out in our study area one year before our some hypotheses. Among these, the “enemy hypothesis” frst samplings, as part of the regional biological control states that gall structure has been selected to minimize program. cynipid mortality by parasitism [25]. Parasitoids can attack larvae inside galls as long as they reach them with their 2.2. Gall Samplings. In both study sites (A and B), samples ovipositor. If galls are large, some larvae will be out
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