DOCSLIB.ORG

Rutgers Home Gardeners School 2015: Workshop 32 Plant Evolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rutgers Home Gardeners School 2015: Workshop 32 Plant Evolution Plant Dating Game Through Time Bruce Crawford March 21, 2015 Director, Rutgers Gardens www.rutgersgardens.rutgers.edu Oldest living organism – Bacteria, at least 3.2 Billion years old! Fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian (542–488.3 MYA), long before land plants Ferns Initially developed around 350 Million Years Ago (MYA), although the ferns that we know date back 250 million years or sooner. Problem: Lack flowers and seeds, but produce spores and a temporary plant form called a prothallus that produces eggs and sperm. Bar of choice: Water Bar Attraction: Malic Acid Gymnosperms Initially developed around 300 MYA and are represented today by the Pines, Cycads and the Ginkgo. Gymnosperm literally means naked (Gumnós) seed (Spérma). Problem: Lack attractive flowers, but they do produce individual male pollen baring cones and female or ovule bearing cone. Bar of choice: Windy Bar Attraction: Pure luck! Angiosperms There is a great deal of confusion as to when they initially developed but, it is between 160 and 140 MYA. The world was starting to cool down and the Ferns and Gymnosperms were having trouble with the change in ‘Management’. Angiosperm means seed (Spérma) contained within a vessel (Angeîon) Problem: Relatively few to start, it was a lonely bar with lots of ‘Lonely Eyes” – that changed! Bar of choice: Bug Bar Attraction: Make-up! Color, nectaries, high protein pollen, high water vapor, fragrance Grasses Developed about 65 Million Years Ago during periods of reduced rainfall. Problem: Flowers are a bit less colorful attractive Bar of choice: Windy Bar Attraction: Once again, back to pure luck! Devonian 419-358 MYA (Average O2 levels at 15% vs today’s 21%) First fossilized evidence of Lichens (a symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic algae) and Liverworts The early part of this period was characterized by plants that did not have roots or leaves like the plants most common today and many had no vascular tissue at all. They probably spread largely by vegetative growth, and did not grow much more than a few centimeters tall due to this a poorly developed vascular system. Wattieza (now extinct) appeared around 385 MYA and it had a better developed vascular system and stood to heights of 34’ and resembled a modern day tree fern. Marks the appearance of tetrapods or four limbed vertebrates. Carboniferous 358-299 MYA (O2 at 35%) Plants Lycopodium, Equisetum, Cycads (appeared about 300 MYA), ferns and the beginning of the true Conifers (in the genus Walchia) Mosses – developed around 350 MYA. Mosses lack vascular tissue, much like the original terrestrial or land plants, so they could not transport water, sugars or minerals around the plant. The first appearance of stomata is in Mosses as the earlier Liverworts do not possess stomata. Ferns - Initially developed around 350 Million Years Ago, although the ferns that we know in our gardens date back 250 million years (Osmunda) or sooner – many appeared after 100 MYA. Lack flowers and seeds, but produce spores and a temporary plant form called a prothallus that produces egg and sperm. Malic Acid serves as the perfume for attracting the sperm to the ovum. Towards the end of the Carboniferous period, fossil remains have been found of air-breathing insects, myriopods (like millipedes) arachnids (Spiders), insects similar to the modern day cockroach and weevils. The cycads have been generally thought to be wind pollinated. However, several recent studies in different regions indicate that cycads are mostly insect pollinated, often by weevils that are closely dependent on the cycads. The insects perform the pollination and the cycads in turn offer the insects food, shelter, a breeding site, and larvae protection. This contrasts with both Ginkgo and the conifers (the other primitive seed plants), all of which are wind pollinated. Chemistry of the pollinator-attractants in cycads is markedly different from that of any flowering plants, suggesting that insect pollination has evolved independently in the two groups. ‘Innovations’ in plant development include: wood, seeds, integuments (husks or ‘skin’ of a seed), pollen tube, pollen grain, cork cambium, vascular cambium. Amphibians were large and abundant Permian Period: 299 to 250 MYA (O2 at 23%) The first modern trees (conifers, ginkgos and younger cycads) appeared in the Permian. Gymnosperms, have two spore types, the microspores and megaspores, which are produced in the pollen cones or ovulate cones, respectively. Pollen grains mature from microspores, and ultimately produce sperm cells while ovules develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule. During pollination, pollen grains are physically transferred between plants, from pollen cone to the ovule, being transferred by wind or insects. Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat or integument called the micropyle. The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells. Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms. Cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas confers and gnetophytes have sperm with no flagella and they are conveyed to the egg via a pollen tube. After syngamy (joining of the sperm and egg cell), the zygote develops into an embryo (young sporophyte). More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte, which serves as a food supply, and the seed coat (integument). Temperatures varied. At the start, temperatures were cool as the Ice Age from the end of the Carboniferous period was still retreating. As the glaciers retreated, the central areas of Pangea became drier and were prone to cyclical heating and cooling with the seasons. Gymnosperms flourished with the drier climate and ferns retreated in numbers. Triassic Period: 250 to 200 MYA (O2 at 16%) The climate was warm and dry, with no ice at the poles. Winters were very cold. Plants: Cycads, Gingko, Conifers Conifers dominated in the northern hemisphere Animals: First Dinosaur appeared in late Triassic, as did the first mammal-like animals and the first turtles! Mammals started to become a minority and became principally night dwelling creatures dining on insects – perhaps the cools nights promoted the growth of hair. In the later part of the Triassic Period, the land mass started to split with Lauroasia to the North and Gondwana to the south. Jurassic Period: 201to 145 MYA (O2 at 26%) Gymnopserms (conifers) dominated the forests and reptiles remained dominant. During the late Jurassic, the first bird-like creatures appeared. Prior to that, Pterosaurs ruled the skies, from 220-65 MYA Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) such as Water Lilies started to appear. Cretaceous Period: 145-66 MYA (O2 at 16%) Marks the appearance of flowering trees and plants, including Archaefructus a 125 million years old fossil collected in Liaoning Province, China. Although it had no petals, this ancient flower had closed fruits that protected the seeds inside. This evolutionary leap separated flowering plants from other plants and probably led to their great success. Illustration on right by: Karina Simons and David Dilcher. Original species include Waterlilies and Magnolias. The angiosperms have been enormously successful and many of the modern families of ferns appeared. There are now about 235,000 species of Angiosperms in comparison to just over 700 gymnosperms. Ants, termites, aphids, gall wasps, cockroaches and grasshoppers first appeared. Tyrannosaurus rex was active during the later period of the Cretaceous The end of the Cretaceous Period is marked by a cooling of the earth and the vanishing of many of the dinosaurs, presumably due to a strike by a meteorite or comet. Paleogene Period: 66-23 MYA (O2 at 26%) Saw the rise in Mammals and the increase in diversity of birds. Bromeliads appeared around 70 MYA and continued to speciate heavily around 20 MYA as the Andes rose, grasses appeared about 65 MYA and Bamboos appeared around 30 MYA. India was colliding with Asia and the Himalayas were developing. South America was drifting towards North America and Africa to Europe. Australia split off from Antarctica and was drifting north. The Atlantic Ocean was getting several centimeters wider each year. Quaternary Period: 2.5 - 0 MYA (O2 levels at 21%) Human-like fossils appeared 190,000 years ago .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Earliest Record of Megaphylls and Leafy Structures, and Their Initial Diversification
    Review Geology August 2013 Vol.58 No.23: 27842793 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5799-x Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification HAO ShouGang* & XUE JinZhuang Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received January 14, 2013; accepted February 26, 2013; published online April 10, 2013 Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or “branch-leaf com- plexes” are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several dis- tantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO2 concen- trations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants. Early Devonian, euphyllophyte, megaphyll, leaf-like appendage, branch-leaf complex Citation: Hao S G, Xue J Z. Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 27842793, doi: 10.1007/s11434- 013-5799-x The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants was phology and evolutionary diversification of early leaves of one of the most important evolutionary events affecting the basal euphyllophytes remain enigmatic.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Cladoxylopsid Trees Resolve Enigma of the Earth's Earliest Forest Stumps at Gilboa
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6385893 Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa Article in Nature · May 2007 DOI: 10.1038/nature05705 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 91 254 5 authors, including: Frank Mannolini Linda VanAller Hernick New York State Museum New York State Museum 8 PUBLICATIONS 160 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 253 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Ed Landing Christopher Berry New York State Museum Cardiff University 244 PUBLICATIONS 3,365 CITATIONS 48 PUBLICATIONS 862 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Ed Landing on 06 February 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Vol 446 | 19 April 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature05705 LETTERS Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth’s earliest forest stumps at Gilboa William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3 The evolution of trees of modern size growing together in forests Middle Devonian (Eifelian) into the Carboniferous, were major fundamentally changed terrestrial ecosystems1–3. The oldest trees contributors to floras worldwide14. Traditionally considered inter- are often thought to be of latest Devonian age (about 380–360 Myr mediate between Lower Devonian vascular plants and ferns or old) as indicated by the widespread occurrence of Archaeopteris sphenopsids, we do not yet understand these plants well enough to (Progymnospermopsida)4.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299 (2011) 110–128 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Ecology and evolution of Devonian trees in New York, USA Gregory J. Retallack a,⁎, Chengmin Huang b a Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA b Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China article info abstract Article history: The first trees in New York were Middle Devonian (earliest Givetian) cladoxyls (?Duisbergia and Wattieza), Received 16 January 2010 with shallow-rooted manoxylic trunks. Cladoxyl trees in New York thus postdate their latest Emsian evolution Received in revised form 17 September 2010 in Spitzbergen. Progymnosperm trees (?Svalbardia and Callixylon–Archaeopteris) appeared in New York later Accepted 29 October 2010 (mid-Givetian) than progymnosperm trees from Spitzbergen (early Givetian). Associated paleosols are Available online 5 November 2010 evidence that Wattieza formed intertidal to estuarine mangal and Callixylon formed dry riparian woodland.
    [Show full text]
  • Devonian As a Time of Major Innovation in Plants and Their Communities
    1 Back to the Beginnings: The Silurian-­ 2 Devonian as a Time of Major Innovation 15 3 in Plants and Their Communities 4 Patricia G. Gensel, Ian Glasspool, Robert A. Gastaldo, 5 Milan Libertin, and Jiří Kvaček 6 Abstract Silurian, with the Early Silurian Cooksonia barrandei 31 7 Massive changes in terrestrial paleoecology occurred dur- from central Europe representing the earliest vascular 32 8 ing the Devonian. This period saw the evolution of both plant known, to date. This plant had minute bifurcating 33 9 seed plants (e.g., Elkinsia and Moresnetia), fully lami- aerial axes terminating in expanded sporangia. Dispersed 34 10 nate∗ leaves and wood. Wood evolved independently in microfossils (spores and phytodebris) in continental and 35AU2 11 different plant groups during the Middle Devonian (arbo- coastal marine sediments provide the earliest evidence for 36 12 rescent lycopsids, cladoxylopsids, and progymnosperms) land plants, which are first reported from the Early 37 13 resulting in the evolution of the tree habit at this time Ordovician. 38 14 (Givetian, Gilboa forest, USA) and of various growth and 15 architectural configurations. By the end of the Devonian, 16 30-m-tall trees were distributed worldwide. Prior to the 17 appearance of a tree canopy habit, other early plant groups 15.1 Introduction 39 18 (trimerophytes) that colonized the planet’s landscapes 19 were of smaller stature attaining heights of a few meters Patricia G. Gensel and Milan Libertin 40 20 with a dense, three-dimensional array of thin lateral 21 branches functioning as “leaves”. Laminate leaves, as we We are now approaching the end of our journey to vegetated 41 AU3 22 now know them today, appeared, independently, at differ- landscapes that certainly are unfamiliar even to paleontolo- 42 23 ent times in the Devonian.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2000
    Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2000 Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2000 Literature Citations All Citations 1. Adhya, T. K., K. Bharati, S. R. Mohanty, B. Ramakrishnan, V. R. Rao, N. Sethunathan & R. Wassmann. 2000. Methane emission from rice fields at Cuttack, India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58: 95-105. [Azolla] 2. Ahlenslager, K. E. 2000. Conservation of rare plants on public lands. American Journal of Botany 87 Suppl. 6: 89. [Abstract] 3. Alam, M. S., N. Chopra, M. Ali & M. Niwa. 2000. Normethyl pentacyclic and lanostane-type triterpenes from Adiantum venustum. Phytochemistry (Oxford) 54: 215-220. 4. Allam, A. F. 2000. Evaluation of different means of control of snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 30: 441-450. [Azolla pinnata] 5. Allison, A. & F. Kraus. 2000. A new species of frog of the genus Xenorhina (Anura: Microhylidae) from the north coast ranges of Papua New Guinea. Herpetologica 56: 285-294. [Asplenium] 6. Alonso-Amelot, M. E., M. P. Calcagno & M. Perez-Injosa. 2000. Growth and selective defensive potential in relation to altitude in neotropical Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum. Pp. 43-47. In J. A. Taylor & R. T. Smith (Eds.). Bracken fern: toxicity, biology and control. International Bracken Group, Aberystwyth. 7. Alonso-Amelot, M. E., U. F. Castillo, M. Avendano, B. L. Smith & D. R. Lauren. 2000. Milk as a vehicle for the transfer of ptaquiloside, a bracken carcinogen. Pp. 86-90. In J. A. Taylor & R. T. Smith (Eds.). Bracken fern: toxicity, biology and control. International Bracken Group, Aberystwyth. [Pteridium aquilinum] 8. Alonso-Amelot, M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of Arborescent Plant Life Through Time Mike Viney
    The Anatomy of Arborescent Plant Life through Time Mike Viney Tree Fern Guairea carnieri Paraguay, South America Permian Introduction Collectors of petrified wood focus on permineralized plant material related to arborescent (tree-like) plant life. Fascination with fossil wood may be related to human reverence for living trees. Trees provide humans and other organisms with shelter and food. We plant trees near our homes and in our communities to enrich the environment. From crib to grave they cradle our bodies. Trees define many biomes. Trees help moderate Earth’s atmosphere sequestering carbon and releasing oxygen. Trees are one of the first plant categories a child learns. Asking a person to identify a plant as a tree may seem like “child’s play”; however, defining a tree can be difficult. The United States Forest Service defines a tree as a woody plant at least 13 feet (4 m) tall with a single trunk at least 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter at breast height (4.5 ft; 150 cm) (Petrides, 1993, p. 4). This definition fits well with many people’s concept of a tree being a large, columnar, woody, long-lived organism. However, many trees are not constructed from secondary growth (wood), such as palms and tree ferns. Some species, such as black willow, are multi-trunked. Size can also be problematic as an Engelmann spruce growing at tree line may be small compared to one growing at a lower elevation. Some species, such as the juniper, can grow as shrubs or trees. The Japanese art of bonsai demonstrates how environment can effect tree growth to extremes.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 9.2 Summer 2007
    Gilboa Historical Society Summer 2007 Volume 9, Issue 2 A WALK IN THE COUNTRY TIME hen you walk in Schoharie, Delaware, or Greene counties, you have to make a choice: you can visit the area as it W used to be, or you can see how it will be. And when you step beyond the boundaries of our hamlets and villages, your choice is focussed on the past and future of our agricultural legacy. This summer’s issue of the Gilboa Historical Society Newsletter celebrates this legacy. We have two articles on farms that have evolved intact for centuries within the same families. On page 2, Hope Hagar recounts her family’s 210-year experience in dairy farming, while on page 3 T. M. Bradshaw tells of the Barber family’s 150-year experience changing from dairy to vegetable farming. Page 4 gives an overview of farming in the area, past, present, and future, while page 5 has the story of how Heather Ridge Farm is preparing a niche for itself by being a diversified, grass-based farm. And, as a lead-off story, Rianna Star- heim documents the history of a local landmark, her family-owned Decker-Starheim barn. You can explore this nineteenth-century structure in the following article of the Newsletter. THE DECKER-STARHEIM FARM Rianna Starheim illiam Henry Decker (1844–1931) had a choice to Wmake. His farm was supplying milk to an ever- increasing market but was outgrowing its buildings, so he had to decide whether to downsize the herd and risk not making as much money, or build a new barn that would hold a substantial number of cattle and other ani- mals but would also cost a great deal of money.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the First Forests in the Devonian* Ýволþöия Первых Девонских Лесов
    Вестник ÈГ Коми ÍЦ УрО РАН, ноябрь, 2019 г., № 11 ÓÄÊ 561: 581.332: 552.52/.57: 551.734(234.83) DOI: 10.19110/2221-1381-2019-11-20-24 THE EVOLUTION OF THE FIRST FORESTS IN THE DEVONIAN* C. M. Berry School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK; [email protected] In recent years much new data have been obtained regarding the earliest trees, and their ecology in early forest ecosystems. Aspects of this new data are summarised below, concentrating on the Mid Devonian and earliest Late Devonian, c. 390—380 million years ago, before the dominance of Archaeopteris. The arborescent cladoxylopsids, archaeopteridaleans and lycopsids are considered, as well as the recumbent but large woody aneurophytes. Until now, cladoxylopsid dominated forests, cladoxylopsid/ aneurophyte forests, early Archaeopteris, and lycopsid forests are the four forest types identified, largely on the basis of near coastal, wet environments. True in situ fossil forests are extremely rare during this time interval. Future research aims to identify further forest types, to better understand their relationship to palaeogeography and sedimentary environment, and to spread the understanding of early forests beyond the Old Red continent. Keywords: palaeobotany, forest ecology, Lycopsida, Aneurophytales, Archaeopteridales, Cladoxylopsida. ÝволÞÖия первых девоНских лесов К. Áåððè Школа íàóê о Земле и океане, Кардиффский университет, Óýëüñ, Великобритания В пîñëåдíèå ãîды пîëó÷åíî ìíîãî íîвых дàííых î ñàìых ðàííèх в èñòîðèè Çåìëè дðåвåñíых ðàñòåíèях è èх ýкîëîãèè в ðàííèх ëåñíых ýкîñèñòåìàх. Ýòè íîâûå дàííыå кðàòкî èзëîжåíы íèжå, ñ àкöåíòîì íà ñðåдíåдåвîíñкèå è ñàìыå ðàííèå пîздíåдåвîícкèå (390—380 ìëí ëåò íàзàд) ðàñòåíèя, дî ãîñпîдñòвà Archaeopteris.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Iridopteridalean from the Devonian of Venezuela Author(S): Christopher M
    A New Iridopteridalean from the Devonian of Venezuela Author(s): Christopher M. Berry and William E. Stein Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 161, No. 5 (September 2000), pp. 807-827 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/314295 . Accessed: 21/02/2014 08:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 131.251.254.13 on Fri, 21 Feb 2014 08:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Plant Sci. 161(5):807±827. 2000. q 2000 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2000/16105-0011$03.00 A NEW IRIDOPTERIDALEAN FROM THE DEVONIAN OF VENEZUELA Christopher M. Berry1 and William E. Stein Department of Earth Sciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 914, Cardiff CF10 3YE, Wales, United Kingdom; and Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Influences on the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Devonian and Early Carboniferous Land Plants
    West Chester University Digital Commons @ West Chester University Earth & Space Sciences Faculty Publications Earth & Space Sciences 10-1-2019 Environmental influences on the stable carbon isotopic composition of Devonian and Early Carboniferous land plants Zhenzhu Wan Thomas J. Algeo Patricia G. Gensel Stephen E. Scheckler William E. Stein See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/geol_facpub Part of the Paleobiology Commons Authors Zhenzhu Wan, Thomas J. Algeo, Patricia G. Gensel, Stephen E. Scheckler, William E. Stein, Walter L. Cressler III, Christopher M. Berry, Honghe Xu, Harold D. Rowe, and Peter E. Sauer Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (xxxx) xxxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Environmental influences on the stable carbon isotopic composition of Devonian and Early Carboniferous land plants ⁎ Zhenzhu Wana, Thomas J. Algeoa,b,c, , Patricia G. Genseld, Stephen E. Schecklere,f, William E. Steing, Walter L. Cressler IIIh, Christopher M. Berryi, Honghe Xuj, Harold D. Rowek, Peter E. Sauerl a Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, USA b State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China c State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China d Department of Biology, University
    [Show full text]
  • Review Silurian-Devonian Origins of Ferns and Lycophytes - What We Know, What We Need to Find Out
    FERN GAZ. 20(6):217-242. 2017 217 REVIEW SILURIAN-DEVONIAN ORIGINS OF FERNS AND LYCOPHYTES - WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT WE NEED TO FIND OUT P.G. GENsEl Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, UsA Email: [email protected] Key words: silurian-Devonian, lycophytes, basal euphyllophytes, ferns evolution, phylogenetic relationships. ABSTRACT This represents a synopsis of current knowledge of the siluro-Devonian fossil record concerning evolution of lycophytes and ferns. This is the time period when several taxa or lineages at different grades of organisation existed that may be informative about the origins of these groups or structures typical of these groups. Considerable new data, including earlier first appearances of lineages and plant structures, new data about siluro-Devonian lycopsids or basal euphyllophytes, and new whole plant reconstructions of small to tree-size plants in both lineages, have been published in recent years. It is not possible to be completely comprehensive, but the taxa discussed are either central to established ideas, or provide new information in relation to phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends. It remains difficult to trace the phylogenetic relationships of early plants relative to extant lineages. New data are reviewed which may be important in reassessing homology of characters and/or hypotheses of such relationships or in determining which taxa to exclude. Including fossils in estimates of relationships of these major lineages of plants will provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the past history of seedless vascular plants. INTRODUCTION A consensus classification of extant seedless vascular plants by PPG1 (2016), reflecting molecular and some morphological phylogenies (smith et al., 2006b; Kenrick & Crane, 1997; Pryer et al., 2001; 2009; schneider et al., 2009; and others) recognises lycopodiopsida (with three families and collectively referred to as lycophytes) and a grade “euphyllophytes” which consists of two clades - seed plants and Polypodiopsida (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris Roots Signal Revolutionary Change in Earliest Fossil Forests
    This is a repository copy of Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/157363/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Stein, W.E., Berry, C.M., Morris, J.L. et al. (8 more authors) (2020) Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests. Current Biology, 30 (3). 421-431.e2. ISSN 0960-9822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.067 Article available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Manuscript 1 1 MID DEVONIAN Archaeopteris ROOTS 2 SIGNAL REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 3 IN EARLIEST FOSSIL FORESTS 4 5 William E. Stein1,6,7,*, Christopher M. Berry2,6, Jennifer L. Morris2,6, Linda VanAller Hernick3, 6 Frank Mannolini3, Charles Ver Straeten3, Ed Landing3, John E.
    [Show full text]