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Florestas Do Norte De Portugal: História, Ecologia E Desafios De Gestão

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Florestas Do Norte De Portugal: História, Ecologia E Desafios De Gestão Como citar este e-book: Tereso JP, Honrado JP, Pinto AT, Rego FC (Eds.). 2011. Florestas do Norte de Portugal: História, Ecologia e Desafios de Gestão. InBio - Rede de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva. Porto. ISBN: 978-989-97418-1-2. 436 pp. Design Gráfico: Sofia Mota Composição:Sofia Mota, Cláudia Lima FLORESTAS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL ÍNDICE | HISTÓRIA, ECOLOGIA E DESAFIOS DE GESTÃO INTRODUÇÃO | CONTEXTO, ÂMBITO E ESTRUTURA DA OBRA 5 João Pedro Tereso, João Pradinho Honrado, Ana Teresa Pinto, Francisco Castro Rego SECÇÃO I – HISTÓRIA (JOÃO PEDRO TERESO) I.1 | DINÂMICA NATURAL E TRANSFORMAÇÃO ANTRÓPICA DAS FLORESTAS DO NOROESTE IBÉRICO 14 Pablo Ramil Rego, Luis Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez, Castor Muñoz Sobrino, João Pedro Tereso I.2 | A EXPLORAÇÃO DE RECURSOS ALIMENTARES SILVES- TRES E SEU ENQUADRAMENTO NAS DINÂMICAS ECONÓMI- CAS E SOCIAIS DAS COMUNIDADES AGRÍCOLAS DESDE A PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ÉPOCA ROMANA 55 João Pedro Tereso, Pablo Ramil Rego, Rubim Almeida da Silva I.3 | A FLORESTA E O MATO. A EXPLORAÇÃO DOS RECURSOS LENHOSOS PELAS SOCIEDADES DA IDADE DO BRONZE NO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 84 María Martín Seijo, Isabel Figueiral, Ana Bettencourt, António H. Bacelar Gonçalves, M. I. Caetano Alves I.4 | A FLORESTA E A RESTITUIÇÃO DA FERTILIDADE DO SOLO NOS SISTEMAS DE AGRICULTURA ORGÂNICOS TRADICIONAIS DO NE DE PORTUGAL 99 Carlos Aguiar, João C. Azevedo SECÇÃO II – ECOLOGIA (JOÃO PRADINHO HONRADO) II.1 | ECOLOGIA, DIVERSIDADE E DINÂMICAS RECEN- TES DOS ECOSSISTEMAS FLORESTAIS NAS PAISA- GENS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 118 João Pradinho Honrado, Joaquim Alonso, Ângela Lomba, João Gonçalves, Ana Teresa Pinto, Sónia Carvalho Ribeiro, Carlos Guerra, Rubim Almeida da Silva, Henrique Nepomuceno Alves II.2 | AS FLORESTAS E A CONSERVAÇÃO DA NATUREZA E DA BIODIVERSIDADE NO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 169 Paulo Alves, Cristiana Vieira, Helena Hespanhol, João Alexandre Cabral, Hélia Vale-Gonçalves, Paulo Barros, Paulo Travassos, Diogo Carvalho, Cármen Silva, Carla Gomes, Rita Bastos, Regina Santos, Mário Santos, José Manuel Grosso-Silva, Francisco Barreto Caldas FLORESTAS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL ÍNDICE | HISTÓRIA, ECOLOGIA E DESAFIOS DE GESTÃO II.3 | CONDIÇÃO E TENDÊNCIAS RECENTES DOS SERVIÇOS 205 DOS ECOSSISTEMAS FLORESTAIS NO NORTE DE PORTUGAL Sónia Carvalho Ribeiro, João C. Azevedo, Carlos Guerra, Vânia Proença, Claudia Carvalho Santos, Isabel Pôças, Teresa Pinto Correia, João Pradinho Honrado II.4 | FOGO, RESILIÊNCIA E DINÂMICA EM ESPAÇOS FLO- RESTAIS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 248 João Torres, João Gonçalves, Ana Teresa Pinto, Vânia Proença, João Pradinho Honrado SECÇÃO III – DESAFIOS DE GESTÃO (ANA TERESA PINTO, FRANCISCO CASTRO REGO) III.1 | GESTÃO FLORESTAL NO NORTE DE PORTUGAL: PERSPE- TIVAS E DESAFIOS FUTUROS 283 João Bento, Pedro Ferreira, Marco Magalhães III.2 | RUMO A UMA GESTÃO FLORESTAL SUSTENTÁVEL EM ESPAÇOS DE MONTANHA: O CASO DA LOMBADA 337 Ana Teresa Pinto, Graça Barreira, João Paulo Castro, Maria do Loreto Monteiro, Francisco Castro Rego III.3 | O DESAFIO ATUAL E FUTURO DA GESTÃO DAS ESPÉCIES EXÓTICAS INVASORAS NOS ESPAÇOS FLORESTAIS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 386 Joana Vicente, Rui Fernandes, Ângela Lomba, Ana Teresa Pinto, Joaquim Alonso, Paulo Alves, José Alberto Gonçalves, Hélia Marchante, Elizabete Marchante, João Pradinho Honrado III.4 | DESAFIOS E MODELOS PARA A MONITORIZAÇÃO DAS FLORESTAS DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL 419 Francisco Castro Rego, João Pradinho Honrado SECÇÃO 01 CAPÍTULO 01 Florestas no Norte de Portugal: História, Ecologia e Desafios de Gestão Secção 1 Capítulo 21 15 DINÂMICA NATURAL E TRANSFORMAÇÃO ANTRÓPICA DAS FLORESTAS DO NOROESTE IBÉRICO Pablo Ramil Rego1, Luis Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez1, Castor Muñoz Sobrino2, João Pedro Tereso3 Ramil Rego P, Gómez-Orellana L, Muñoz Sobrino C, Tereso JP (2011). Dinâmica natural e transformação antrópica das florestas do noroeste ibérico. In Tereso JP, Honrado JP, Pinto AT, Rego FC (Eds.) Florestas do Norte de Portugal: História, Ecologia e Desafios de Gestão. InBio - Rede de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva. Porto. ISBN: 978-989-97418-1-2. Pp 14-54. Los que ayer fueron bosques y selvas/ de agreste espesura, / donde envueltas en dul- ce misterio / al rayar el día / flotaban las brumas, /y brotaba la fuente serena / entre flores y mus- gos oculta, / hoy son áridas lomas que ostentan / deformes y negras / sus hondas cisuras. Rosalia de Castro de Murgía (1837-1885) Resumo: As florestas são o resultado histórico da interação entre a evolução das espé- cies e das biocenoses, com as dinâmicas climáticas e ambientais globais e regionais. Nes- te processo o Homem exerceu, inicialmente, um papel semelhante ao dos restantes ne- crófagos-predadores, convertendo-se depois num fator determinante na sucessão, ex- tinção e manutenção das florestas nativas, assim como na substituição destas por forma- ções artificiais de escassa biodiversidade. No presente trabalho apresenta-se uma síntese desta evolução complexa, analisan- do os efeitos dos grandes processos climáticos na configuração da paisagem florestal no Ter- ciário e Quaternário no noroeste ibérico, assim como as posteriores interações e perturba- ções causadas pelas distintas fases culturais humanas, até atingirmos a configuração paisa- gística atual. NATURAL DYNAMICS AND ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE FORESTS IN NW IBERIA Abstract: Forests are the historical result of the interaction between the evolution of species and bio- coenosis, with the climate and environmental global and regional dynamics. In this process, humans had, at first, a role similar to that of other scavengers and predators, only to become, later on, the determinant factor in the succession, extinction and maintenance of native forests, as well as in the replacement of these by artificial formations with little biodiversity. In this work we present a synthesis of this complex evolution, analyzing the effects of major climate processes in shaping the forest landscape in the Tertiary and Quaternary in the northwest Iberian Pe- ninsula, as well as subsequent interactions and disturbances caused by human distinct cultural phases, until we reached the current configuration of landscape. 1 GI-1934 TB Laboratorio de Botánica & Biogeografía, IBADER, Universidade de Santiago, E-27002 Lugo, Spain 2 Depto. de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, F. de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de Marcosende s/n, E-36200 Vigo, Spain 3 InBio / CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto Florestas no Norte de Portugal: História, Ecologia e Desafios de Gestão Secção 1 Capítulo 21 16 1. Os estudos paleecológicos A configuração paisagística que temos na atualidade é o resultado de um complexo conjun- to de acontecimentos que decorreram ao longo de um amplo espaço temporal. No longo de- vir da história vegetal, os fatores orogénicos e climáticos, ligados a fenómenos de deriva con- tinental, alterações atmosféricas, alterações na órbita terrestre, entre outros, tiveram um pa- pel primordial na estrutura e distribuição das florestas do noroeste ibérico. Apesar disto, nos úl- timos 500,000 anos emergiu um novo fator-chave para a compreensão da atual paisagem ve- getal: a chegada de uma nova espécie, o Homem. A sua marca sobre os ecossistemas foi len- tamente crescendo até aumentar exponencialmente, a partir do último terço do Holocéni- co, de forma a converter-se no elemento mais perturbador e transformador dos ecossistemas. Até à expansão e hegemonia do Homem, a configuração espácio-temporal dos ecossis- temas terrestres dependia diretamente da dinâmica climática global, modulada por varia- ções na configuração das massas continentais (altitude, latitude), sucedendo-se amplos perí- odos de estabilidade e períodos, geralmente mais curtos, de grandes mudanças provoca- das por processos orogénicos e de deriva, assim como pelo impacto de asteroides. A interpretação destes processos foi originalmente sustentada pelas teorias do gradualis- mo (Hutton 1778), catastrofismo (Cuvier 1812), atualismo (Lyell 1830) e evolucionismo (Lamar- ck 1809, Darwin 1859). Algumas destas propostas foram formuladas sob princípios antagóni- cos mas, ao longo do tempo, foram complementadas, constituindo os fundamentos das te- orias integrais da tectónica de placas ou da deriva continental, para fortalecer o papel de fato- res externos (alterações orbitais, impacto de asteroides, etc.). Independentemente da teo- ria, o papel atribuído ao Homem, como motor ou catalisador de mudança era ínfimo. O interesse desta dialética está no ponto de viragem que representam os primeiros traba- lhos e estudos de caráter científico sobre restos de organismos que se realizam na Penín- sula Ibérica desde o século XVIII. Além das notas acerca da descoberta de ossos de gran- de dimensão ou troncos carbonizados, o século XVIII deixou-nos escritos nos quais se de- batem as mudanças na distribuição dos seres vivos e a sua vinculação com pro- cessos de alteração na configuração da Terra. Entre estes escritos devemos salien- tar aqueles que foram efetuados pelo galego Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y Montenegro [1676- 1764] que, influenciado por trabalhos franceses dessa época, se refere à problemática dos fos- seis nas suas duas obras, Teatro Crítico Universal (1726-1740) e as Cartas Eruditas y Curio- sas (1742-1760) nas quais refuta as ideias clássicas sobre a existência de gigantes ou so- bre a sua vinculação ao dilúvio universal. A José Torrubia [1698-1761] se deve o primeiro tra- tado de paleontologia espanhol, publicado em 1754 com o título Aparato para la Histo- ria Natural Española.
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