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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LICENSURE HANDBOOK: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments

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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LICENSURE HANDBOOK: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LICENSURE HANDBOOK: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Produced by: Josh Sundloff, JD, ASLA Produced for: The American Society of Landscape Architects Original Creator and Contributor: Alex P. Schatz, JD January 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXecutiVE SUMMARY 6 2. Introduction 9 2.1 Scope of Research 11 2.2 The Profession of Landscape Architecture 13 2.3 Allied Professions 15 3. LICENSURE Protects THE PUBLIC Health, SAFETY, AND Welfare 9 3.1 States’ Power to Regulate the Public Health, Safety, and Welfare 22 3.2 Licensure Addresses an Easily Recognizable Potential for Harm 24 3.3 Licensure Promotes the Public Interest 27 3.4 Licensure Can Be Accomplished Without Undue Impact to Other Professions 29 4. LICENSURE IS Supported BY Multiple POLICY Rationales 30 4.1 Background 30 4.1.1 Licensure of Design Professions 31 4.1.2 Licensure of Landscape Architects 33 4.1.3 Sunrise and Sunset Reviews of Landscape Architecture 36 4.2 Economic 40 4.3 Comparison to Regulated Nontechnical Occupations 43 4.4 Public Interest 45 4.5 Legal Treatment of Design Professions 49 4.5.1 Statutes of Repose 49 4.5.2 Certificates of Review 51 4.5.3 Mechanic’s Lien Rights 52 Landscape Architecture Licensure Handbook: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Page 2 of 147 5. LICENSURE Protects AGainst THE RISK OF HARM 53 5.1 Licensure Protects Against the Risk of Physical Injury 55 5.1.1 Lighting 55 5.1.1.1. Lighting Equipment 56 5.1.1.2 Lighting Design 56 5.1.2 Playgrounds 60 5.1.3 Plant Material 64 5.1.4 Site Planning 67 5.1.5 Parking Lots 70 5.1.6 Streetscape 73 5.1.7 Outdoor Structures 76 5.1.7.1 Stairways 76 5.1.7.2 Guardrails 77 5.1.7.3 Walls 80 5.1.7.4 Decks and Shade Structures 81 5.1.7.5 Ramps 82 5.1.8 Grading, Drainage, and Erosion Control 83 5.1.8.1 Grading 83 5.1.8.2 Surface Drainage 85 5.1.8.3 Storm Sewer Details 87 5.1.8.4 Erosion Control 88 5.1.9 Recreational Facilities 89 5.1.9.1 Active Recreation 90 5.1.9.2 Golf Courses 92 5.1.9.3 Trail Design 93 5.1.9.4 Bodies of Water 96 5.1.10 Roadway Improvements and Traffic Handling 97 5.1.11 Site Investigation 100 5.1.12 Other Design Hazards That Pose Risk of Physical Injury 100 5.1.12.1 Irrigation 100 Landscape Architecture Licensure Handbook: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Page 3 of 147 5.1.12.2 Landscape Edging 102 5.1.12.3 Tree Staking 103 5.1.12.4 Gates and Fencing 103 5.1.12.5 Signage 104 5.2 Licensure Protects Against the Risk of Property Damage 105 5.2.1 Grading, Drainage, and Erosion Control 105 5.2.2 Irrigation 109 5.2.3 Exterior Structures 110 5.2.4 Site Planning 111 5.2.5 Paved Surfaces 112 5.2.6 Site Investigation 112 5.3 Licensure Protects Against the Risk of Financial Harm 113 5.3.1 Bidding Errors 114 5.3.2 Feasibility and Permitting Errors 115 5.3.3 Negligent Design 117 5.3.4 Loss of Consumer Choice 120 6. LICENSURE IS THE Most Appropriate FORM OF REGulation 124 6.1 Free-Market Regulation/Deregulation 126 6.2 Litigation 129 6.2.1 Negligence Actions 130 6.2.2 Sovereign Immunity 131 6.2.3 Expert Testimony and the Standard of Care 133 6.2.4 The Economic Loss Rule 134 6.2.5 General Remarks on Negligence Principles 136 6.2.6 Consumer Protection 136 6.3 Private Boards 138 6.4 Bonding 140 141 6.6 Licensure 143 6.5 Registration and Certification 7. Conclusion 147 Landscape Architecture Licensure Handbook: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Page 4 of 147 1. EXecutiVE SUMMARY The purpose of this document is to educate and describe the importance of empirical evidence of harm caused by incompetent landscape architecturaland necessity work, of landscape which includes architecture everything licensure from throughthe nuisance findings of repeated minor injuries all the way up to such things as permanent injury and death. In pursuit of that purpose, this document explains profession in all 50 states. This document also particularly illustrates the profession’sthe justifications direct and impact reasons on the why health, landscape safety, architectureand welfare ofis thea licensed public. Numerous past reviews of the subject have found that regulation of the profession of landscape architecture is indeed necessary to protect the public from both physical and monetary harm—irreparable harm in some cases. Other reviews of the profession have highlighted the need for a comprehensive presentation of the evidence related to the potential for harm in landscape architecture practice. This document will attempt Thisto fulfill report that providesneed. concrete evidence that incompetent design and inadequate oversight of landscape architectural work has in fact caused of injury that could have been prevented through competent landscape architecturalserious, irreparable practice. harm And and becausespecifically this focuses document’s on multiple approach incidents is empirical—presenting dozens of actual cases in many areas of landscape architecture practice to establish the reality of the potential for harm— it does not rely on an extensive description of the scope of landscape architecture to merely imply that there is a potential for harm. On the contrary, where past discussions may have shown the mere potential for harm (and may have required a technical understanding of the profession), this report provides actual evidence of harm. A fundamental understanding of the scope of the profession is necessary to understand landscape architecture licensure. Landscape architects steward the natural and built environment and are responsible for decisions that affect the condition of vital infrastructure, rights-of-way, and significant private and public site development. Landscape Architecture Licensure Handbook: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Page 5 of 147 Landscape architects design, document, and supervise the construction of hundreds of millions of dollars in infrastructure and site improvements When performed by negligent, incompetent, or unethical practitioners, eachlandscape year, architectureproviding thehas potential the potential for significantto cause seriousmonetary personal harm. injuries. Of near equal importance, poor landscape architecture practices can also seriously impair the value and use of property. To illustrate those harms, this report includes examples of physical landscape architecture practice. Physical injuries have resulted from poor designinjury, propertyof public damage,plazas, outdoor and financial lighting, injury parking from lots,across drainage the spectrum features, of streetscapes, outdoor stairs, decks, walls, earthworks, recreational facilities, playgrounds, plantings, fencing, and many other aspects of landscape architecture. Many injuries encountered in the research for this report are examples of irreparable harm caused by incompetent practice of landscape architecture, including fatal and permanently provide compelling evidence of the profession’s impact on the public’s health,disabling safety, hazards and welfare.in designs and specifications. Those examples alone There is a strong but erroneous association of landscape architects with trades that are not, and should not be, subject to occupational regulation, such as garden or planting designers. A number of professions are substantially and directly responsible infrastructure. Many, perhaps most, of those professions are subject tofor statethe orderlylicensure development and regulation. of society’s In doing physical, so, state legal, policy and makers financial are attempting to foster and ensure minimally competent, safe planning of the built environment. In these professions (unlike some others), certain health, safety, and welfare—which subordination is best accomplished througheconomic licensure. influences must be subordinate to basic standards for public If there were no licensure for landscape architecture services, nonpractitioner clients would have no reliable source of information addressing practitioner knowledge of health and safety issues, regulatory compliance, avoidance of property damage, and other skills generally expected of a design professional. Landscape Architecture Licensure Handbook: Ensuring Safe, Healthy, and Resilient Natural and Built Environments Page 6 of 147 The very nature of a technical profession makes it impracticable for consumers and the public who need these services to accurately assess the relative competence of an individual or firm. Professional regulation is therefore needed to establish a comprehensive, enforceable set of practice standards and to prevent negligence and incompetence. Other methods of consumer and public protection are potentially unavailing for injured victims and no deterrent for negligent design professionals. Without regulatory standards, consumers cannot rely on a professional to produce design and technical documentation that meets minimum standards of competence. In those cases, bargaining is risky, and various legal doctrines mayproject deflect liabilities legal inresponsibility accordance withwhere local, a competent state, and designfederal professionalregulations. shouldState licensure have identified of landscape techniques architects to mitigate allows consumersphysical hazards to manage and othertheir risk, particularly in the interest of reducing exposure for premises liability from hazardous and defective design. State licensing statutes have developed both consumers of landscape architecture services and the general public thatwith frequently
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