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23. Sedimentary History of the Red Sea1

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23. SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF THE RED SEA1 Peter Stoffers, Laboratorium fur Sedimentforschung, Universitát Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany and David A. Ross, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts INTRODUCTION trated is the Miocene evaporites (Frazier, 1970; Lowell and Genik, 1972; Ahmed, 1972) with over 3.8 km penetration Numerous studies have been made of Recent Red Sea in a diapiric area adjacent to the Dahlac Islands (off sediments concerning their paleontology, mineralogy, or Ethiopia) and 3.6 km found overlying basalt off southern geochemistry. In addition, over 50 reports have been Sudan. On the western side of the Red Sea over 1 km of published on the sedimentary environment of the hot brine evaporites was found near the coast of southern Saudi area (21°N) in the central axial valley (see Degens and Ross, Arabia (Gillmann, 1968). Correlations between wells, even 1969, and contained references; Backer and Schoell, 1972). fairly closely spaced ones, generally show marked changes These studies generally indicate considerable climatic in thickness (Carella and Scarpa, 1962), probably due, in fluctuations within the Holocene and Late Pleistocene that part, to salt flowage (Frazier, 1970) or erosional pinch-out are reflected by changes in fauna and sediment along angular unconformities (Ross and Schlee, in press). characteristics. In general, aragonite-cemented lithic layers Most of the wells show unconformities within the Miocene formed during periods of glacially or tectonically lowered section as well as within the post-Miocene sections. stands of sea level when salinity increased in the Red Sea Continuous seismic reflection profiles also show truncations (Milliman et al., 1969). Lowered sea level would restrict of reflectors in the section above reflector S (shown by Leg inflow of Indian Ocean water from the Straits of Bab el 23 drillings to be the top of the Miocene evaporite section), Mandeb. This, combined with the high evaporation rate indicating Pliocene-Pleistocene unconformities. prevailing over the Red Sea, would result in increased The general absence of Oligocene marine sediments in salinity during these periods. Benthonic foraminifera also the Red Sea area has led some to suggest that the basin was reflect higher salinities in that there is an increased presence a topographic high during this time (Gass, 1970; Swartz and of forms tolerant of high salinity during the times of Arden, 1960). Eocene transgressive marine deposits have lowered sea level. Geochemical investigations (Deuser and been mapped in northern Sinai and Egypt (Coleman, this 18 16 Degens, 1969) likewise show increased δ0 /δ0 during volume), but they or older rocks rarely are detected in any 16 these periods, indicating evaporitic loss of lighter O . of the drillings. Prior to DSDP Leg 23, some deep sediment and rock samples had been obtained from drilling in the Red Sea LEG 23B DRILLINGS area, but few results have been reported. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the sedimentary studies made on During Leg 23B, six sites were drilled in the Red Sea. Leg 23 and to compare them with previously collected Details of the individual holes and their specific aspects can material. be found within the other chapters of this Initial Report. We briefly report here a summary of the major sedimentary PREVIOUS DRILLING INFORMATION findings at each site before presenting a description of the At least 20 wells have been drilled in the Red Sea. Well main sediment types. data have been given by Ahmed (1972) for the eastern Red Sea; Gillmann (1968), Mason and Moore (1970), and Site 225 Lowell and Genik (1972) for Ethiopia; and Carella and Scarpa (1962) for part of the Sudanese coast. Summaries of This site was drilled on the seaward edge of the main these well data have been presented by Ross and Schlee (in trough about 10 miles to the east of the Atlantis II Deep. It press) and Coleman (this volume), and much of the material was, drilled and continuously cored to a depth of 230 presented in this section is from these two papers. met&rs (Figure 2). The hole terminated 54 meters into a Late Miocene evaporite sequence. Four distinct sedi- Wells drilled around the edge of the Red Sea basin mentary units were penetrated: (Figure 1) generally reach evaporites of Miocene and 2 Unit I-Gray foram-bearing micarb-rich detrital clay silt younger age. Three wells (Bargan 1, Bargan 2, and Yuba 1) nanno ooze and chalk that ranged in age from Early in the northern corner of the Red Sea did not hit any Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. The total thickness of this evaporites, but bottomed in granite. However, El-Morgan 1 unit is 112 meters. Its sedimentation rate ranged from 100 in the Gulf of Suez penetrated 728 meters of evaporites. m/m.y. at the base of the unit to 70 m/m.y. in the Late Basalt basement was reached in two wells along the Pleistocene. A possible unconformity separates the Pliocene Sudanese coast. Most of the wells ended in Tertiary from the Pleistocene sequence. sedimentary rocks. Generally, the main sequence pene- Woods Hole Contribution No. 3168. The term micarb refers to microcrystalline carbonate particles. 849 P. STOFFERS, D. ROSS Well* Well Name Total depth Thickness drilled (m) of salt (m) rock 1 El-Morgan 1 3146 728 2 Bargan 1 2900 Granite 3 Bargan 2 2786 Granite 4 Yuba 1 2271 Granite 5 Mansiyah 1 3939 1222 6 Zi Faf 1 465 + 346 + 7 Dhunishub 3867 3517+ 8 Secca- Fawn 1 3363 877 9 Adal 2 2475 1747 + 10 Suri 7 2553 1 1 B- 1 3340 2964 12 A- 1 3557 1 3 C- 1 3010 14 Tokar 1 1538 0 15 Ourwara 2 4152 1065 Basalt 25' 16 Dungunab 1 1615 462 Basalt 17 DSDP 227 359 108 + 18 DSDP 228 325 29 + 19 DSDP 229 212 20 Jiddah Cement Co. 500 92 20" v>J YEMEN 15 35° 40° Figure 1. Locations of DSDP and other drilling sites in the Red Sea (from Ross and Schlee, in press). 850 SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF THE RED SEA SITE 225 SITE 227 SITE 228 SITE 229 J. _ -L _L grαy and green E detrital silty _1 L_ clay, nσnno ooz _L L HOLOCEN and chalk _l_ L 50- J L J L. L . _L L • -J. _L L L... 100- _1 Ju E J. L L Unit 2 calcareous _1_ . _L _ _L . PLEISTOCEN silty clay/- R 150- clayey silt and — , •• UPPE • } — J siltstone , , • — * ,J — _ (. .. DOLOMITIC ' 1 1 BLACK — , — SILTSTONES 200- & •― ; SHALES 1 1 TD 212 250- Nanno ooze Nanno chalk 300- Foram ooze Foram chalk \ Silt | Silty clay 350- " I Clayey silt Halite Pyrite Mixed Montmorillonite Dolomite Hematite-Anhydrite SITE 226 SITE 230 Volcanic tuff Y////A UJ ö _j δ Λ v f ;VM Basalt TD 9 Ift-JL±I TD 14 Figure 2. General stratigraphy of sediments cored during Leg 23B. 851 P. STOFFERS, D. ROSS Unit II—Gray micarb-rich nanno detrital silty claystone Unit IV—A lithified anhydrite and halite with interbeds of Early Pliocene age. Total thickness is 55 meters and the of hard, black shale. A total of 133 meters was drilled into sedimentation rate was about 20 m/m.y. this unit before drilling stopped. Bedding planes within the Unit HI—Dark gray dolomitic slity claystone of Early evaporite sequence tend to be fairly steep, having a general Pliocene or Late Miocene age. Total thickness is 9 meters dip of between 40-60°. This steep dip could be due to and the sedimentation rate was about 20 m/m.y. solution collapse, salt flowage, or perhaps to regional Unit IV—Lithified anhydrite and halite sequence with deformation in the Red Sea. As at Sites 225 and 228, the occasional black shale layers of presumed Late Miocene age. dark muds and shales overlying and within the evaporite Lithologic and paleontologic evidence suggest that unit sequence tend to be occasionally enriched with vanadium, IV was deposited in shallow, restricted evaporite conditions molybdenum, copper, and iron. This enrichment, being so which gradually changed to more open conditions in the close to the hot brine area, suggests more than a casual Pliocene and Pleistocene during the deposition of units III, relationship and is further discussed in the paper by II, and I. The dark muds and shales above the evaporite Manheim (this volume). The general sedimentary sequence, sequence are occasionally enriched with iron, vanadium, as observed at Site 227, is similar to that at Sites 225 and and molybdenum (see Manheim, this volume). Shales 228, and is correlative (Figure 3) on the basis of the within the evaporite sequences are also enriched with microfauna (Fleisher, this volume). The interpretation of vanadium and molybdenum but also contain considerable the sediments is also similar to that of the other two sites, copper. Reducing conditions are indicated during the initiating with a Late Miocene evaporite phase in a deposition of unit IV by the finding of relatively high relatively shallow evaporite basin with some indication of amounts of organic matter, pyrite, and shales within the occasional reducing conditions as indicated by high evaporite sequence. amounts of organic material and pyrite within the black shale layers. The overlying units were deposited in a more Site 226 open ocean situation with occasional reducing conditions as This site was drilled in the central part of the axial indicated by black shale layers containing high organic trough in an area having high bottom water temperature carbon and pyrite content. and salinity, the so-called Atlantis II Deep located within the hot brine area of the Red Sea. Only two sediment cores were obtained and these had sediments similar to those Site 228 obtained previously from the hot brine area (Bischoff, 1969).
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