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Status of the Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) Along the Northern and Western Coasts of the Yucata´N Peninsula, Me´Xico

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Status of the Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) Along the Northern and Western Coasts of the Yucata´N Peninsula, Me´Xico Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 39, No. 1, 42-49, 2003 Copyright 2003 College of Arts and Sciences University of Puerto Rico, Mayagu¨ez Status of the Manatee (Trichechus manatus) along the Northern and Western Coasts of the Yucata´n Peninsula, Me´xico BENJAMI´N MORALES-VELA1,JANNETH A. PADILLA-SALDI´VAR1, AND ANTONIO A. MIGNUCCI-GIANNONI2 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal. Carr. Chetumal − Bacalar km 2. Zona Industrial No. 2. C.P. 77049. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Me´xico, [email protected] 2Caribbean Marine Mammal Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, P. O. Box 361715, San Juan, PR 00936 USA ABSTRACT.—The status of manatees along the northern and western coasts of the Yucata´n Peninsula is poorly known. The objective of this study was to gather information about the distribution and abundance of manatees in this region. We interviewed local fishermen and authorities along the northern coast of the Peninsula in December 1999 and made three aerial surveys over the northern and western coasts of the Peninsula in March, August, and October 2000. Interviews suggest that manatee abundance was much higher in the past and that possible causes for population decline included hunting for local consumption and increased fishing, which entangled and frightened manatees. None of those interviewed had seen manatees in the last five years and we saw only one adult manatee. Manatee abundance along the northern and western coasts of the Yucata´n Peninsula is very low despite the presence of adequate habitat along the northern coast of Quintana Roo, from El Cuyo to Yalahau Lagoon; along the northern coast of Yucata´n, from Dzilam de Bravo to Rı´o Lagartos; along the western coast of the Peninsula, from Celestu´ n to Champoto´n; and in the Te´rminos Lagoon. The recovery of the manatee population will require a multidisciplinary and long-term regional conservation plan that must consider various social and economic aspects. INTRODUCTION tee distribution in southeast Me´xico. Fran- cisco Uca´n (pers. comm.) conducted some preliminary work in Campeche in l996. In Me´xico has an important population of the southern part of the peninsula, the West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus), abundance of manatees is highest along the which is mainly distributed along the coast Caribbean coast, particularly in the state of of the Gulf of Me´xico from the state of Ve- Quintana Roo. Chetumal Bay is the most racruz to the state of Quintana Roo in the important area for manatees in this state Mexican Caribbean. Manatees are rela- (Morales-Vela and Olivera-Go´mez, l994; tively common in some areas within this Morales-Vela et al., 2000a). Manatee sight- coastal strip (Lluch, l965; Colmenero- ings are infrequent along the Gulf coast of Rolo´n, l984; Lefebvre et al., l989; Lefebvre et the Peninsula, including the states of Yuca- al., 2001). Manatees were once abundant in ta´n and Campeche. Illegal and sporadic the Yucata´n Peninsula and the region’s hunting of manatees for their meat is still a Maya inhabitants hunted them regularly problem in some fishing communities in (de Landa, 1978; de Sahagu´ n, 1992). After Campeche. the Spanish Conquest, manatee hunting be- The purpose of this study was to provide came more intense in the Gulf of Me´xico updated information on the status of mana- and along the coasts of Yucata´n (Durand, tees along the northern and western coast l983). of the Yucata´n Peninsula. We obtained data There are still some reports of manatees about the distribution and abundance of along the northern coast of the Yucata´n manatees, the risks that manatees face in Peninsula. Colmenero-Rolo´n and Hoz- this area, and the availability of manatee Zavala (l986) focused on evaluating mana- habitat in the region. 42 STATUS OF THE MANATEE IN YUCATÁN 43 MATERIALS AND METHODS (Secretarı´a de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT). Interviews Interviews were made from 5-10 Decem- Aerial surveys ber l999 in the most important towns and fishing villages located along the northern The study area included the northern coast of the Yucata´n Peninsula. Individual and western coasts of the Yucata´n Penin- and group (two to five persons) interviews sula, from Yalahau Lagoon to the western were conducted. Interviewees were shown part of the Te´rminos Lagoon (Fig. 1 zones manatee photographs and videos, and A-D). Three aerial surveys were conducted were questioned to determine their general aboard Cessna 172 and 182 high-winged knowledge about the manatee, present us- aircrafts in March, August, and October age and historical use of the area, probable 2000. The flight path followed the northern causes of the population reduction, time and western coastlines of the Yucata´n Pen- and location of the last sightings, and the insula, at an altitude between 150 and 240 characteristics of habitats where manatees m and at speeds between 130 and 190 km/ had been observed. hr. Lefebvre’s (l995) safety protocol for Twenty-five interviews with a total of 45 aerial surveys was followed. The survey people were completed (Table 1). People technique was similar to that reported by interviewed included fishermen, port cap- Morales-Vela and Olivera-Go´mez (l994) in tains, tourist guides, guards of natural re- Chetumal Bay, and Morales-Vela et al. serves, and personnel from the Ministry of (2000b) in Belize and Chetumal Bay. Two or the Environment and Natural Resources three observers participated in each survey TABLE 1. Locations, number of persons interviewed (N) and comments during manatee interviews in the northern Yucata´n Peninsula in 1999. Locations N Comments Celestu´ n, Yucata´n 8 Manatees were observed in the area until 15 years ago. They were hunted for meat. Young people do not know them. Chiquila´, Quintana Roo 3 Manatees have not been seen in the zone. People have seen them in Chetumal Bay. Chuburna´, Yucata´n 1 People know the manatees, but have not seen them in the zone, and know they existed in other locations. Dzilam de Bravo, Yucata´n 2 Manatees were observed in the area up to five years ago. They were hunted for their meat. A photographic record of a poached manatee in 1995 is available. El Cuyo, Yucata´n 8 Manatees were frequently observed in front of the town about 20 years ago. They were hunted for their meat. Young people do not know them and children have seen them only on television. Holbox, Quintana Roo 3 Manatees were observed in the area up to 15 years ago. They were hunted for their meat. They were not seen again since hurricane Gilbert in 1988. Isla Arena, Campeche 7 Manatees were observed in the area up to five years ago. They were hunted for their meat. Rı´o Lagartos, Yucata´n 3 Manatees were observed in the area until 15 years ago. They were hunted for their meat. San Crisanto, Yucata´n 2 People declared that manatees have not been seen after hurricane Gilbert in 1988. San Felipe, Yucata´n 3 Manatees were frequently observed 30 years ago in the area. They were hunted for their meat. Sisal, Yucata´n 2 Manatees were observed 20 years ago in front of the town. Young people do not know them. Telchac, Yucata´n 3 Manatees were seen near Dzilam de Bravo, where fresh water sources are present. 44 B. MORALES-VELA ET AL. FIG. 1. The study area included from Yalahau Lagoon up to the western Te´rminos Lagoon. To plan the aerial survey sessions, the study area was divided into four zones (A, B, C, and D). Squares in zones A and C indicate areas where transects were included in the route during the October survey. and maintained the same observation posi- observed, as well as areas with fresh water tions during the flights. A Canon model sources. EOS ELAN II E camera with 28-80 mm lens The March survey was carried out in focal length and 35 mm 100 ASA color three sessions while the August and Octo- transparencies film was used, as well as de- ber surveys were done in two sessions tailed maps (scale 1:250,000), observational each. data forms, and a SONY model PYXIS The Cessna 172 was used during the IPS760 global positioning system. March survey. The first session surveyed Survey conditions recorded were wind all the coastline between the Yalahau La- intensity, cloud cover, and water clarity. goon and Telchac (Fig. 1, zone A), the sec- General aspects of the survey including pi- ond covered the coast from Telchac to lot experience, equipment failures, observ- Sabancuy (Fig. 1, zones B and C), and the er’s air-sickness, and other minor problems third covered most of the perimeter of the were also noted. Te´rminos Lagoon (except its northeast Surveys were flown 500 to 800 m off- coast) up to Panlao Lagoon (Fig. 1, zone D). shore parallel to the coast, and included all The Cessna 182 was used during the Au- the main channels and lagoons connected gust and October surveys, which did not to the sea. The lower 2 km of the Champo- include the northwest zone of the Penin- to´n River (Fig. 1, zone C) were also sur- sula (from Telchac to Celestu´ n: Fig.1 zone veyed. Special attention was given to the B) due to lack of suitable habitat and low areas where manatees had been previously probability of sighting manatees. STATUS OF THE MANATEE IN YUCATÁN45 In October, two series of transects per- (Hartman, 1979; Reynolds and Odell, 1991). pendicular to the coast (Fig. 1 zones A and Normally, individuals cruise between 1-3 C) were included in the route over two m below the surface and feed from just be- coastal zones considered likely manatee low the surface to a depth of 4 m (Hartman, habitat during the previous surveys.
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