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Supporting Information

Fisher et al. 10.1073/pnas.1310691110

Fig. S1. Index of seasonal predictability in arthropod abundance (Colwell’s P) plotted against latitude of sampling sites where dasyurid and didelphid have been recorded in (filled points) and (unfilled points). Lines indicate fitted regressions (solid line = rainforest, dashed line = grassland).

Fig. S2. Mean index of seasonal predictability in arthropod abundance (Colwell’s P) plotted against mean latitude of sample points for dasyurid and didelphid marsupials in (A) and (B) Eucalypt and . Sampled occurred in a relatively narrow range of latitudes in these habitats.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 1of13 Fig. S3. Phylogeny of insectivorous marsupials with known life history data, based on ref. 1 with updates from ref. 2.

1. Cardillo M, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Boakes E, Purvis A (2004) A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials. J Zool 264(1):11–31. 2. Fritz SA, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Purvis A (2009) Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian risk: Big is bad, but only in the tropics. Ecol Lett 12(6):538–549.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 2of13 ihre al. et Fisher Table S1. Reproductive traits and diets of insectivorous marsupials Latitude (south) www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 Proportion Proportion Female for of of age species class for females males Male Breeding Copulation Litters Scrotal at first with species species Common surviving surviving iteroparity Die- season duration per width breeding P with (source of data) name Location postbreeding postbreeding rank off? length (d) (h) year (mm) (d P sampled P sampled

Antechinomys laniger 4 No 203 1.2 11 345 0.75 31.070 Shrubland (1–4) adustus Rusty antechinus Australia 0 1 Yes 28 1 11 330 0.73 18.090 Rainforest (3, 5, 6) Antechinus agilis Australia 0.125 0 1 Yes 14 10.5 1 13 330 0.66 36.550 Woodland (3, 7–9) Antechinus bellus (3, Australia 0.03 0 1 Yes 21 1 12 350 10–12) Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed Australia 0.26 0 1 Yes 14 11 1 15 345 0.69 22.950 Woodland (3, 13–17) antechinus Antechinis godmani Atherton Australia 0 1 Yes 28 1 11 330 0.83 19.000 Rainforest (3, 5, 6) antechinus Antechinus leo Cinnamon Australia 0.22 0 1 Yes 28 1 350 (3, 18, 19) antechinus Antechinus minimus Australia 0.31 0 1 Yes 28 1 18 345 (3, 20–24) Antechinus stuartii (3, Australia 0.085 0 1 Yes 14 12 1 13 320 0.65 30.550 Woodland 25–28) Antechinus Subtropical Australia 0.17 0 1 Yes 14 12 1 14 330 1 27.370 Rainforest subtropicus antechinus (3, 29, 30) Antechinus swainsonii Australia 0.23 0 1 Yes 21 9.5 1 16 330 0.68 35.060 Woodland (3, 9, 15, 31–33) Dasycercus blythi Brush-tailed Australia 0.4 5 No 56 8.5 1 19 315 0.83 23.210 Grassland (3, 34–40) Dasycercus cristicauda Crest-tailed Australia 0.125 5 No 56 1 14 315 0.76 23.660 Shrubland (3, 40) mulgara Dasykaluta Kaluta, little red Australia 0 1 Yes 14 6.75 1 13 300 1 22.600 Grassland rosamondae kaluta (3, 41) Dasyuroides byrnei (3, Australia 5 No 182 8.375 2 17 270 42–44) Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Australia 0.172 0.09 3 No 14 1 29 330 1 22.600 Grassland (3, 45–49) Dasyurus viverrinus (3, Australia 0.5 0.22 5 No 14 8.5 1.22 30 365 50–54) Gracilinanus Brazilian gracile South 0.03 0.03 2 No 28 1 330 0.92 25.050 Rainforest microtarsus opossum America (55–58) 3of13 ihre al. et Fisher Table S1. Cont. Latitude (south) www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 Proportion Proportion Female for Habitat of of age species class for females males Male Breeding Copulation Litters Scrotal at first with species Genus species Common surviving surviving iteroparity Die- season duration per width breeding P with (source of data) name Location postbreeding postbreeding rank off? length (d) (h) year (mm) (d P sampled P sampled

Marmosa murina (59– Robinson’s mouse South 5 No 112 2.9 2 11 243 0.51 8.840 Rainforest 65) opossum America Marmosops incanus Gray slender mouse South 0.01 0 2 No 28 1 14 330 0.92 25.050 Rainforest (66–68)* opossum America Marmosops paulensis Brazilian slender South 0 0 2 No 28 1 340 (69) mouse opossum America Metachirus Brown four-eyed South 5 No 180 2 0.58 12.830 Rainforest nudicaudatus (62, opossum America 70–74) Micoureus demerarae Long-furred woolly South 4 No 240 1 14 285 0.58 12.830 Rainforest (63, 71, 75–79)* mouse opossum America Monodelphis Southern short- South 0 0 2 No 28 1 330 1 37.450 Grassland dimidiata (80–83) tailed opossum America Monodelphis Gray short-tailed South 5 No 365 0.1 3 13.2 180 0.75 7.470 Grassland domestica (71, 84– opossum America 88) habbema Short-furred Papua 5 No 365 4.5 3 10 330 0.49 5.230 Rainforest (89) dasyure New Guinea Murexia longicaudata Black-tailed dasyure Papua 5 No 365 1.5 3 12 330 (89) New Guinea Murexia melanurus Long-nosed dasyure Papua 5 No 365 3 13 330 (89–91) New Guinea Murexia naso (89–92) Broad-striped Papua 5 No 365 4.5 3 10 330 dasyure New Guinea Murexia rothschildi Muller’s three- Papua 5 No 365 3 14 330 0.49 5.230 Rainforest (89) striped dasyure New Guinea melas (89) Wongai nigaui Australia 0 0 4 No 42 3.5 1.08 8 290 0.84 23.450 Shrubland ridei (3, 39, Australia 0.1 0.02 4 No 112 1.1 9 150 93) Ningaui yvonneae (3, Australia 0.24 0.135 3 No 21 6.35 1 19 315 39, 94, 95) Parantechinus apicalis Red-tailed Australia 0.24 0 1 Yes 21 6 1 15 330 0.85 23.690 Shrubland (3, 47, 96–104) 4of13 ihre al. et Fisher Table S1. Cont. Latitude (south) www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 Proportion Proportion Female for Habitat of of age species class for females males Male Breeding Copulation Litters Scrotal at first with species Genus species Common surviving surviving iteroparity Die- season duration per width breeding P with (source of data) name Location postbreeding postbreeding rank off? length (d) (h) year (mm) (d P sampled P sampled

Phascogale calura (3, Tuan, wambenger, Australia 0.19 0 1 Yes 49 5 1 16 330 0.57 34.020 Woodland 105–109) brush-tailed phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa Narrow-striped Papua 5 No 365 2 3 13 (3, 51, 110–117) dasyure New Guinea Phascolosorex dorsalis Gile’s Australia 5 No 140 2.3 1.08 10 240 0.75 31.070 Shrubland (89) Planigale gilesi (3, Common planigale Australia 5 No 365 2.1 3 7.4 118–120) Planigale maculata (3, Narrow-nosed Australia 5 No 140 4 1.1 7 240 0.81 25.990 Shrubland 87, 121–123) planigale Planigale tenuirostris Sandstone Australia 0.125 0.125 5 No 28 1 13 330 (3, 118, 119) pseudantechinus Pseudantechinus Fat-tailed Australia 0.57 0.5 5 No 42 2 1 14 350 0.66 23.620 Shrubland bilarni (3, 10, 124, pseudantechinus 125) Pseudantechinus Ningbing Australia 5 No 28 1 330 ningbing (3, 126) pseudantechinus Pseudantechinus Fat-tailed Australia 0.03 0 4 No 168 5 1.11 7.8 150 0.75 31.070 Shrubland macdonnellensis (3, 127–129) Sminthopsis Little long-tailed Australia 0.05 0.04 4 No 168 1 10 255 crassicaudata (3, dunnart 130–134) Sminthopsis dolichura Gray-bellied Australia 0 0 4 No 28 2.75 1 9 360 [3, 135, this study dunnart (weaning age)] Sminthopsis Hairy-footed Australia 5 No 1 12 330 0.84 23.450 Shrubland griseoventer (3, 32, dunnart 96, 104) Sminthopsis hirtipes White-footed Australia 5 No 84 2 1.01 10 336 [3, 136, this study dunnart (scrotal width, copulation time)] Sminthopsis leucopus Long-tailed dunnart Australia 5 No 168 1.5 11 280 (3, 134, 137–140) Sminthopsis Stripe-faced Australia 5 No 175 2.5 1.11 10 120 0.84 23.450 Shrubland longicaudata (3, dunnart

5of13 141) ihre al. et Fisher Table S1. Cont. Latitude (south) www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 Proportion Proportion Female for Habitat of of age species class for females males Male Breeding Copulation Litters Scrotal at first with species Genus species Common surviving surviving iteroparity Die- season duration per width breeding P with (source of data) name Location postbreeding postbreeding rank off? length (d) (h) year (mm) (d P sampled P sampled

Sminthopsis macroura Common dunnart Australia 5 No 168 4.5 1 330 (3, 131, 132, 142– 146) Sminthopsis murina Red-cheeked Australia 5 No 365 7 3 230 (3, 147) dunnart Sminthopsis virginiae Little hairy-footed Australia 5 No 196 3.2 1.3 9 240 0.84 23.450 Shrubland (3, 89, 148, 149)* dunnart Sminthopsis Little hairy-footed Australia 5 No 196 3.2 1.3 9 240 0.84 23.450 Shrubland youngsoni (3, 39, dunnart 96)

*Testes mass reported; scrotal width estimated from regression of scrotal width vs. testes mass across species (86).

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Kitchener DJ (1981) Breeding, diet and habitat preference of Phascogale calura (Gould 1844) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in the southern wheatbelt. Rec WA Mus 9(1):173–186. 110. Cuttle P (1982) Life history of the dasyurid marsupial Phascogale tapoatafa. Carnivorous Marsupials, ed Archer M (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney), Vol 1, pp 13–22. 111. Millis AL, Taggart DA, Bradley AJ, Phelan J, Temple-Smith PD (1999) Reproductive biology of the brush-tailed phascogale, Phascogale tapoatafa (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). J Zool 248(2):325–335. 112. Rhind SG (2002) Reproductive demographics among brush-tailed phascogales (Phascogale tapoatafa) in south-western Australia. Wildl Res 29(2):247–257. 113. Rhind SG, Bradley JS (2002) The effect of drought on body size, growth and abundance of wild brush-tailed phascogales (Phascogale tapoatafa) in south- western Australia. Wildl Res 29(2):235–245. 114. Scarff FR, Rhind SG, Bradley JS (1998) Diet and foraging behaviour of brush-tailed phascogales (Phascogale tapoatafa) in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. Wildl Res 25(5):511–526. 115. Soderquist TR (1993) Maternal strategies of Phascogale tapoatafa (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). I. Breeding seasonality and maternal investment. Aust J Zool 41(6):549–566. 116. Soderquist TR, Ealey L (1994) Social interactions and mating strategies of a solitary carnivorous marsupial, Phascogale tapoatafa, in the wild. Wildl Res 21(5):527–542. 117. Traill BJ, Coates TD (1993) Field observations of the brush-tailed phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust Mammal 16(1):61–65. 118. Read DG (1984) Reproduction and breeding season of Planigale gilesi and Planigale tenuirostris (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust Mammal 7(1):161–174. 119. Read DG (1987) Diets of sympatric Planigale gilesi and Planigale tenuirostris (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Relationships of season and body size. Aust Mammal 10(1):11–22. 120. Whitford D, Fanning FD, White AW (1982) Some information on reproduction, growth and development in Planigale gilesi (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia). Carnivorous Marsupials, ed Archer M (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney), Vol 1, pp 77–81. 121. Aslin HJ (1975) Reproduction in Antechinus maculatus Gould (Dasyuridae). Aust Wildl Res 2(1):77–80. 122. Taylor JM, Calaby JH, Redhead TD (1982) Breeding in wild populations of the marsupial-mouse Planigale maculata sinualis (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia). Carnivorous Marsupials, ed Archer M (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney), Vol 1, pp 83–87. 123. Van Dyck S (1979) Behaviour in captive individuals of the dasyurid marsupial Planigale maculata (Gould 1851). Mem Queensl Mus 19(1):223–224. 124. Begg RJ (1981) The small mammals of Little Nourlangie Rock, N.T. II. Ecology of Antechinus bilarni, the sandstone antechinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust Wildl Res 8(1):57–72. 125. Woolley PA (1995) Observations of reproduction in captive Parantechinus bilarni (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust Mammal 18(1):83–85. 126. Woolley PA (1988) Reproduction in the ningbing antechinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Field and laboratory observations. Aust Wildl Res 15(2):149–156. 127. Gilfillan SL (2001) An ecological study of a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in central Australia. I. food supply, diet and reproductive strategy. Wildl Res 28(4):469–480. 128. Gilfillan SL (2001) An ecological study of a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in central Australia. II. Population dynamics and movements. Wildl Res 28(4):481–492. 129. Woolley PA (1991) Reproduction in Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): field and laboratory observations. Wildl Res 18(1):13–25. 130. Ewer RF (1968) A preliminary survey of the behaviour in captivity of the dasyurid marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould). Z Tierpsychol 25(3):319–365. 131. Godfrey GK (1969) Reproduction in a laboratory colony of the marsupial mouse Sminthopsis larapinta (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust J Zool 17(4):637–654. 132. Godfrey GK, Crowcroft P (1971) Breeding in the fat-tailed marsupial mouse Sminthopsis crassicaudata in captivity. Int Zoo Yearb 11(1):33–38. 133. Morton SR (1978) An ecological study of Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) III. Reproduction and life history. Wildl Res 5(1):183–211. 134. Read DG, BJ, Whitford D (1983) Notes on breeding in Sminthopsis. Aust Mammal 6(1):89–92. 135. Friend GR, Johnson BW, Mitchell DS, Smith GT (1997) Breeding, population dynamics and habitat relationships of Sminthopsis dolichura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in semi-arid of Western Australia. Wildl Res 24(2):245–262. 136. Masters P (1993) The effects of fire-driven succession and rainfall on small mammals in Spinifex grassland at Uluru National Park, Northern Territory. Wildl Res 20(6):803–813. 137. Hutchings SD (1996) Observations of white-footed dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus: behaviour and nest-site locations on the Anglesea heathlands, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 113(2):311–312. 138. Lunney D, Ashby E (1987) Population changes in Sminthopsis leucopus (Gray) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), and other small mammal species, in forest regenerating from logging and fire near Bega, New South Wales. Aust Wildl Res 14(3):275–284. 139. Lunney D, Ashby E, Grigg J, O’Connell M (1986) Food availability and habitat selection of Sminthopsis leucopus (Gray) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Aust Mammal 9(1):105–110. 140. Woolley PA, Ahern LD (1983) Observations on the ecology and reproduction of Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Proc R Soc Vic 95(1):169–180. 141. Woolley PA, Valente A (1986) Reproduction in Sminthopsis longicaudata (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Laboratory observations. Aust Wildl Res 13(1):7–12. 142. Menkhorst E, Ezard N, Selwood L (2007) Induction of ovulation and natural oestrous cycling in the stripe-faced Dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura. Reproduction 133(2):495–502. 143. Taggart DA, Selwood L, Temple-Smith PD (1997) Sperm production, storage, and the synchronization of male and female reproductive cycles in the iteroparous, stripe-faced dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura; Marsupialia): relationship to reproductive strategies within the Dasyuridae. J Zool 243(3):725–736. 144. Woolley PA (1990) Reproduction in Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) I. The female. Aust J Zool 38(1):187–205. 145. Woolley PA (1990) Reproduction in Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) II. The male. Aust J Zool 38(2):207–217. 146. Frigo L, Woolley PA (1997) Growth and development of pouch young of the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in captivity. Aust J Zool 45(2):157–170. 147. Fox BJ, Whitford D (1982) Polyoestry in a predictable coastal environment: reproduction, growth and development in Sminthopsis murina (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia). Carnivorous Marsupials, ed Archer M (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney), Vol 1, pp 39–48. 148. Morton SR, Armstrong MD, Braithwaite RW (1987) The breeding season of Sminthopsis virginiae (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in the Northern Territory. Aust Mammal 10(1):41–42. 149. Taplin LE (1980) Some observations on the reproductive biology of Sminthopsis virginiae (Tarragon) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Aust Zool 20(3):407–418. 8of13 Table S2. Seasonal prey abundance, from studies with multiyear sampling of invertebrate abundance, sampled monthly, at sites containing insectivorous marsupial species with known life histories Insectivorous Number of marsupial species Elevation Sampling sampling Source Place name recorded P Latitude Longitude (m) Habitat method months

1 Fowlers Gap, near Broken Hill, NSW, Antechinomys 0.75 −31.07 142.71 20 Shrubland Pitfall 19 Australia laniger 2 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus adustus 0.86 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Litter 23 3 Cape Tribulation, north Qld, Australia Antechinus adustus 0.53 −16.28 145.48 40 Rainforest Flight 48 4 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus adustus 0.79 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Flight 23 5 South Ramshead Range near Mt Antechinus agilis 0.82 −36.40 148.53 1,850 Woodland Pitfall 26 Crackenback, NP NSW, Australia 6 Lees Creek in the Antechinus agilis 0.47 −35.37 148.80 910 Woodland Pitfall 38 near Canberra, ACT, Australia 7 Noojee 60 km east of Melbourne Antechinus agilis 0.77 −37.88 146.00 800 Woodland Pitfall 36 Victoria, Australia 4 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus flavipes 0.79 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Flight 23 2 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus flavipes 0.86 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Litter 23 3 Cape Tribulation, north Qld, Australia Antechinus flavipes 0.53 −16.28 145.48 40 Rainforest Flight 48 8 Blakeville near Daylesford Lerderderg Antechinus flavipes 0.59 −37.51 144.17 700 Woodland Pitfall 25 State Park Victoria, Australia 4 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus 0.79 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Flight 23 godmani 2 Paluma, north Qld, Australia Antechinus 0.86 −19.00 146.17 875 Rainforest Litter 23 godmani 9 Wollomombi Falls NSW 42km east of Antechinus stuartii 0.55 −30.52 152.03 920 Woodland Foliage 35 Armidale NSW, Australia 10 Petroi, 15 km south west of point Antechinus stuartii 0.75 −30.58 152.33 1,000 Woodland Pitfall 24 lookout New England National Park NSW, Australia 11 Mt Glorious near Brisbane, Qld, Antechinus 1 −27.37 152.76 550 Rainforest Flight 20 Australia subtropicus 6 Lees Creek in the Brindabella range Antechinus 0.47 −35.37 148.80 910 Woodland Pitfall 38 near Canberra, ACT, Australia swainsonii 5 South Ramshead Range near Mt Antechinus 0.82 −36.40 148.53 1,850 Woodland Pitfall 26 Crackenback, Snowy Mountains NP swainsonii NSW, Australia 7 Noojee 60 km east of Melbourne Antechinus 0.77 −37.88 146.00 800 Woodland Pitfall 36 Victoria, Australia swainsonii 10 Petroi, 15 km south west of point Antechinus 0.75 −30.58 152.33 1,000 Woodland Pitfall 24 lookout New England National Park swainsonii NSW, Australia * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Dasycercus 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia cristicauda 12 Ormiston gorge, NT, Australia Dasycercus blythi 0.66 −23.62 132.45 700 Grassland Pitfall 18 13 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Dasycercus blythi 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia 14 Juna Downs and Hamersley pastoral Dasykaluta 1 −22.60 118.30 300 Grassland Pitfall 9 leases, Pilbara bioregion, WA, rosamondae Australia 14 Juna Downs and Hamersley pastoral Dasyurus hallucatus 1 −22.60 118.30 300 Grassland Pitfall 9 leases, Pilbara bioregion, WA, Australia 15 Cananeia Sao Paulo, Brazil Gracilinanus 0.92 −25.05 −47.88 0 Rainforest Pitfall 24 microtarsus 16 Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica Marmosa robinsoni 0.41 8.59 −83.73 0 Rainforest Sweep 24 17 Las Cumbres, Panama Marmosa robinsoni 0.61 −9.08 −79.52 150 Rainforest Flight 38 15 Cananeia Sao Paulo, Brazil Marmosops incanus 0.92 −25.05 −47.88 0 Rainforest Pitfall 24 18 Tambopata Reserve Puerro Micoureus 0.58 −12.83 −69.28 200 Rainforest Pitfall 24 Maldonado, Peru demerarae 19 Villa Gesell District Buenos Aires Monodelphis 1 −37.45 −57.18 10 Grassland Pitfall 17 Province, Argentina dimidiata

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 9of13 Table S2. Cont. Insectivorous Number of marsupial species Elevation Sampling sampling Source Place name recorded P Latitude Longitude (m) Habitat method months

20 Private Reserve for the Monodelphis 0.75 7.47 −52.87 660 Grassland Pitfall 24 Environmental Inheritance of domestica Fazenda Almas, Brazil 21 Ohu village Madang Province, Papua Murexia 0.49 −5.23 145.68 200 Rainforest Pitfall 21 New Guinea longicaudatus 21 Ohu village Madang Province, Papua Myoictis melas 0.49 −5.23 145.68 200 Rainforest Pitfall 21 New Guinea * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Ningaui ridei 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia 14 West MacDonnell National Park Ningaui ridei 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 NT, near Alice Springs, Australia 14 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Phascogale calura 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia 9 Wollomombi Falls NSW 42 km east of Phascogale 0.55 −30.52 152.03 920 Woodland Foliage 35 Armidale NSW, Australia tapoatafa 8 Blakeville near Daylesford Phascogale 0.59 −37.51 144.17 700 Woodland Pitfall 25 Lerderderg State Park Victoria, tapoatafa Australia 1 Fowlers Gap, near Broken Hill, NSW, Planigale gilesi 0.75 −31.07 142.71 20 Shrubland Pitfall 19 Australia * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Planigale 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia tenuirostris 1 Fowlers Gap, near Broken Hill, NSW, Planigale 0.75 −31.07 142.71 20 Shrubland Pitfall 19 Australia tenuirostris 14 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Planigale 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia tenuirostris 13 Ormiston gorge, NT, Australia Pseudantechinus 0.66 −23.62 132.45 700 Grassland Pitfall 18 macdonnellensis 1 Fowlers Gap, near Broken Hill, NSW, Sminthopsis 0.75 −31.07 142.71 20 Shrubland Pitfall 19 Australia crassicaudata * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Sminthopsis 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia hirtipes 14 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Sminthopsis 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia hirtipes * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Sminthopsis 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia macroura 14 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Sminthopsis 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia macroura * Ethabooka, eastern Simpson desert, Sminthopsis 0.83 −23.21 137.98 200 Grassland Pitfall 16 Qld, Australia youngsoni 14 West MacDonnell National Park NT, Sminthopsis 0.85 −23.69 133.69 600 Shrubland Pitfall 19 near Alice Springs, Australia youngsoni

Our criteria for using the arthropod data in Table S2 were that sampling of insect abundance was described in detail in the methods including sampling effort and identification of orders, orders were those eaten by the species of dasyurid or didelphid at the study site, and the materials and methods reported study site scale and size of traps/quadrats. Studies used pitfall traps, flight traps, or standardized sweep net or litter collection. The sampling was monthly (not reported per season or with months or years combined) and over multiple years in the same months with the same standardized methods (ideally every month for ≥2 consecutive y). The sites had trapping records of at least one species of dasyurid or didelphid for which we had detailed data on life history at that site or in a nearby area of the same habitat. Most studies that met these criteria were intensive studies of prey availability for insectivorous marsupials or that were part of broader vertebrate population ecology research projects, or they were studies of arthropod seasonality. *See Table S4.

1. Morton SR (1978) An ecological study of Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) III. Reproduction and life history. Wildl Res 5(2):183–211. 2. Frith D, Frith C (1990) Seasonality of litter in an Australian upland tropical rainforest. Biotropica 22(1):181–190. 3. Grimbacher PS, Stork NE (2009) Seasonality of a diverse assemblage inhabiting lowland tropical rain forest in Australia. Biotropica 41(3):328–337. 4. Frith CB, Frith DW (1985) Seasonality of insect abundance in an Australian upland tropical rainforest. Aust J Ecol 10(1):237–248. 5. Green K (1989) Altitudinal and seasonal differences in the diets of Antechinus Swainsonii and Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in relation to the availability of prey in the Snowy Mountains. Aust Wildl Res 16(4):581–592. 6. Dickman CR (1989) Demographic responses of Antechinus stuartii to supplementary food. Aust J Ecol 14(3):387–398. 7. Neumann FG (1991) Responses of litter arthropods to major natural or artificial ecological disturbances in mountain ash forest. Aust J Ecol 16(1):19–32. 8. Neumann FG, Tolhurst K (1991) Effects of fuel reduction burning on epigeal arthropods and earthworms in dry sclerophyll Eucalypt forest of west-central Victoria. Aust J Ecol 16(3):315–330. 9. Bell HL (1985) Seasonal variation and the effects of drought on the abundance of arthropods in savanna woodland on the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Aust J Ecol 10(2):207–221.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 10 of 13 10. Statham HL, Harden RH (1982) Habitat utilization of Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia) at Petroi, northeastern New South Wales. Carnivorous Marsupials, ed Archer M (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney), pp 165–185. 11. Braithwaite RW (1979) Social dominance and habitat utilisation in Antechinus stuartii. Aust J Zool 27(4):517–528. 12. Gilfillan SL (2001) An ecological study of a population of Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in central Australia. I. Invertebrate food supply, diet and re- productive strategy. Wildl Res 28(5):469–480. 13. Palmer CM (2010) Chronological changes in terrestrial insect assemblages in the arid zone of Australia. Environ Entomol 39(6):1775–1787. 14. Ashcroft MB, et al. (2010) Using generalised dissimilarity models and many small samples to improve the efficiency of regional and landscape scale invertebrate sampling. Ecol Inform 5(1):124–132. 15. Bergallo HG, Magnusson WE (1999) Effects of climate and food availability on four species in southeastern Brazil. J Mammal 80(4):472–486. 16. Boinski S, Fowler NL (1989) Seasonal patterns in a tropical lowland forest. Biotropica 21(2):223–233. 17. Wolda H (1980) Seasonality of tropical insects. 1. Leafhoppers (homoptera) in Las Cumbres, Panama. J Anim Ecol 49(2):277–290. 18. Pearson DL, Derr JA (1986) Seasonal patterns of lowland forest floor arthropod abundance in south eastern Peru. Biotropica 18(1):244–256. 19. Isacch JP, Darrieu CA, Martinez MM (2005) Food abundance and dietary relationships among migratory shorebirds using during the non-breeding season. Waterbirds 28(2):238–245. 20. Vasconcellos A, et al. (2010) Seasonality of insects in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 54(5):471–476. 21. Pokon R, Novotny V, Samuelson GA (2005) Host specialization and species richness of root-feeding chrysomelid larvae (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) in a New Guinea rain forest. J Trop Ecol 21(5):595–604.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 11 of 13 Table S3. P, month of mean peak prey abundance, and month of weaning in insectivorous marsupial species that always or nearly always produce one litter a year (data sources as in Table S1) Genus species Litters per year P Peak prey abundance month Weaning month

Antechinus adustus 1 0.73 January December Antechinus agilis 1 0.66 January December Antechinus flavipes 1 0.69 January December Antechinus godmani 1 0.83 January December Antechinus stuartii 1 0.65 November December Antechinus subtropicus 1 1 January January Antechinus swainsonii 1 0.68 January December Dasycercus blythi 1 0.83 February December Dasycercus cristicaudata 1 0.76 December December Dasykaluta rosamondae 1 1 January January Dasyurus hallucatus 1 1 January December Gracilinus microtarsus 1 0.92 February January Marmosops incanus 1 0.92 February February Micoureus demerarae 1 0.58 April April Monodelphis dimidiata 1 1 January February Phascogale calura 1 0.85 February January Phascogale tapoatafa 1 0.57 January December Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis 1 0.66 December January Ningaui ridei 1.08 0.84 February February Planigale gilesi 1.08 0.75 February February Planigale tenuirostris 1.1 0.81 February January Sminthopsis crassicaudata 1.11 0.75 February February Sminthopsis macroura 1.11 0.84 February February Antechinomys laniger 1.2 0.75 February January

Note on the year-to-year synchrony of ovulation dates in dasyurid species with die-off. Insectivorous marsupial species with die-off use the rate of change of photoperiod as the main cue to begin reproduction. This is the mechanism of year-to-year synchronization in Antechinus (1) Particular rates of change in day length commence at the same date each year at the same location. Each species takes its cue from a particular rate of change, so each species commences breeding at the same date each year at a particular site. For example, Cockburn (2) conducted the longest running study on timing of reproduction in the wild in Antechinus (or other genera with die-off) to our knowledge, including intensive trapping to pinpoint birth dates (and therefore conception dates) in the wild- eight years at the same site, from 1983 until 1990. Referring to the agile antechinus A. agilis (then thought to be synonymous with A. stuartii), he says “I never trapped a female with pouch young before 23 September, and never caught a female without pouch young after 24 September. It is possible that the variance in birth date is even lower when adjustments are made for leap years, but it is impossible to be certain because I avoided trapping on the presumed date of birth to minimize interference (in a previous study, young became tangled in the cotton-wool nesting material).”

1. McAllan BM, Dickman CR, Crowther MS (2006) Photoperiod as a reproductive cue in the marsupial genus Antechinus: ecological and evolutionary consequences. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 87(3):365–379. 2. Cockburn A (1992) The duration of lactation in Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae). Aust J Zool 40(2):195–204.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 12 of 13 Table S4. Pitfall trapping results at Ethabuka, Simpson Desert, Australia 1990–2007 (1, 2) Year Month Number of individuals

1990 March 124 1990 June 50 1991 April 94 1991 July 42 1992 August 49 1993 November 216 1993 December 192 1995 September 63 1999 June 34 1999 December 145 2000 June 74 2005 February 112 2005 August 108 2007 October 77

Number of individuals refers to the number of arthropods (all orders except ants and collembola) sampled by pitfall trapping per month. Each month, 10 lines of ten pitfall traps (plastic cups, 70 mm diameter, 100 mm deep, containing 70% ethanol) 1 m apart were placed where insectivorous marsupials were observed foraging (3).

1. Chen X, Dickman CR, Thompson MB (1998) Diet of the mulgara, Dasycercus cristicauda, (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), in the Simpson Desert, central Australia. Wildl Res 25(2):233–242. 2. Dickman CR, et al. (2001) Population dynamics of three species of dasyurid marsupials in arid central Australia: A 10-year study. Wildl Res 28(5):493–506. 3. Fisher DO, Dickman CR (1993) Diet of insectivorous marsupials in arid Australia: Selection for prey type, size or hardness? J Arid Environ 25(4):397–410.

Fisher et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1310691110 13 of 13