Information to Users
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A B ell & Howell Iiiformation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 University of Oklahoma Graduate College A Geography of Extinction: Patterns in the Contraction of Geographic Ranges A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Robert B. ChanneU Norman, Oklahoma 1998 UMI Number: 9905629 UMI Microform 9905629 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 Copyright by ROBERT B. CHANNELL 1998 AU Rights Reserved. A Geography of Extinction: Patterns in the Contraction of Geographic Ranges A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY I Preface This dissertation is presented as three separate chapters. Each chapter will be submitted to a refereed journal. The first and second chapters will be submitted to American Naturalist. The third chapter will be submitted to Conservation Biology. Chapters have been formatted as appropriate for the given journal. IV Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge my major professor Mark Lomoiino who has been a model co-investigator on this project. His persistence, patience, and friendship have ably guided me through this project and I am greatly indebted. I also like to thank Dr. Marvin Baker, Dr. Nicholas Czaplewski, Dr. Mike Kaspari, Dr. Kathryn Pandora, and Dr. Caryn Vaughn for serving on my committee. Their comments and suggestions have improved this project immeasurably. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Michael Mares and Dr. Gary Schnell who have both been generous with their time, experience, and equipment. Dr. Victor Hutchison deserves special consideration for his administration of the GAANN fellowships and his valued advice. Dr. Michael Scott, University of Idaho, freely provided quality data and enthusiasm for this project. Melissa Songer and Tabbie Franklin both worked briefly on this project with me and their contributions are appreciated. I also thank the Department of Zoology for providing me a place and the time to grow. I would like to thank my friends and family for their support throughout my education. Special thanks goes to my parents whose encouragement and love never flagged. I thank my wife Kim for her patience and love. When I felt like it was all falling apart, she held it together. I was fortunate to receive a Department of Education Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need Fellowship. Many of the resources that this grant provided me made this work possible. I also received support from the Department of Zoology in a Graduate Teaching Assistantship. Lastly, Dr. Mark Lomoiino generously provided support on several of his grants for me. VI Table of Contents Page List of Tables............................................................................................ ix List of Illustrations ................................................................................ x A bstract......................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 A b stra c t...................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................... 4 Methods and Materials ............................................................... 7 R e s u l t s ..............................................................................................11 D is c u s s io n ........................................................................................15 Conservation Implications .................................................................21 Acknowledgments ............................................................................23 Literature C ited ..................................................................................24 Chapter 2 A b stra c t............................................................................................. 48 Introduction ........................................................................................50 Methods and Materials ...................................................................... 58 R e s u l t s ............................................................................................. 60 D is c u s s io n ........................................................................................62 vu Acknowledgments ..............................................................................70 Literature C ited ........................................................................... 71 Chapter 3 A b stra c t...............................................................................................98 Introduction ........................................................................................ 100 Methods and Materials ....................................................................... 105 R e s u l t s ..............................................................................................114 D is c u s s io n ........................................................................................121 Acknowledgments .............................................................................136 Literature C ited .................................................................................. 137 Appendices Appendix 1 .........................................................................................195 V lll List of Tables Table Page Chapter 2 1. Linear and quadratic terms of polynomial regressions . 79 Chapter 3 1. Definition of terms used in the m odel ......................................... 143 2. Model variables for each s im u la tio n ......................................... 146 IX List of Illustrations Illustration Page Chapter 1 1. Illustration of methods used to quantify geographic ranges 34 2. Historical and extant ranges of seven species ..............................35 3. Proportion of species with a peripheral bias by region . 42 4. Proportion of species with a peripheral bias by islands . 43 5. Proportion of species with a peripheral bias by taxa . 44 6. Historical and extant of two species from Guam.. 45 Chapter 2 1. Graphical comparison of the two hypotheses .... 84 2. Index of centrality vs. percent contracted .................................... 86 3. Sequential contractions for three species .................................... 87 4. Vectors of intermediate and final stages of contraction . 90 5. Distributions of simulated data for each hypothesis. 91 6. Regression of C vs. contracted (%) for all species . 93 7. Regression of C vs. contracted (%) for birds and mammals 94 8. Regression of C vs. contracted (%) for each region . 95 Chapter 3 1. Schematic diagram depicting model structure .... 152 2. Spread of Europeans, rabbits, and foxes in Australia 153 3. Simulated distributions of the American burying beetle 155 4. Simulated distributions of the American chestnut 159 5. Simulated distributions of the whooping crane .... 163 6. Simulated distributions of the little spotted kiwi 167 7. Simulated distributions of the Lord Howe woodhen 171 8. C vs. contracted (%) for exploratory simulations .... 175 9. Simulated distributions of the golden bandicoot. 180 10. Simulated distributions of the b ilb y .............................. 182 11. Simulated distributions of the n u m b at .........................184 12. Simulated distributions of the western barred bandicoot . 186 13. Simulated distributions of the short-tailed hopping mouse 188 14. C vs. contracted (%) for historical simulations .... 190 XI Abstract I examined the contraction of geographic ranges in 245 species. Remnant portions of the geographic range tended to persist in the periphery of the species' historical range. Larger patches of the geographic ranges persisted longer than smaller patches. For species that occurred on both the mainland and islands, islands maintained their populations better than the mainland. All of the continents except Africa, had significantly more species persist in the periphery