APPENDIX 1: COLLATED INDEX GRAPHS Small/Essex Skipper Silver-spotted Skipper 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.0 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Large Skipper Dingy Skipper 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Grizzled Skipper Wood White 2.8 3.6
3.2 2.4 2.8
2.0 2.4
1.6 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Clouded Yellow Brimstone 4.0 2.8 3.6 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 40 Large White Small White 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Green-veined White Orange Tip 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Green Hairstreak Brown Hairstreak 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Purple Hairstreak White-letter Hairstreak 2.8 3.2
2.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 41 Small Copper Small Blue 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Silver-studded Blue Brown Argus 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Northern Brown Argus Common Blue 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Chalk-hill Blue Adonis Blue 2.8 3.6 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.0 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 42 Holly Blue Duke of Burgundy Fritillary 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year White Admiral Purple Emperor 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Red Admiral Painted Lady 2.8 4.0 3.6 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.0 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Small Tortoiseshell Peacock 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 43 Comma Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary 2.8 3.6
3.2 2.4 2.8
2.0 2.4
1.6 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Pearl-bordered Fritillary High Brown Fritillary 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Dark Green Fritillary Silver-washed Fritillary 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Marsh Fritillary Heath Fritillary 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 44 Speckled Wood Wall Brown 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Scotch Argus Marbled White 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Grayling Gatekeeper 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year Meadow Brown Small Heath 2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year 45 Large Heath Ringlet 3.2 2.8
2.8 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year Year
46 Appendix II. UKBMS data uses and recent publications Butterfly transect data continues to be in high demand for conservation and research. Highlights include:
Land use policy and habitat management • Government targets for protected area management in England – will threatened butterflies benefit? Davies, H., Brereton, T.M., Roy, D.B. & Fox, R. (2007) Government targets for protected area management in England - will threatened butterflies benefit? Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 3719-1736. • The changing status of the Chalkhill Blue butterfly Polyommatus coridon in the UK: the impacts of conservation policies and environmental factors Brereton, T., Warren, M., Stewart, K., & Roy, D. (in press). Journal of Insect Conservation. • Management of an artificially created wildflower meadow for common blue Polyommatus icarus butterflies at Bunkers Park, Hertfordshire, England o www.conservationevidence.com/ViewEntry.asp?ID=532
Climate change research • A NERC Ecology and Hydrology Integrating Fund project, 2007-2010 for three years will address “The impact of climate change on habitat use: implications for predicting species' range changes”. The project will include analysis of UKBMS transect data. • Analysis of UKBMS transect data is an important component of two CEH integrating Fund projects, running 2008-2011 1. Shifting Phenology: Attributing Change Across Ecosystems (SPACE) 2. The role of pathogens in butterfly population declines: interactions with habitat fragmentation and climate change • Development of indicators of climate change for Scotland. Sparks, T.H., Collinson, N., Crick, H., Croxton, P., Edwards, M., Humber, K., Jenkins, D., Johns, D., Last, F., Maberly, S., Marquiss, M., Pickup, J., Roy, D., Sims, D., Shaw, D., Turner, A., Watson, A., Woiwod, I., and Woodbridge, K. (2006). Natural Heritage Trends of Scotland: phenological indicators of climate change. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report no. 167 (ROAME no. F01NB01). • Cross-taxa analyses of trends in the abundance of birds, butterflies and moths (with Rothamsted Research, British Trust for Ornithology and York University). Analysis completed for PhD thesis. • Testing the link between distribution and phenology changes in birds, butterflies and plants (with British Trust for Ornithology and York University). Paper under review by Global Change Biology: Hickling, R., Roy, D.B., Hill, J.K., Fox, R., Crick, H. and Thomas, C.D. (subm). Weak linkage between distribution and phenology changes in British butterflies, and none in birds and plants. Global Change Biology. • Evolution of migration in a changing climate (PhD student with York University) • Phenological advancement in the Silver-spotted Skipper (with York University) • Geographic and temporal variability in butterfly phenology. Paper published. Menzel, A., Sparks, T.H., Estrella, N. & Roy, D.B. (2006). Geographic and temporal variability in phenology. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 498- 504.
Butterfly population dynamics • Marsh Fritillary populations dynamics and interactions with weather and parasitoids (with Oxford University) • UKBMS transect data, along with mammal population data, forms the basis for a NERC fellowship (awarded to Nick Isaac, Institute of Zoology) to develop a unified approach to studying animal abundance: integrating evolution, ecology and scale dependency. • A PhD with the Institute of Zoology titled “Resource limitation in butterflies: implications for macroecology and conservation”, will combine analysis of UKBMS transect data with field testing. • A PhD with Oxford Brookes University titled “Population dynamics, weather and habitat management effects on the Wall Brown” will combined analysis of UKBMS transect data with field testing. • A PhD with the University of York titled “Metapopulation dynamics of the silver-studded blue butterfly in stable and dynamic habitats” will including modelling of UKBMS transect data. • The effects of visual apparency on bias in butterfly recording and monitoring (with Oxford Brookes University) Dennis, R.L.H., Shreeve, T.G., Isaac, N., Roy, D.B., Hardy, P.B., Fox, R. and Asher, J. 2006. Biological Conservation, 128, 486-492. • A book chapter on population structure and dynamics of butterfly populations Wilson, R. & Roy, D.B. (in press). Population structure and dynamics (including metapopulations). In: Ecology of Butterflies in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Methodological developments • Development of indicators of butterfly abundance for Europe (with Butterfly Conservation Europe and partners monitoring butterflies in Europe) • Developing methods to monitor the condition of butterfly habitats (ongoing) • Design of a wider countryside butterfly monitoring scheme (with British Trust for Ornithology and Defra). The following paper is a direct result of the UKBMS project and has been published in Journal of Applied Ecology: Roy, D.B., Rothery, P. and Brereton, T. (2007) Reduced-effort schemes for monitoring butterfly populations. Journal of Applied Ecology. 44, 993-1000 • Developing improved methods to monitor canopy species (proposed MSc project with the National Trust)
Butterfly atlases, status reviews and indicators • SNH Butterfly Indicator, BC/CEH/SNH • UK Headline Butterfly Indicator to monitor the 2010 target, Defra/JNCC • A review of the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Priority species list for butterflies Bourn, N.A.D., McCracken, M.E., Wigglesworth, T., Brereton, T., Fox, R., Roy, D., Warren, M.S., 2005. Proposed changes to the BAP Priority Species list: butterflies. Butterfly Conservation Report SO5-23, Wareham. • SNH Natural History Trend Note: Scottish Butterflies Fox, R., Brereton, T. & Kirkland, P. (in press) Scottish Natural Heritage. • Butterflies point the way Brereton, T. (2007) Butterfly, 94, 11-13. • A new Red List of British Butterflies Fox, R., Warren, M. and Brereton, T. (in press). Contract report to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee No. F90-01-915. • The state of Britain’s butterflies 2007 Fox, R., Warren, M.S., Asher, J., Brereton, T.M. and Roy, D.B. (2007). Butterfly Conservation and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wareham, Dorset. • Butterfly Atlas for the Borders, East of Scotland BC and SBBRC
Appendix III. Trends in Butterfly Indices
Table 1. Trends in Butterfly indicators developed for Governments in England, Scotland and the UK. Underlying trends in the indicators over short and longer-term time scales have been assessed by OLS regression analysis. effort? Indicator No. Start % R P Status assessment spp. year change Eng. All butterflies 42 1976 2.09 0.04 0.84 Little or no overall change Eng. Specialist butterflies 19 1976 -24.66 -0.30 0.10* Deteriorating? Eng. Generalist butterflies 23 1976 17.21 0.20 0.27 Little or no overall change Eng. All farmland butterflies 42 1990 -12.74 -0.50 0.04** Deteriorating Eng. Specialist farmland butterflies 19 1990 -29.5 -0.49 0.04** Deteriorating Eng. Generalist farmland butterflies 23 1990 -12.7 -0.28 0.28 Little or no overall change Eng. All woodland butterflies 35 1990 -46.15 -0.69 0.002*** Deteriorating Eng. Specialist woodland butterflies 13 1990 -40.52 -0.56 0.02* Deteriorating Eng. Generalist woodland butterflies 22 1990 -49.6 -0.73 0.0009**** Deteriorating Scotland All butterflies 21 1979 29.03 0.22 0.26 Little or no overall change Scotland Specialist butterflies 7 1979 -39.19 -0.35 0.07* Deteriorating Scotland Generalist butterflies 14 1979 73.90 0.42 0.03** Improving UK All butterflies 52 1976 17.21 0.24 0.20 Little or no overall change UK Specialist butterflies 24 1976 -22.01 -0.28 0.12 Little or no overall change UK Generalist butterflies 25 1976 19.67 0.23 0.21 Little or no overall change
Table 2. Trends in Butterfly Indicators since 2000. Underlying trends in the indicators over short and longer-term time scales have been assessed by OLS regression analysis. Indicator No. % Slope R P Status assessment spp. change Eng. All butterflies 42 20.20 0.01332 0.54 0.19 Little or no overall change Eng. Specialist butterflies 19 38.90 0.023786 0.76 0.07* Improving Eng. Generalist butterflies 23 4.39 0.003107 0.155 0.72 Little or no overall change Eng. All farmland butterflies 42 -1.57 -0.001143 -0.04 0.93 Little or no overall change Eng. Specialist farmland butterflies 19 -0.49 -0.000357 -0.008 0.98 Little or no overall change Eng. Generalist farmland butterflies 23 -2.34 -0.001714 -0.093 0.84 Little or no overall change Eng. All woodland butterflies 35 -5.51 -0.0041 -0.111 0.69 Little or no overall change Eng. Specialist woodland butterflies 13 -14.10 -0.011 -0.21 0.65 Little or no overall change Eng. Generalist woodland butterflies 22 0.25 0.000179 0 0.99 Little or no overall change Scotland All butterflies 21 77.94 0.041714 0.87 0.009*** Improving Scotland Specialist butterflies 7 11.30 0.007750 0.133 0.775 Little or no overall change Scotland Generalist butterflies 14 100 0.05020 0.85 0.014** Improving UK All butterflies 52 20.20 0.01332 0.54 0.21 Little or no overall change UK Specialist butterflies 24 35.65 0.022071 0.76 0.04** Improving UK Generalist butterflies 25 3.92 0.002786 0.155 0.74 Little or no overall change * Statistically significant at the 10% level ** Statistically significant at the 5% level *** Highly Statistically significant at the 1% level **** Very Highly Statistically significant at the 0.1% level
Appendix IV. Development of a wider countryside monitoring scheme: further details
Distance Sampling
Table 1: Effective Strip Widths (ESW) for butterfly species in two studies (study1, carried out in Wales in 1998; study 2, carried out in southern England in 2006) with vegetation complexity scores derived from habitat descriptions (Table 1 below).
Vegetation Effective Strip Study Site Complexity Species Width (cm) Score 1 Dulas Valley I 2 Brown Argus 28.3 1 Dulas Valley I 2 Dingy Skipper 26.7 1 Dulas Valley I 2 Gatekeeper 179.8 1 Dulas Valley I 2 Silver-studded Blue 184.4 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Brown Argus 25.2 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Dingy Skipper 34.0 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Gatekeeper 250.0 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Meadow Brown 172.4 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Silver-studded Blue 145.0 1 Dulas Valley II 4 Small Heath 131.6 1 Glan Conwy I 3 Common Blue 40.4 1 Glan Conwy I 3 Gatekeeper 272.9 1 Glan Conwy I 3 Meadow Brown 195.8 1 Glan Conwy I 3 Small Skipper 256.2 1 Great Orme I 4 Brown Argus 44.3 1 Great Orme I 4 Gatekeeper 37.7 1 Great Orme I 4 Meadow Brown 196.9 1 Great Orme I 4 Silver-studded Blue 323.9 1 Great Orme II 1 Grayling 45.8 1 Great Orme III 1 Grayling 190.7 1 Llangwstenin I 6 Speckled Wood 274.3 1 Newborough Warren I 5 Meadow Brown 339.2 1 Newborough Warren I 5 Ringlet 188.4 1 Newborough Warren II 3 Meadow Brown 25.2 1 Newborough Warren II 3 Ringlet 47.8 2 Bison Hill 3 Gatekeeper 346.1 2 Bison Hill 3 Large White 500 2 Bison Hill 3 Marbled White 446.3 2 Bison Hill 3 Meadow Brown 67.6 2 Bison Hill 3 Ringlet 406.0 2 Bison Hill 3 Small Skipper 322.8 2 Bison Hill 3 Small White 402.9 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Chalkhill Blue 374.9 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Gatekeeper 320.3 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Marbled White 384.2 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Meadow Brown 329.9 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Ringlet 361.4 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Small Heath 355.7 2 Denbies Landbarn 2 Small Skipper 199.8 2 Pewley Downs 4 Brimstone 296.3 2 Pewley Downs 4 Chalkhill Blue 280.5 2 Pewley Downs 4 Gatekeeper 500 2 Pewley Downs 4 Large Skipper 47.8 2 Pewley Downs 4 Large White 500 2 Pewley Downs 4 Marbled White 500 2 Pewley Downs 4 Meadow Brown 361.7 2 Pewley Downs 4 Ringlet 500 2 Pewley Downs 4 Small Skipper 500 2 Pewley Downs 4 Small White 500 2 Whipsnade Zoo 1 Meadow Brown 364.1 Table 2: Vegetation complexity score (VCS) for each site (an index of potential visibility). Location Site Description VCS
Dulas Valley I Lots of low Cotoneaster, some scrub and 2 grasses, quite open II Mix of longer grasses and open turf, some 4 scrubby vegetation Glan Conwy I RSPB reserve. Open, grasses and herbs, 3 tall in places. Great Orme, I Mix of Rubus scrub and grassland, 4 Llandudno generally quite scrubby II Short, close cropped turf, very open. 1 III Short, close cropped turf, open with scrub. 1 Llangwstenin I Tall, scrubby vegetation 6 Newborough I Taller grasses and herbs 5 Warren, Anglesey II Mix of open turf and longer grasses 3 Bison Hill, Dunstable SSSI. Thick grass. Ungrazed but mown 3 annually. Mean sward height ~70cm. Whipsnade Zoo, Heavily grazed by wallabies and Chinese 1 Dunstable water deer. Sward height <5cm. Pewley Downs, Grass with some scrub invasion. Ungrazed 4 Guilford but mown annually. Mean sward height ~75cm. Denbies Landbarn, Grazed by ponies. Mean sward height 2 Dorking ~35cm.
Time of day butterfly family results Mean adjusted counts for six butterfly families seen per time period (1-16=9am-5pm). 0.8
0.6
0.4 Mean count Mean
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Time period a) Hesperiidae, 5 species, 99 individuals 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 Mean count Mean 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Time period b) Lycaenidae, 7 species, 228 individuals
5
4
3
2 Mean count Mean
1
0 12345678910111213141516 Time period c) Nymphalidae, 6 species, 661 individuals
5
4
3
2 Mean count Mean
1
0 12345678910111213141516 Time period d) Pieridae, 6 species, 461 individuals 50
40
30
20 Mean count Mean
10
0 12345678910111213141516 Time period e) Satyridae, 6 species, 7129 individuals
Coverage achieved
More than 300 squares were surveyed in 2007 by BC (green) and BTO (blue) recorders to road test the proposed survey method.
Occupancy data
Table 3: Percentage occupied squares (n=195) on the first of two summer visits and the total for both summer visits – five extra species were present on the second visit.
Species 1st summer visit 2 summer visits
Meadow Brown 85.1 92.3 Large White 67.2 82.6 Gatekeeper 65.1 80.5 Peacock 48.2 71.3 Speckled Wood 45.6 71.3 Small White 61.5 69.2
Red Admiral 52.8 68.2
Green-veined White 43.1 56.9 Small Tortoiseshell 39 50.8 Ringlet 34.4 39.5 Comma 27.7 37.4 Holly Blue 15.4 33.8 Small Skipper 19.5 23.6 Common Blue 10.3 19.5 Brimstone 9.7 14.9
Small Heath 12.8 14.9
Painted Lady 4.1 12.8 Large Skipper 11.8 11.8 Small Copper 3.6 9.7 Essex Skipper 5.6 9.2 Marbled White 7.2 8.2 Silver-washed Fritillary 4.6 7.7 Wall 2.1 4.6 Dark Green Fritillary 2.1 3.6
Brown Argus 1 2.1
Scotch Argus 0 2.1 Grayling 0.5 1.5 Orange Tip 1.5 1.5 Clouded Yellow 0 1 Grizzled Skipper 1.5 1 Purple Hairstreak 1 1 Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary 1.5 1 White Admiral 0 1
Brown Hairstreak 0 0.5
Chalk-hill Blue 0 0.5
Green Hairstreak 2.1 0.5 Purple Emperor 0.5 0.5 Silver-studded Blue 0.5 0.5
Table 4: Percentage squares occupied by 42 butterfly species each month and the total for all squares. Species May June July August September Total (n= 18 (n=25 (n=206 (n=222 (n=7 (n=297 squares) squares) squares) squares) squares) squares) Brimstone 0 8.0 7.8 10.8 14.3 12.5 Brown Argus 0 4.0 1 1.8 0 1.7 Brown Hairstreak 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.3 Chalk-hill Blue 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.3 Clouded Yellow 0 0 0.5 0.9 0 1.0 Comma 0 8 35.4 13.5 14.3 30.0 Common Blue 5.6 8 11.7 15.3 14.3 16.8 Dark Green Fritillary 0 0 3.4 1.4 0 2.7 Dingy Skipper 0 4 0 0 0 0.3 Essex Skipper 0 0 8.3 5.4 0 7.7 Gatekeeper 0 0 74.3 64.4 28.6 67.0 Grayling 0 0 1 1.4 0 1.7 Green Hairstreak 16.7 12 0.5 0 0 2.0 Green-veined White 44.4 48 52.4 43.7 28.6 53.2 Grizzled Skipper 0 4 1 0.5 0 1.0 Holly Blue 5.6 8 19.4 22.5 14.3 25.6 Large Heath 0 4 0 0.9 0 0.7 Large Skipper 0 24 14.1 1.8 0 12.5 Large White 11.1 40 73.8 68.9 42.9 72.7 Marbled White 0 4 10.2 1.4 0 7.4 Meadow Brown 5.6 40 96.6 69.8 42.9 79.5 Orange Tip 5.6 12 1 0.5 0 2.4 Painted Lady 11.1 32 4.9 11.3 0 12.5 Peacock 16.7 16 56.8 46.4 0 62.3 Pearl-bordered Fritillary 0 4 0 0 0 0.3 Purple Emperor 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.3 Purple Hairstreak 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 Queen of Spain Fritillary 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.3 Red Admiral 16.7 44 62.6 43.2 14.3 57.6 Ringlet 0 8 45.6 11.3 0 33.7 Scotch Argus 0 0 0 3.6 0 2.7 Silver-studded Blue 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.3 Silver-washed Fritillary 0 0 5.8 4.5 0 6.1 Small Copper 5. 6 4 5.8 5.9 14.3 8.8 Small Heath 61.1 40 13.1 12.6 57.1 19.5 Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary 0 8 1 0.5 0 1.7 Small Skipper 0 8 21.8 11.3 0 21.5 Small Tortoiseshell 0 36 42.2 32.9 14.3 42.8 Small White 16 7 36 68.4 60.4 28.6 60.9 Speckled Wood 11.1 36 45.1 70.3 28.6 58.2 Wall 0 4 3.4 1.8 0 4.0 White Admiral 0 0 0 0.9 0 0.7